Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Linnaeus Research Articles

Population biology and stock status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in the Caspian Sea

Common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 includes one of the most significant proportions of the Iranian commercial catch in the Caspian Sea (CS). The catch of this endemic species has suffered a high fluctuation over the last decades due to anthropogenic effects and management strategies. Age, growth, natural mortality, and age at first capture were investigated. Also, the stock assessment, fishing mortality (F), exploitation rate (E), and stock management in different strategies were estimated. In the period 1997/98–2021/22, the fork length and weight ranged between 15 and 71 cm and 100–5452 g. This fish showed a hypo-allometric growth pattern in the CS. The calculated growth parameters L∞, K, and t0 were 73.1, 0.125 yr-1, and − 0.91 yr, respectively. The annual population peaked at 35.3 million in 2002/03, then continuously declined until 2012/13, which represented only 1.9% of the peak. Over the period (25 yrs), in 21 yrs the E was more than 0.5, indicating fishing pressure on the C. carpio population in the area. The Fcurrent (0.57 yr-1) was greater than the related reference points of F0.1 (0.28 yr-1) and F30% (0.25 yr-1), indicating overfishing. The current tc was lower than the optimal tc (3.3 yr), indicating a growth overfishing. The current spawning potential ratio SPR (10%) was lower than the optimal value of 30%, indicating recruitment overfishing. It was recommended the F should be reduced half of the Fcurrent to avoid recruitment overfishing. The FL should be limited to 30 cm as minimum legal size of catch to avoid growth overfishing.

Effect of salinity on serum steroid levels and gonad development in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) reared in inland saline water

The effect of salinity on serum steroid levels and gonadal development were investigated in the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758. Fishes were stocked in eight rectangular earthen ponds at four different salinities of 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt. Changes in serum concentration of cortisol, 17 β – Estradiol, progesterone; 17α, 20β dihydroxyprogesterone and androgens were investigated. Gonadal histology in male and female C. carpio was studied at different stages of gonadal maturity till ovulation or spermiation. Serum steroid analysis showed significantly high levels (p<0.05) in fish groups reared at 0 and 5 ppt compared to 10 and 15 ppt. Significantly higher cortisol levels were found during ovulation or spermiation at 10 and 15ppt. In the present study, C. carpio was found to mature faster at 5 ppt as compared to higher salinities of 10 and 15 ppt, in inland saline water. Keywords: Aquaculture, Cyprinus carpio, Maturation, Salinity, Steroid hormones

Study of the diets of two coexisting species – invasive Chinese sleeper (Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877) and native European perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758)

In Poland, the Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii is one of the alien fish species which, by effectively competing with native species, may contribute to the weakening of their population and a reduction of the biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to study the diets of two coexisting species: the native European perch Perca fluviatilis and the invasive Chinese sleeper. The fish were collected from a watercourse used for draining water from a fishing farm, located in the Nida River water system (Poland), using the electrofishing method. The captured fish were killed, preserved in a 4% formaldehyde solution and the stomachs of the fish were dissected. Then, based on the materials collected from these stomachs, the abundance and taxonomic rankings of the individual diet components (quantity of individuals in the individual taxa) were determined. The overlap of the P. fluviatilis and P. glenii feeding spectra was studied using a principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis of the data collected demonstrated that the diets of these two species overlaps considerably. At the same time, the analysis of the major diet components showed that the niche used by P. fluviatilis is broader than that used by P. glenii. It seems that, due to its high level of plasticity, P. fluviatilis is able to withstand the pressures of P. glenii and is also able to limit its abundance. Both species frequently choose fish as their prey, including juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, which indicates that together with native predators, P. glenii may pose a considerable threat to farmed juvenile Cyprinidae.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis Chowhan, Gupta & Khera, 1987 (Eoacanthocephala: Quadrigyridae), the smallest mitochondrial genome in Acanthocephala, and its phylogenetic implications.

The phylum Acanthocephala is an important group of parasites with more than 1,300 species parasitizing intestine of all major vertebrate groups. However, our present knowledge of the mitochondrial genomes of Acanthocephala remains very limited. In the present study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis (Gyracanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) for the first time based on the specimens recovered from the intestine of common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus (Cyprinidae) in Pakistan. The mitochondrial genome of A. bilaspurensis is 13,360 bp in size and contains 36 genes, representing the smallest mitogenome of acanthocephalans reported so far. The mitogenome of A. bilaspurensis also has the lowest level of overall A+T contents (59.3%) in the mitogenomes of Eoacanthocephala, and the non-coding region 3 (NCR3) lies between trnS2 and trnI, which is different from all of the other acanthocephalan species. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenating the amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods revealed that the family Pseudoacanthocephalidae is a sister to the Arhythmacanthidae rather than the Cavisomatidae, and the families Rhadinorhynchidae and Cavisomatidae showed sister relationships.

The first detection of DNA of Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) in sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843)

Abstract. DNA of Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) was first found in the intestine of common sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843) from the Irkutsk Reservoir. The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis and reconstruction of the phylogenetic position of the parasite. Determination of the cox1 gene fragment and comparative analysis of the obtained and available in genetic databases nucleotide sequences showed high nucleotide diversity of C. laticeps both in the studied samples (0 6.4%) and in the reference sequences from the GenBank database (0 6.8%). The sequences of C. laticeps in the phylogenetic tree formed three clades containing local samples of sunbleak parasites in all of them. The most represented genotype (75%) is clustered with parasite sequences of the bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) from Switzerland, Slovakia, and the European part of Russia. Another significant genotype (19%) is in the joint cluster with the C. laticeps sequences of the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Italy). The need for additional studies on the biology and ecology of C. laticeps and revision of caryophyllid cestodes in fish in the Angara River and Lake Baikal were under consideration.

Isolation and identification of some Bacterial Species from Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Taqtaq District in Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

A number of 220 common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758, were collected from two ponds (98 from pond A and 122 from pond B) in Taqtaq District, northeast from Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. During September 2021 to April 2022. The fishes were examined for bacteria that infect them. In this research revealed the fortune of thirteen species of bacteria. The identification of the isolates was carried out depending on the morphology of the colony, specific media, and identification using VITEK II compact system (Biomerieux- USA). Recording of eight species of bacteria (Streptpcoccus equi zooepidemicus, Methylobacterium spp, Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, B. multivorance, B. stabilis, B. vietnamiensis and Sphingobacterium thalpophilum) are considered the first record in Iraq, and recording of five species of bacteria (Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia fonticola) are the fisrt record in Kurdistan Region.

Morphology and molecular characterization of Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis Chowhan, Gupta & Khera, 1987 (Acanthocephala: Gyracanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Pakistan.

Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis Chowhan, Gupta & Khera, 1987 is a poorly known acanthocephalan species reported from the reba carp Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in India. In the present study, the detailed morphology of A. (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis were studied using light microscopy and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), based on newly collected specimens from the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Pakistan. The SEM observations revealed the outer shell of eggs with numerous remarkable protuberances and the gonopore of female located at a discoid protrusion surrounded by some very small spines. This is the first time that A. (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis was reported in Pakistan, and the common carp represents a new host for this species. In addition, the molecular characterization of the 18S and 28S rDNA of A. (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis is provided for the first time. There was no intraspecific genetic variation detected in the 18S and 28S regions between different individuals of A. (Acanthosentis) bilaspurensis, but high level of interspecific nucleotide divergence was found in the 18S (4.15-16.7%) and 28S regions (3.60-15.4%). Phylogenetic results based on the 18S, 28S and 18S+28S sequence data, respectively, all revealed the Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae and the genus Neoechinorhynchus are not monophyletic groups, and the genera Acanthogyrus and Pallisentis have far relationship. The systematic status of the genus Acanthogyrus and some species of Neoechinorhynchus need further clarify based on different mtDNA and nuclear DNA data including broader representatives of the class Eoacanthocephala.

First Occurrence of Eudiplozoon Kamegaii Nishira & Urabe, 2020 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) in Iraq from Gills of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio

In this study, the monogenean Eudiplozoon kamegaii Nishihira & Urabe, 2020 which is the second species of the genus Eudiplozoon Khotenovsky, 1985 described in the world, was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the gills of the common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 which were collected from the Tigris river in the Al-Rashidiya region north of Baghdad province from August 2021 until May 2022. The description and measurements of this parasite, as well as its illustrations, were given. Keywords: Eudiplozoon kamegaii, Cyprinus carpio, Monogenea , Tigris river, Iraq.

First record of microplastic occurence at the commercial fish from Orontes River

Freshwater environments are more sensitive to anthropogenic influences and usually contain higher concentrations of pollutants than marine environments. Microplastic pollution causes additional stress on freshwater animals; yet, studies evaluating the microplastic occurrence in freshwater biota are still limited. In this study, microplastic occurrence in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) and gill of commercial fish species (Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782); Abu mullet Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843); Common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758; European ell Anguilla Anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758); North African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822); Goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) were reported from Orontes River. MPs abundance in the GIT and gill of six species were found as 5.1 ± 2 MPs fish−1 and 4.4 ± 2 MPs fish−1 with an occurrence of 95% and 74%, respectively. The majority of extracted microplastics were fiber, black and less than 1000 μm in size. FTIR analysis determined the main polymer types as polyester (50%), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (10%), polypropylene (PP) (8%) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (5%). High MPs abundance and frequency of occurence indicate the exposure of microplastic pollution in freshwater biota which could threat the health of both individuals and consumers. Results obtained in this study will increase the acknowledgement of MPs pollution in the Orontes River. Also, this study will provide data to the administrators to set up necessary legislations in freshwater ecosystems.

Identification of Thelohanellus pseudonikolskii n. sp. and Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920 from goldfish Carassius auratus

During a parasitological survey of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in China, two myxosporeans were collected in the present study including a Thelohanellus species and a Myxobolus species. To identified the two myxosporeans, a morphological, histological and molecular study was performed. The Thelohanellus species was characterized by round, white plasmodia in fins of goldfish. Compared with all described Thelohanellus species, spore morphology of the Thelohanellus species in the present study was distinct from them. BLAST search showed that SSU rDNA sequence of this Thelohanellus species did not match any sequence in GenBank database. Phylogenetically, the Thelohanellus species obtained in the present study was sister to Thelohanellus nikolskii Achmerov, 1955. So, the present Thelohanellus species was identified as a novel species and named Thelohanellus pseudonikolskii n. sp. The Myxobolus species was characterized by a number of round or irregularly shaped, white plasmodia in gills of goldfish. When compared with all reported Myxobolus species, spore morphology of the present Myxobolus species was most similar to Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1920. Histological analysis showed that plasmodia of this Myxobolus species simultaneously developed in stratified epithelium of filament and in lamellae, which was same to M. koi. Moreover, BLAST search showed that SSU rDNA sequence of the present Myxobolus species was identical to M. koi. Thus, the morphological, histological and molecular analysis demonstrated that the present Myxobolus species was conspecific with M. koi. Due to M. koi consistently described from gills of common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 and koi carp C. carpio in the previous researches, M. koi was first found to infect gills of goldfish in the present study. Considering koi carp and goldfish both as ornamental fish frequently cultured together in China, the possible host shift of M. koi from koi carp to goldfish is of interest for further investigation.

Effect of Dietary Prebiotic Safmannan and Bio-antibiotic Fluconazole on some Growth and Haemato-immunological Parameters of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah for 75 days, in order to study the effect of using prebiotic (Safmannan) and bio-antibiotic (Fluconazole) on some growth and haemato-immunological parameters of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. The fishes were divided into four categories of treatments; the first treatment was the control (basal diet), the second and third treatments (T2 and T3) contained 500 and 1000 mg.kg-1 diet of Safmannan, respectively while the fourth treatment consisted of adding 150 mg.100 g-1 diet of bio-antibiotic Fluconazole. The second and third treatments were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control and antibiotic treatments in the growth parameters such as the average of daily weight gain, the average of specific growth and the feed conversion of the second and third treatments. Blood proteins (albumin, globulin and total protein) showed significantly higher (p <0.05) values in the second and third treatments than control and antibiotic treatments. No significant differences were noted in both packed cells volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) among different treatments. The value of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed no significant differences among all treatments, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly higher and aspartate transaminase (AST) was significantly lower in the fourth treatment. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly higher in all treatments compared with the control, while no significant differences in spleen somatic index (SSI) were noted among all treatments. Differential white blood count exhibited no significant differences among the treatments for eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, while neutrophil count was significantly decreased in all treatments in comparison with the control.

Morphological plasticity in Myxobolus B\xfctschli, 1882: a taxonomic dilemma case and renaming of a parasite species of the common carp

BackgroundMyxozoans are a group of cnidarian parasites, the present taxonomy of which favors a more comprehensive characterization strategy combining spore morphology, biological traits (host/organ specificity, tissue tropism), and DNA data over the classical morphology-based taxonomy. However, a systematist might again run into a taxonomic dilemma if more than two of the following exceptional cases were encountered at the same time: extensive intraspecific polymorphism, interspecific morphological similarity, identical interspecific biological traits and blurred small-subunit (SSU) rDNA-based species boundaries. In the present study, spores of a species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 with two morphotypes (wide type and narrow type) were collected from the gills of common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Confusingly, the wide type was found to be identical to Myxobolus paratoyamai Kato, Kasai, Tomochi, Li & Sato, 2017 in spore morphology and SSU rDNA sequence, which confidently suggested their conspecificity; while the narrow type, was highly similar to Myxobolus toyamai Kudo, 1917 based on spore morphology and SSU rDNA sequence and thus could not be easily classified. This discordance between wide type and narrow type has caused a taxonomic dilemma. To address this problem, a hypothesis about the conspecificity of the narrow type and M. toyamai was addressed.ResultsIt was found that if the narrow type is conspecific with M. toyamai, it would be paradoxical for the SSU rDNA sequence of the narrow type to be more similar to M. paratoyamai (99.3%), Myxobolus acinosus Nie & Li, 1973 (98.6%) and Myxobolus longisporus Nie & Li, 1992 (98.7%) than to M. toyamai (97.6%). According to the results of the above what-if analysis, the narrow type and M. toyamai were considered to be different species. All in all, the present dual-morphotype species is estimated to be conspecific with M. paratoyamai Kato, Kasai, Tomochi, Li & Sato, 2017. Considering that this species name was preoccupied by Myxobolus paratoyamai Nie & Li, 1992, the replacement name Myxobolus pseudoacinosus nom. nov. is proposed.ConclusionsThis work addresses the taxonomic dilemma in polymorphic myxozoans and demonstrates that M. pseudoacinosus is a distinct species with two morphotypes. The present study may serve as a baseline for future studies that encounter similar classification complexities.

Остатки рыб из раскопок кургана эпохи бронзы около с. Марьянское (Днепропетровская область, Украина)

Представлены результаты определения остатков рыб, обнаруженных в сосуде при раскопках одного из позднеямных погребений в кургане эпохи бронзы, расположенном в окрестностях с. Марьянское Апостоловского района Днепропетровской области. Установлено наличие 11 видов, относящихся к 9 родам 5 семейств 5 отрядов (Acipenseriformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes, Perciformes). Установлено, что карповые рыбы преобладают по количеству видов. Большинство костных остатков в сборах принадлежит судаку, сому и щуке, в то время как плотва, вырезуб и лещ идентифицированы по немногочисленным костям. Это может свидетельствовать о различной роли этих видов в рационе местного населения. Соотношение элементов скелета в сборах свидетельствует о разделке рыбы непосредственно на месте. Для 64 особей рыб по целым костям реконструированы длина тела и масса. Установлено, что все они были половозрелыми и, за исключением сома, щуки и судака, имели небольшие размеры. Учитывая особенности погребальной обрядности населения ямной культуры, кости рыб из курганного погребения около с. Марьянское можно рассматривать в качестве остатков напутственной еды.

Effects of Viscum album Linnaeus and Nigella sativa Linnaeus Extracts on Some Immune Responses of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus

Effects of Viscum album Linnaeus and Nigella sativa Linnaeus Extracts on Some Immune Responses of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus