Common Beet Research Articles

Effect of High Salt Stress on Germination and Growth of Some Varieties of Common Beet

Information is provided on soil salinization as the most common abiotic stress that reduces the productivity and quality of agricultural plants. Salt stress is associated with lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, DNA damage, protein denaturation, carbohydrate oxidation, pigment breakdown and disruption of enzymatic activity, as well as metabolic adaptations, including primarily the accumulation of osmolytes. The growth of higher plants in saline soil depends on the salt tolerance of the plant species. Reduced plant growth due to salinity includes a reduction in plant leaf area. A pot experiment plant materials was carried out based on investigate the effect of salt stress on growth and state stomatal of three sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) cultivars, Cooper, Tarifa and Taltos which import from Denmark. Plants were harvested after 30, 45 and 60 days of salt treatment and were separated into leaf lamina, petioles, stem, and roots.

Evaluation of Some Herbicides for Weed Control in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Northern Sudan

A field trial was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm,River Nile State, Sudan, during 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004winter seasons. The objective was to evaluate the activity and selectivityof three pre-emergence herbicides for weed control in wheat. Theherbicides treatments were pendimethalin (Stomp) at 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 kga.i. ha-1, oxyfluorfen (Goal) at 0.24, 0.36 and 0.48 kg a.i ha -1 andoxadiazon (Ronstar) at 0.72, 1.08 and 1.44 kg a.i ha -1 . The prevailingweed species in the experimental sites were Ipomoea sp, wild mustard(Sinapis arvensis L.), common beet (Beta vulgaris L.), sweet signal grass[Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm)] and Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.]. The results showed that the losses in grain yield of wheat, due toweeds competition, were 37%, 29% and 21% for seasons 2001/2002,2002/2003 and 2003/2004, respectively. The herbicide pendimethalin, atall rates tested, showed no phytotoxicity symptoms on wheat. The higherrates of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen, however, showed slight phytotoxicityto the wheat crop. All herbicide treatments of Ronstar and Goal resultedin good to excellent control (72%–97%) of both grassy and broad-leavedweeds. The herbicide pendimethalin displayed excellent activity againstgrasses and poor to satisfactory activity (0%-67%) against broad-leavedweeds. The weed Cynodon dactylon tolerated all herbicide treatments.With the exception of Stomp, all herbicide treatments significantlyincreased wheat grain yield compared to the weedy check.

Monitoring of the spread and development of pests and diseases in sugar beet stands

Goal. To determine the spread and development of pests and diseases in sugar beet crops and their threat to crop plants.
 Methods. Analysis of the reports of regional forecasting and signaling laboratories of the State Vetphytosanitary Service of Ukraine and the results of own observations conducted at research and breeding stations of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and beet farms of Ukraine regarding the prevalence and development of phytophages and pathogens, their reservation in agrocenoses. Determination of the threat from them to crops according to the Methodology of research in entomology and phytopathology and the Methodology of conducting research in beet growing.
 Results. It was established that certain types of pests have a significant reservation in agrocenoses and other stations and annually threaten sugar beet crops in various beet harvesting zones. In particular, from year to year, the greatest danger to crop seedlings and plants during their growing season is caused by beetles of the common beet weevil Asproparthenis punctiventris (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ.), the number of which significantly exceeds the economic threshold of its harmfulness. Among other types of harmful insects that annually threaten sugar beet crops, the gray beet weevil (Tanymecus palliates F.), beet fleas (Chaetocnema sp.), shieldworms (Cassida sp.), stem weevil (Lixus sultilis Beh.) will be dangerous in future years.), the number of which varies within the thresholds of their harmfulness. Regarding diseases, there is still a threat of significant damage to culture plants by cercospora (Cercospora beticila Sacc.), fomosis (Phoma betae Frank), powdery mildew (Erysiphe communis (Wallr Grev f.betae Jacz.)), and others. In particular, according to observations, cercosporosis is gaining pace of intensive development due to favorable weather conditions, so we recommend farms to take measures to reduce plant damage. Precipitation, which passes through centers at the end of summer in most regions of Ukraine, can lead to significant susceptibility of root crops to various types of rot, which can also lead to a decrease in crop yield and quality deterioration.
 Conclusions. In recent years, favorable conditions have been created in Ukraine for the development and spread of many types of pests and diseases in sugar beet crops, which leads to an increase in their harmfulness compared to previous seasons. In particular, the population density of beetles of the common beet weevil was 2—18 specimens/m2, which is ten times higher than the standard. The same applies to other pests and diseases, a significant reserve of which may threaten crops in the coming year.

The yield of sugar beet in constant sowing and crop rotation

Purpose. To determine the long-term effect of a complex of factors (anthropogenic and natural) on the productivity of sugar beet for a significant period and the level of pest reproduction. Study of short crop rotations.
 Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical.
 Results. The uneven distribution of precipitation during the sugar beet growing season has differently affected the efficiency of fertilizer systems and, as a consequence, the growth, development of plants and the yield of root crops. Yield of sugar beets at constant sowing on average for five years was dynamic, but its highest productivity, regardless of the fertilizer system, was in the first years of research, from 29.7 to 39.1 t/ha (on average for 1978–1982). Further cultivation in monoculture has led to yield reduction. The highest yield of sugar per hectare was also observed in the first five years, and varied in different fertilizer treatments from 4.67 to 6.22 t/ha. The lowest yield was in 1988–1992 and 1998–2002, 2.71 to 4.42 t/ha and 2.23 to 4.53 t/ha, respectively. Sugar beet yield in crop rotation was influenced by both forecrop and aftercrop. On average, during the years of research (2011–2019), the highest yield (43.0 t/ha) was obtained in the three-field crop rotation winter wheat — spring barley — sugar beet, while the lowest (41.8 t/ha) in the crop rotation sunflower — winter wheat — sugar beet, slightly higher in the four-field crop rotation soybean — winter wheat — sugar beet — corn (42.3 t/ha). The yield of sugar during continuous sowing, on average during the study period, was 3.5–5.1 t/ha, while in crop rotation it was 7.7–8.3 t/ha. According to the results of the survey of crops in the cotyledon phase, it was found that in unchanged sowing the density of common beet weevil (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ) is quite high, 8.8 beetles/m2 (average for 2006–2008) and exceeds the harmfulness threshold (0.2–0.3 beetless/m2) several times. At this density, the damage to plant seedlings was significant.
 Conclusions. The yield of sugar beet is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Of the anthropogenic, in addition to fertilizers, it is important to adhere to scientifically sound crop rotation. Long-term stationary studies have shown that the cultivation of sugar beet in monoculture leads to a gradual and stable decrease in yield and, consequently, the yield of sugar per hectare. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers helps to increase yields, but not significantly. In addition to weather conditions, the yield of sugar beet in crop rotation is influenced by forecrop and aftercrop. In the studied crop rotations, the lowest yield was obtained in the crop rotation where the forecrop of beets was sunflower, and the largest yield was obtained with legumes. Observance of crop rotation affects the phytosanitary condition of sowing; therefore, in monoculture, the density of common beet weevil is much higher than threshold, which leads to additional costs.

First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot on Common Beet (Beta vulgaris) in Ohio

In July 2017, common beet leaves (cv. Red Ace) from an open field in Erie County, Ohio, showing foliar blight symptoms were received by the OSU Vegetable Pathology Laboratory. Another beet sample (cv. Boro) from Wayne County, Ohio, displaying the same symptoms was received in June 2018. Symptoms consisted of pale brown circular water-soaked necrotic lesions, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, surrounded by a red halo. Bacterial streaming was observed from the lesions when viewed microscopically. Pieces of symptomatic tissue ∼0.25 cm² were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed in sterile water, placed in 100 µl of sterile water, and minced with a sterile blade. After 30 s, 10 µl of the resulting suspension was streaked onto Pseudomonas F agar medium (PF) and incubated in the dark for 48 h at 28°C. White creamy colonies fluorescent on PF when exposed to UV light were selected. Isolates from both samples were gram negative, oxidase negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, levan positive, and caused a hypersensitive reaction 24 h after infiltration into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. None of the isolates caused soft rot when inoculated at 10⁷ CFU/ml onto sterile potato slices. Box PCR (Louws et al. 1994) profiles were similar for strain SM200-2017 (Erie County) and SM61-2018 (Wayne County), with an additional band in SM200-2017. Both strains were subjected to whole-cell DNA extraction and multilocus sequence analysis of the housekeeping genes sigma factor 70, rpoD; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, gapA; DNA gyrase B, gyrB; and citrate synthase, gltA (Hwang et al. 2005). Sequences were compared with those of the reference pathotype strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata (Psa) CFBP 1617 deposited in the PAMDB database (Almeida et al. 2010). Both SM200-2017 (MK085510) and SM61-2018 (MK085511) showed 100% identity to the rpoD gene. SM200-2017 gapA sequence (MK085516) shared 99% homology with the gapA sequence of Psa CFBP 1617, and SM61-2018 gapA sequence (MK085517) was 100% identical. Similarly, the gyrB sequences from SM200-2017 (MK085515) and SM61-2018 (MK085514) were 99 and 100% similar to Psa CFBP 1617, respectively. No match was found for SM200-2017 and SM61-2018 gltA sequences (MK085512 and MK085513, respectively) when compared with those of Psa CFBP 1617. However, the sequences were 100% identical to Psa sequence KX226440 (Arabiat et al. 2016) deposited in the NCBI database. Koch’s postulates were confirmed in a greenhouse by spray inoculating 4-week-old beet seedlings (cv. Red Ace) with 10⁶ CFU/ml water suspensions of SM200-2017 or SM61-2018, or with sterile water. Plants were maintained at 27°C with a 14-h photoperiod, in plastic bags for the first 48 h. Symptom development was monitored daily. Water-soaked necrotic lesions similar to those observed on the original samples appeared 10 days after inoculation, whereas mock-inoculated plants did not show any symptoms. Symptomatic leaves were collected and processed as described above. Colonies with the same morphology on PF and with the same biochemical characteristics previously described were isolated. Box PCR profiles matched those of the original strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of beet caused by Psa in Ohio. Common beets are cultivated throughout Ohio and can be severely affected under disease-conducive environmental conditions.

The dynamics of the pharmaceutical and personal care product interactive capacity under the effect of artificial enrichment of soil with heavy metals and of wastewater reuse

A greenhouse experiment was conducted, using a randomized block design, including twelve heavy metal (Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb) mixture treatments, with each metal participating in the treatment with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/kg, respectively. Common beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was chosen as test plant. The plants were irrigated with treated municipal wastewater taken from the Wastewater Treatment Plant of the town of Amaliada, N.W., Peloponnese, Greece. The experiment aimed at studying the interactions between heavy metals and macro-microelements, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The basic scope was to shed some light on the potential environmental implications, of these interactions on the soil PPCPs for a more effective monitoring of these emerging contaminants in the plants and soil continuum. It was found that the PPCPs have a very high potential interactive capacity, having interacted with all the studied metals, and metalloids, as well as with plant macro elements (P, and K). The uptake of PPCPs by plants was statistically significantly related with their respective content in the soil. The general inference is that the interactive relations between heavy metals, macro-, microelements, and emerging contaminants, being mainly antagonistic, which contribute to the decrease the uptake of soil PPCPs.

Classification of methods and equipment recovery secondary waters

The issues of purification of secondary waters of industrial production have an important place and are relevant in the environmental activities of all food and chemical industries. For cleaning the transporter-washing water of beet-sugar production the key role is played by the equipment of treatment plants. A wide variety of wastewater treatment equipment is classified according to various methods. Typical structures used are sedimentation tanks, hydrocyclones, separators, centrifuges. In turn, they have a different degree of purification, productivity through the incoming suspension and purified secondary water. This is equipment is divided into designs, depending on the range of particles to be removed. A general classification of methods for cleaning the transporter-washing water, as well as the corresponding equipment, is made. Based on the analysis of processes and instrumentation, the main methods of wastewater treatment are identified: mechanical, physicochemical, combined, biological and disinfection. To increase the degree of purification and reduce technical and economic costs, a combined method is widely used. The main task of the site for cleaning the transporter-washing waters of sugar beet production is to provide the enterprise with water in the required quantity and quality, with economical use of water resources, taking into account the absence of pollution of surface and groundwater by industrial wastewater. In the sugar industry is currently new types of washing equipment of foreign production are widely used, which require high quality and a large amount of purified transporter-washing water for normal operation. The proposed classification makes it possible to carry out a comparative technical and economic analysis when choosing the methods and equipment for recuperation of secondary waters. The main equipment secondary water recovery used at the beet-sugar plant is considered. The most common beet processing plant is a radial settler.

First Report of Two Curtoviruses in Spinach and Common Beet in Arizona

Curtoviruses can cause severe financial losses for growers of leafy greens such as spinach and common beets. Research is currently underway to determine if these viruses are established in weeds and problematic in leafy greens crops throughout Arizona. To our knowledge this is the first report of curtoviruses in common beet and in spinach in Arizona. Accepted for publication 18 November 2009. Published 16 February 2010.

Pythium recalcitrans sp. nov. revealed by multigene phylogenetic analysis

A new species of Pythium collected from grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera) in South Africa and roots of common beet (Beta vulgaris) in Majorca, Spain, is described. The phylogenetic position of the new species was investigated by multigene sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the rDNA region, as well as three other nuclear and three mitochondrial coding genes. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA and concatenated beta-tubulin and cytrochrome c oxidase II alignment place Pythium recalcitrans together with P. sylvaticum and P. intermedium. Pythium recalcitrans sp. nov. is morphologically almost indistinguishable from other Pythium species that only form hyphal swellings in culture. However its species status is justified by the distinctiveness of the DNA sequences in all the genes examined. In culture P. recalcitrans exhibits fast radial growth, abundant spherical to subglobose hyphal swellings but produces no zoosporangia. Sexual structures are not seen in agar media but form in autoclaved grass blades floated on water. Multiple antheridia (1-7) are encountered with most of them diclinous and crook-necked. Oospores are thin-walled and either aplerotic or plerotic. P. recalcitrans was pathogenic to seedlings of Beta vulgaris and Solanum lycopersicum.

Pythium recalcitrans sp. nov. revealed by multigene phylogenetic analysis

A new species of Pythium collected from grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera) in South Africa and roots of common beet (Beta vulgaris) in Majorca, Spain, is described. The phylogenetic position of the new species was investigated by multigene sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the rDNA region, as well as three other nuclear and three mitochondrial coding genes. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA and concatenated β-tubulin and cytrochrome c oxidase II alignment place Pythium recalcitrans together with P. sylvaticum and P. intermedium. Pythium recalcitrans sp. nov. is morphologically almost indistinguishable from other Pythium species that only form hyphal swellings in culture. However its species status is justified by the distinctiveness of the DNA sequences in all the genes examined. In culture P. recalcitrans exhibits fast radial growth, abundant spherical to subglobose hyphal swellings but produces no zoosporangia. Sexual structures are not seen in agar media but form in autoclaved grass blades floated on water. Multiple antheridia (1–7) are encountered with most of them diclinous and crook-necked. Oospores are thin-walled and either aplerotic or plerotic. P. recalcitrans was pathogenic to seedlings of Beta vulgaris and Solanum lycopersicum.

ß- Glucosidases from leaves and roots of the common beet,Beta vulgaris

s-Glucosidases detected in the leaves and roots of the common beet,Beta vulgaris, have been demonstrated to catalyze hydrolysis of native betacyanins. A method is described for the isolation and purification of sglucosidase from the roots, which involves ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex gel filtration. Maximum activity of the enzyme is detected at 50°C and pH 8.0; it retains stability within the pH range from 5.1 to 9.2. In leaves, s-glucosidase is associated with chloroplast membranes; solubilization of the membranes results in enzyme inactivation.

Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics—a real need?

In the first part of this study, the effect of four isocaloric mixed breakfast meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals consisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol. In the fourth test meal, the starch was increased together with saccharine. In the second part of the study, analyses for free glucose and sucrose in several timed food preparations, ordinary as well as food preparations specially designed for diabetics, were performed. The amount of sucrose equivalents (S(eg)) in one ordinary serving of the various products was estimated. No significant differences among sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol-containing meals with respect to the effect on the blood glucose level or on glucosuria were found. The saccharine-containing meal gave a significantly greater blood glucose increase at 60 min only. The amount of sucrose in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible. Water-packed fruits supplied one half of the amount of S(eq) or less, compared with fruits packed in sorbitol-sweetened syrup. The amount of S(eq) in the latter products as well as in fruits packed in unsweetened juice equalled that of the fleshy substance of ordinary sucrose-sweetened products. It was concluded that fructose or sorbitol has no advantages over sucrose, as regards the effect on blood glucose in well-regulated adult diabetics, and that it seems unnecessary to have specially sweetened foods designed for diabetics.