Common Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

Predictive value of anthropometric measurements in survival and free walking ability of geriatric hip fractures after surgery.

We aimed to explore the predictive value of anthropometric measurements in survival and free walking ability of geriatric hip fractures after surgery. Eight common anthropometric measurements, including arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), thigh circumference (TC), calf circumference (CC), biceps skinfold (BS), triceps skinfold (TS), suprailiac skinfold (SIS), and subscapular skinfold (SSS), were included to identify their predictive value in survival and free walking ability of geriatric hip fractures. The results of anthropometric measurements were compared between patients with different outcomes. Cox and logistics models were established to further identify the predictive value of anthropometric measurements. Comparison among groups indicated that individuals with different outcomes may have significantly different anthropometric measurements. In the Cox analyses based on all individuals, all models proved that the patients with higher AC, as well as CC and BS, may have a lower risk of 1-year mortality. Similarly, in the logistics analysis, AC, CC, and BS were proven to have strong predictive ability for 6-month and 1-year mortality in females and overall individuals. However, the predictive value of the eight common anthropometric measurements in free walking ability is not significant. AC, CC, and BS may have strong predictive ability for 6-month and 1-year mortality in all individuals and females.

Utility of Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.

Approximately 30% of children with chronic liver disease (CLD) are malnourished. However, proper assessment of their nutritional status is difficult. The subjective global nutritional assessment (SGNA) is a comprehensive approach that uses nutrition-focused history and examination, followed by grading of malnourishment. We aimed to study the prevalence of malnutrition in children with CLD using the SGNA tool. This cross-sectional observational study included patients aged <18 years with CLD. Nutritional assessments were recorded using SGNA tool. Conventional anthropometric measurements were performed and corroborated with nutritional status using SGNA tool. A total of 85 children with CLD and mean age of 62 months were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of malnourished children according to SGNA was 34%; 22% were moderately malnourished and 12% were severely malnourished. We found statistically significant differences in anthropometric parameters among the three groups. A moderate degree of agreement was found between SGNA and weight-for-age (W/A) (p=0.020), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (p<0.001), and triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF)-for-age (p=0.029). Furthermore, a fair degree of agreement was found between height-for-age (H/A) (p=0.001) and weight-for-height (W/H) (p<0.001). The sensitivity of W/A for detecting malnutrition was 93%, H/A was 90%, MUAC was 86%, and TSF was 88%. The sensitivity was much lower for W/H and body mass index for age (55% for both). In our study, more than one-third of children with CLD were malnourished. Nutritional assessment using SGNA is a reliable method for evaluating nutritional status and is significantly correlated with common anthropometric measurements.

Anthropometric Measures and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Is there an Opportunity for Non-Traditional Anthropometric Assessment? A Review.

Several anthropometric measurements are used to assess cardiovascular risk and progress during clinical treatment. Most commonly used anthropometric measurements include total body weight and body mass index (BMI), with several other simple anthropometric measures typically underused in clinical practice. Herein, we review the evidence on the relationship between different anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk in patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data for this review were identified by searches in PubMed, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and references from relevant articles by using appropriate and related terms. The last search was performed on June 22, 2022. Articles published in English and Spanish were reviewed and included, if appropriate. We included studies detailing the relationship between skinfolds thickness, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and Conicity index with cardiovascular risk in adults with/without CVD. In patients from the general population, elevated subscapular and triceps skinfolds showed a positive relationship with the development of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. A higher subscapular skinfold was also associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. A higher WHR, as well as other less common anthropometric measurements such as the Conicity index, was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, incident CVD, major adverse cardiovascular events, and mortality in both patients with and without previous CVD. Non-traditional anthropometric measurements including skinfolds and WHR seem to improve the prediction of cardiovascular risk in the general population, and recurrent events in patients with previous CVD. Use of additional anthropometric techniques according to an objective and standardized method, may aid cardiovascular risk stratification in patients from the general population and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions for patients with CVD.

Body Morphology and Drag in Swimming: CFD Analysis of the Effects of Differences in Male and Female Body Types

This study analyzes the effect of the morphological characteristics of swimmers on passive drag and determines whether the female or male body type is more efficient for gliding. As a result of puberty, males and females develop different body structures; this study investigates whether these changes in shape influence drag. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations carried out in Ansys Fluent software were used to calculate the drag force and coefficient from 2D models of swimmers in streamline position, generated based on common anthropometric measurements. Both the top and side view profiles of the swimmers were simulated, unique to this study. The normalized male and female body shapes were simulated at different velocities, and it was demonstrated that the male body shape has a lower drag coefficient than the female body shape by 10.1% and 2.8% for top view and side view profiles, respectively. The in-depth analysis and simulation of models with varying hip and chest dimensions found a significant and positive correlation between hip and chest size and drag, with the chest size having the largest effect of an average 12.2% increase in drag per 5% increase in chest breadth. The results from modifying anthropometric variables explain the discrepancy between the drag experienced by male and female swimmers and show that enlarged hips and chests cause an increase in resistance. The differences between drag for males and females were found to be comparable to the 6.2% and 7.7% drag differences between full-body fastskin and normal suits, indicating measurable impact on performance. These findings suggest that the morphology of swimmers does have a significant effect on drag and that the male body shape is more hydrodynamic than the female body shape.

Abstract P282: A Simple Clinical Scoring System Using Readily Available Clinical Measures for Prediction of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Evidence From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background: Many patients have risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the leading cause of liver disease in the US. Screening all patients with risk factors for NAFLD using ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) is not always possible. We present a practical scoring tool for predicting presence of NAFLD based on common anthropometric measurements, clinical parameters and patient characteristics. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 6,194 white, African American, Hispanic, and Chinese American participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, ages 45-85 years. Liver fat attenuation was measured by CT scans ( &lt; 40 Hounsfield units identifies hepatic steatosis). We selected risk factors that are routinely available in clinical practice. We used random forest-derived variable importance to select 9 final predictors among 18 candidates. These were used to develop a logistic regression-based score predicting occurrence of NAFLD in a random 2/3 derivation subset of the sample. Calibration and discrimination performance was assessed in the remaining 1/3 validation sample using goodness of fit measures, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Brier scores. Results: NAFLD prevalence was 6.2% in the overall sample (n=6,194). The table shows the 9 predictors with beta coefficients, OR (95% CI) and points. Using the point-based system, the derivation set achieved an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.86), and the validation set an AUC of 0.81 (0.78 to 0.85). The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test had a p=0.15, and the Brier score was 0.06 for the validation set, indicating that our validation model was well calibrated with acceptable prediction performance. At &gt; 27 points, sensitivity was 83%, specificity 66% and Youden’s index was 0.49. Conclusions: Our NAFLD point system is a simple but highly predictive score system that can allow clinicians to identify individuals at high risk of NAFLD. Future studies should evaluate prediction performance in an external dataset.

Women in LOVe: Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet Rich in Omega-3 Improves Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women. An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial.

In the postmenopausal period, most women suffer vasomotor symptoms (VMS). It is well-known that VMS can worsen the quality of life. Diet seems to play a relevant role in the development of VMS, but the effect of diet on VMS is mainly limited to observational studies, and analyses of nutritional supplements. The aim of this study was thus to determine the efficacy of a lactoovo- vegetarian (LOVe) diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids vs. a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet rich in EVO (extra-virgin olive oil) in reducing VMS frequency in postmenopausal women. A two-arms (lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet with EVO vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet rich in omega-3) randomized-controlled trial with a follow-up period of 16 weeks. We considered as primary outcome the change in the Kupperman index (follow-up vs. baseline evaluation, reported as delta, D) and in its subscales. Secondary outcomes included changes in common anthropometric and biohumoral measurements. Among 54 women randomly assigned to a study group, 40 (mean age 55.1±5.4 years) completed the study and complied with their assigned diet. Women randomized to the omega-3 group (n=18) showed significant improvements, compared to the EVO group (n=22), in Kupperman index (Δ=-11.4±9.8 vs. -5.9±8.2; p=0.045), hot flashes (Δ=-3.3±3.4 vs. -1.3±2.6; p=0.04), and a marginally significant improvement in nervousness (Δ=-1.7±1.7 vs. -0.8±1.5; p=0.07). No significant differences were observed for the secondary outcomes. No relevant side effects were reported. After 16 weeks, a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet rich in omega-3 reduced VMS frequency in postmenopausal women more than the lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet rich in EVO.

Bayesian Dynamic Linear Regression Analysis of Infant Growth by Weight

The most common anthropometric measurements used to assess physical growth patterns of infant from birth to one year period are body weight and length. Weight gain pattern is dynamic that could not be easily understood. The main objective of this study is to model the biological growth of infants by weight during the first year of their lives using the Bayesian hierarchical and dynamic linear regression model. The data used in this study was from a cohort study for infants born alive and followed from birth to one year period with six visits at Adare General Hospital. There has been a sample of 126 infants under follow-up from birth to 12 months old at Adare General Hospital, Hawassa Ethiopia. A total of 756 weight observations were collected from the following-up of the infants during the one year period. The Bayesian hierarchical and dynamic linear regression model was used to explore weight gain of infants incorporating individual and population level variations observed over time. The mean weight growth of the infants is found to be linearly increasing while variation was declining over the age. Rate of weight change of the infants had two optimum points that might represent inflection points of the growth at around six and eight months. Posterior distributions of the intercept and slope parameters were found to have normal distributions, from which important inferences about the infant’s growth can be derived. The Bayesian hierarchical and dynamic linear model can explain and capable to handle the weight growth patterns of the infants over the short period of time.

The Relationship between Common Anthropometric Measurements and Isokinetic Strength in Men’s College Soccer Team

The Relationship between Common Anthropometric Measurements and Isokinetic Strength in Men’s College Soccer Team

The Relationship between Common Anthropometric Measurements and Isokinetic Strength in College Basketball Athletes.

Isokinetic testing is widely utilized by clinicians to evaluate lower extremity strength and as a tool to assist in treatment decisions. Previous research has demonstrated its efficacy and reliability in muscle training and clinical evaluation of muscular performance. Prior research has also investigated the relationship of anthropometric measurements such as BMI and body fat percentage in determining strength output. The research described investigated general non-athletic populations. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the use of common anthropometric measurements and average torque production of the knee extensors measured by isokinetic testing at three angular velocities in a college basketball team. METHODS: Thirteen healthy male college basketball athletes aged between 18-21 participated in this study. The participants had no history of any significant lower leg injuries. Participants were screened by an exercise physiologist on standard anthropometric measurements that included: height, weight, and skinfold measures of the pectoral, abdominal and thigh areas. The measurements allowed for calculation of the BMI and body fat percentage. The athletes participated in a lower extremity warm-up and Isokinetic strength of knee flexion and extension was measured through three angular velocities of 60 degrees/sec, 180 degrees/sec, and 300 degrees/sec. RESULTS: The relationship between the anthropometric measurements of interest: height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage and average peak torques at the three angular velocities analyzed through linear regression, yielded no significant relationship. Further analysis utilizing Pearson’s correlation did not find any significant correlation between the average peak torques of each participant produced and the anthropometric measurements of interest. CONCLUSION: The pilot research refuted prior research indicating that anthropometric measurements and isokinetic torque production were related. In this investigation, no significant relationship existed between the anthropometric measurements of interest and the muscle torques at three angular velocities. The results suggest that the use of anthropometric measurements in high caliber athletics is not a quality predictor of muscle strength.

AMPD1 rs17602729 is associated with physical performance of sprint and power in elite Lithuanian athletes.

BackgroundThe C34T genetic polymorphism (rs17602729) in the AMPD1 gene, encoding the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1), is a common polymorphism among Caucasians that can impair exercise capacity. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine the C34T AMPD1 allele/genotype frequency distributions in Lithuanian athletes (n = 204, stratified into three groups: endurance, sprint/power and mixed) and compare them with the allele/genotype frequency distributions in randomly selected healthy Lithuanian non-athletes (n = 260) and (2) to compare common anthropometric measurements and physical performance phenotypes between the three groups of athletes depending on their AMPD1 genotype.ResultsThe results of our study indicate that the frequency of the AMPD1 TT genotype was 2.4% in the control group, while it was absent in the athlete group. There were significantly more sprint/power-orientated athletes with the CC genotype (86.3%) compared with the endurance-orientated athletes (72.9%), mixed athletes (67.1%), and controls (74.2%). We determined that the AMPD1 C34T polymorphism is not associated with aerobic muscle performance phenotype (VO2max). For CC genotype the short-term explosive muscle power value (based on Vertical Jump test) of athletes from the sprint/power group was significantly higher than that of the endurance group athletes (P < 0.05). The AMPD1 CC genotype is associated with anaerobic performance (Vertical Jump).ConclusionsThe AMPD1 C allele may help athletes to attain elite status in sprint/power-oriented sports, and the T allele is a factor unfavourable for athletics in sprint/power-oriented sports categories. Hence, the AMPD1 C allele can be regarded as a marker associated with the physical performance of sprint and power. Replications studies are required to confirm this association.

Intraobserver error associated with anthropometric measurements made by dietitians.

Although dietitians play an important role in the anthropometric assessment, reports on measurements made by these health professionals rarely include estimates of measurement error. To estimate of intraobserver precision for three common anthropometric measurements made by dietitians. Twenty six measurers performed measurements (upper mid-arm circumference, tricipital and bicipital skinfold) in two times a sample of ten volunteers. Four precision estimates were calculated: the technical error of measurement (TEM), the relative technical error of measurement (rTEM), the coefficient of reliability (R) and the coefficient of variation (CV). For skinfold thickness, rTEM was smaller than 2.2; for circumference, rTEM was smaller than 0.6. The precision to measure skinfolds was lower than the precision to circumference. Anyway, for all measurements R showed a high degree of precision (R > 95). Our results suggest that anthropometric parameters evaluated are sufficiently precise. However, periodical training is necessary to control and minimize the anthropometric measurement error.

Using simple anthropometric measures to predict body fat in South Asians

Previously determined predictive equations for body fat mass (BFM) are primarily derived from populations of European origin, which may not be appropriate for all ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to develop an improved predictive equation for BFM specific to South Asians and derived from common anthropometric measurements that include measures of central adiposity. A total of 208 apparently healthy South Asian men and women, aged 30-65 years, were recruited. Anthropometric measurements and BFM by dual energy X-ray absorbitometry (DEXA) were obtained. Sex-specific equations predicting BFM were developed using regression models on a reference subset (68 men, 70 women) and tested on a validation group. New predictive equations (BFMNEW) were tested for agreement with Durin and Wormersley and Siri equations and with the reference method, DEXA. The best predictive sex-specific equation involved a combination of skinfolds, waist circumference, hip circumference, humerus breadth, height, mass, and age. Models significantly correlated with BFM determined by DEXA (r = 0.946 for men; r = 0.974 for women; p < 0.001). The estimates of BFM from reference and validation groups had excellent correlations and displayed excellent agreement to DEXA measures. We demonstrated new predictive equations for BFM that are specific to South Asians and incorporate measures of central adiposity. This may help resolve issues surrounding inaccurate determination of adiposity in South Asians, and consequently provide better estimations of disease risk.

Improved Prediction of Body Fat by Measuring Skinfold Thickness, Circumferences, and Bone Breadths

To develop improved predictive regression equations for body fat content derived from common anthropometric measurements. 117 healthy German subjects, 46 men and 71 women, 26 to 67 years of age, from two different studies were assigned to a validation and a cross-validation group. Common anthropometric measurements and body composition by DXA were obtained. Equations using anthropometric measurements predicting body fat mass (BFM) with DXA as a reference method were developed using regression models. The final best predictive sex-specific equations combining skinfold thicknesses (SF), circumferences, and bone breadth measurements were as follows: BFM(New) (kg) for men = -40.750 + {(0.397 x waist circumference) + [6.568 x (log triceps SF + log subscapular SF + log abdominal SF)]} and BFM(New) (kg) for women = -75.231 + {(0.512 x hip circumference) + [8.889 x (log chin SF + log triceps SF + log subscapular SF)] + (1.905 x knee breadth)}. The estimates of BFM from both validation and cross-validation had an excellent correlation, showed excellent correspondence to the DXA estimates, and showed a negligible tendency to underestimate percent body fat in subjects with higher BFM compared with equations using a two-compartment (Durnin and Womersley) or a four-compartment (Peterson) model as the reference method. Combining skinfold thicknesses with circumference and/or bone breadth measures provide a more precise prediction of percent body fat in comparison with established SF equations. Our equations are recommended for use in clinical or epidemiological settings in populations with similar ethnic background.

Body composition and skin temperature variation

Temperature variations near four common torso skin temperature sites were measured on 17 lightly clad subjects exposed to ambient temperatures of 28, 23, and 18 degrees C. Although variations in skin temperature exceeding 7 degrees C over a distance of 5 cm were observed on individuals, the mean magnitude of these variations was 2-3 degrees C under the coolest condition and less at the warmer temperatures. There was no correlation between the temperature variation and skinfold thickness at a site or with estimations of whole body fat content. These findings imply that errors in mean skin temperature measurement could arise from probe mislocation and/or subcutaneous fat distribution and that the problem becomes more acute with increasing cold stress. However, the magnitudes of these errors cannot be easily predicted from common anthropometric measurements.