Commodity Structure Of Imports Research Articles

Ukraine in the markets of organic agri-food products of the European Union: Analytics, trends, and prospects

The study of the role of the Ukrainian agricultural sector in meeting the demand for organic products in the European Union is vital for understanding and maximising the benefits for Ukraine. This is crucial in the context of the development of the organic market and expanding cooperation with Europe, which indicates the relevance of the problem discussed in the present study. The purpose of this study was to identify the current position, dominant trends, and prospects for increasing Ukrainian organic imports to the European Union. The methodological framework of this study included the general and special methods of scientific cognition: monographic, dialectical, tabular, graphical, abstract and logical, and comparative analysis. The study analysed the vectors and dynamics of development of organic agriculture in the European Union, specifically, identified the growth of domestic and import demand for organic products, expansion of the list of commodity items, the existence of a gap between supply and demand, and high concentration of the commodity structure of imports. The study found the principal factors that ensure Ukraine’s leading position among the key importers of organic food: geographical location, increase in domestic production of organic products, improvement of the system of its certification, and establishment of partnerships with the European Union. Ukraine’s position in most commodity groups of import demand for organic products has been strengthened: specifically, Ukraine’s share of imports has increased, and its structural characteristics have improved in terms of increasing the share of high value-added products. The study highlighted the barriers faced by Ukrainian exporters when entering the European market and acting as a deterrent to expanding the volume and range of exported organic products. The areas for increasing the potential of Ukraine in meeting the demand for organic products in the European Union were outlined. The findings of this study provide valuable information for producers, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders involved in the development of the organic market in Europe and sustainable agriculture. The outlined priorities for the development of organic production in Ukraine can underlie the development of a national programme aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the Ukrainian organic industry in the markets of the European Union.

Stimulation of domestic goods sales

The strategy of import substitution in the national economic policy, which provides the creation of conditions for the domestic production development, is mainly based on production capabilities and is aimed at ensuring the socio-economic and security needs of the country. Much less emphasis was placed on the possibility of substituting domestically produced goods for the demand of the population. Much less emphasis was placed on the possibility of the population’s demand replacement with domesti­cally produced goods. However, in view of social security, especially in the conditions of martial law, when there are disruptions in the supply of products, in particular imported products, the correlation between the industrial and trade sectors within the policy of import substitution seems to be unfairly underestimated. So the issue of taking into account the parameters of retail trade when determining the priorities of the national policy of import substitution becomes relevant. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to investigate the potential impact of retail trade on the implementation of the policy of import substitution in the country and to determine the directions of trade business support for domestic production in wartime with the perspective of post-war recovery of Ukraine. Using the me­thods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping and systematization, the article exa­mines the level of import dependence of the retail trade of Ukraine in the pre-war period, which gives an idea of the potential of import substitution in the industry. Evaluating the product structure of retail turnover according to the criterion of the ratio of domestic and imported products made it possible to establish product groups, the domestic production of which must be supported and developed. Using the analysis of the dynamics of the commodity structure of imports in the prewar and wartime period, commodity items were identified for which supply chains were restored and for which there is a sufficiently high domestic demand, reflecting the needs of the market under martial law. Also, based on the analytical assessment of the levers of influence of trade business on its supply chain partners – domestic suppliers, the directions of its support for domestic, import-substituting production have been determined. The involvement of trade enterprises in the implementation of the national strategy of import substitution with the perspective of post-war reproduction involves the transformation of approaches to the integrated management of supply chains.

LEGAL REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article analyzes the legal foundations of the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation. The genesis of legislation in the field of foreign trade activity demonstrates the improvement of the process of managing foreign trade relations as a part of international relations. Based on the data of the foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Khakassia, it is proved that regional exports tend to increase, the geographical structure of foreign trade relations is changing, the commodity structure of imports is changing as well. Under the conditions of import substitution, the role of state assistance in terms of expanding new sales markets and foreign partners for Russian manufacturers is growing. The mutual interweaving of foreign economic and interregional economic complexes is important. For a long time, the processes of globalization that took place in the world economy have affected the economy, cultural and social relations of Russia. At present, there is a need to ensure the effectiveness of foreign investment, competitiveness of Russian goods in the world economy, and foreign trade in general. These tasks will be solved with their joint understanding and mutual work of both federal authorities controlling foreign trade relations and regional support of various centers of competence, non-profit organizations, consulting agencies. The solution of the issues of increasing the efficiency of foreign trade activity of a particular regional enterprise is possible by applying a set of measures to stimulate foreign trade activity, identifying specialization and evaluation of export-oriented objects of regional industrial production. The study proves that regional enterprises possessing sufficient economic potential, with an increase in the number of foreign trade contracts are able to increase the rate of production of competitive products to the world market. Recommendations on improving the structure of foreign trade activity departments of regional enterprises are given.

Import policy: general goals and current problems of Ukraine

The essence of import policy, its current problems and goals are investigated in this paper. The dynamics of foreign trade in Ukraine is also analyzed. It is determined that the import policy is an important tool for ensuring Ukraine's economic independence, preserving its own economic identity and security. The geographical and commodity structure of imports is analyzed, the countries with the highest share of imports to Ukraine are identified and the reasons for changes in the volume of imports of goods by broad economic categories are revealed. In particular, characterizing the real state of affairs in Ukrainian imports, it should be noted an interesting geopolitical dominant: the state's dependence on large energy supplies from abroad automatically turns countries - suppliers of oil and gas to leading sources of imported trade flows. And if during the 90s of XX century. there was a noticeable diversification of exports, then at the beginning of the new century the undisputed leader among other countries (before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine 24.02.2022) – suppliers of products to Ukraine remained Russia, due to large energy supplies. As a result, during the second half of the 1990s, Ukraine had total trade deficit of about $ 15 billion with Russia. USA. This is a third more than the average annual exports of our country at the end of the century. At the same time, Ukraine needs to provide alternative energy supply channels that can increase the importance of other countries, including Azerbaijan, if the relevant agreements are reached and the transport and pipeline infrastructure is created. Current issues and priority areas of import policy in Ukraine are analyzed. It is determined that effective means of solving the problem of import optimization is the customs policy, which takes into account the competition of goods on the national market with domestic goods, ways to accelerate the STP. Customs policy should be formed on the basis of national scientific and technical strategy. Thus, the investigation clearly outlines that the improvement of import strategy in the framework of balanced import substitution through government support for national producers of high-tech products and support for small businesses will increase the competitiveness of both individual industries and the domestic economy as a whole.

Детермінанти розвитку внутрішньої торгівлі в Україні

Intensification of globalization processes and transition of economically developed countries to the post-industrial stage of development determine the modern vector of structural and institutional transformation of the domestic market as a whole and trade in particular. The article is aimed at estimating the determinants of the development of domestic trade in Ukraine. The indicators of internal trade development are analyzed. The regional structure of retail turnover of Ukraine is provided. The risks and threats of foreign trade liberalization for domestic producers are characterized. The share of imported food and non-food products sold through the trade network of enterprises is computed. The commodity structure of imports by wide economic categories is provided. The risks of growing import dependence of the Ukrainian economy in terms of goods for final and intermediate consumption are identified. It is substantiated that one of the important vectors of improving the efficiency of the national economy is structural changes in the sphere of domestic trade. The prospects for the development of domestic trade in Ukraine are generalized, including those caused by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is argued that the coronavirus crisis is one of the key challenges for business in modern conditions, covering all its aspects – from sectoral to global supply chains. The priority of digital transformation of enterprises in order to protect their own position from high technologies of competitors and the opportunity to take advantage of greater functionality of digital business models with their adaptability and performance is determined. It is substantiated that the processes of globalization in the context of the coronavirus crisis have slowed down, which can lead to significant changes in the structure of the market, affect the distribution of online and offline trading. The prospect of further research in this direction is the forecasting of challenges and threats of the post-pandemic development for the domestic market of Ukraine.

Foreign Trade Cooperation Technologies: Prospects and Opportunities (With China and Russia as Examples)

The article has analyzed the benefits and barriers of creating the Sino-Russian free trade based on the legal documents governing the formation of the Silk Road taking into account features of the economies’ development at the current stage. The main trading partners of the Russian Federation among the far-abroad countries have been identified. The structure of exports-imports of the Russian Federation with the foreign trade partners among the APEC countries has been analyzed, including the structure of the trade between China and Russia, and the volume of bilateral trade between countries. The article has analyzed the state of trade cooperation between Russia and China by industries, and also assessed the competitiveness of the trading environment of the Silk Road countries. The authors have compared the parametric characteristics of Russia and China, and also forecasted the changes in the commodity structure of imports and exports for the Russian-Chinese foreign trade relations.

Application of Index Models in Assessing the Foreign Economic Activity of Ukraine

The importance of statistical assessment of foreign economic activities in Ukraine, considering the structure and geographical re-orientation of the Ukrainian foreign trade and new challenges of the globalized and highly competitive market of goods and services, gives rise to the modeling of patterns underlying future tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian foreign trade. The article contains a description of approaches to the analysis of foreign economic activities in Ukraine by use of index models. Several index models are constructed and used for assessing the debt burden of Ukraine, the impact of selected sub-factors on it are determined, and the dynamics of the export quota in 2016–2017 are highlighted
 By use of the chain substitutions method it is found that the debt burden of Ukraine decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, by 21.0% due to the reduced import dependence of Ukraine, by 12.0% due to the partial debt burden, but increased by 4.1% due to the export losses. The results show that the strongest impact on the dynamics of debt burden of Ukraine came from the import dependence (56.6%), which means that the strict import quota remains the main factor of the increasing foreign debt of Ukraine, which caused 5.9% loss of export earnings in 2016, and 2.3% in 2017.
 The analysis of the export quota dynamics based on the index model showed that the impact of the international intraspecific specialization of the country on it was 43.2%, and the impact of the exports’ share in the foreign trade balance made 44.7%. That is, the main factors of change are the commodity and geographical specialization of Ukraine, as well as the imbalance in the foreign trade.
 Results of the analysis of the indices of averages show that due to the growth in export quotas of products of vegetable origin, fats and oils by 12.7%, and under the influence of the commodity structure of exports (–8.4%), the export quota increased by 3.2% in 2017 compared to 2012. The import quota of goods decreased by 17%, including by 7.6% due to the reduced import dependence of the country, and by 10.1% due to the changed structure of imports.
 Results of the analysis indicate significant change in the trend of export and import quotas of Ukraine on account of geographical reorientation: due to changes in the geographical structure of exports and imports of Ukraine, the export and import quotas decreased by 41.5%, and 32.2%, respectively.
 The analysis of the commodity structure of the Ukrainian foreign trade in 2012–2017 shows that the largest export positions were non-precious metals (ferrous metals and products made thereof), grain crops, fats and oils, electric machinery; in the exports of services, the largest share was accounted for by transport services, telecommunication services, computer and information services, processing of material resources, and business services. In the commodity structure of imports, mineral products had the largest share, which, however, decreased by 7.36 percentage points in 2017 compared to 2012. Imports of services are dominated by transport services and government services.
 The Russian Federation remains to be main partner in export-import operations of Ukraine: 9.1% of the Ukraine’s exports of goods in 2017, which is 16.53 percentage points less than in 2012; and 14.5% of the imports of goods in 2017, which is 17.86 percentage points less than in 2012. The main partner of Ukraine in the imports of services is the U.S., with 11.78% of the total imports of services in 2017, which is 6.7 percentage points more than in 2012.

РОССИЯ–АТР: ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ ТОРГОВЛИ

Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Pacific Rim countries have expanded and deepened in recent years. Russia is guided by long-term interests in determining its place in the Pacific Rim, while continuing to carry out further trade liberalization with the region’s countries in an environment marked by fundamental competition between the US (TPP) and China (RCEP). Despite the negative price dynamics for traditional Russian exports at the global markets, the overall positive dynamics of bilateral economic relations with the Pacific Rim countries provides a framework for continuing cooperation and solving the existing problems in the future. At the same time, the commodity structure of Russian exports in the Pacific Rim countries has been traditionally unbalanced, due to the predominance of primary goods, while the commodity structure of imports has a tendency to convergence thanks to competition among the particular Pacific Rim countries at the Russian market. The author’s analysis confirmed the assumption of the positive bilateral effects of trade liberalization. The trade creation effect is likely to exceed the trade diversion effect and the total trade effect will be higher than the tariff revenues’ losses. These findings indicate the future benefits for the Russian economy under all potential scenarios of trade liberalization in the region. The tariff revenues’ losses for the Russian budget can be partially offset by increasing the export duty fees. The assessment showed that the trade liberalization with the Pacific Rim countries could lead to changes in the geographical structure of Russian trade. Significant changes of Russian exports could occur in the case of cooperation with either the potential participants of TPP (in the enlarged format) or China. Imports from the Pacific Rim can grow across a wide range of product groups, both consumer and investment. Probably, there will be a substantial increase in the supply of vehicles as well as agricultural products from the TPP countries when the restrictive trade barriers are removed. A noticeable change in the commodity structure of imports is likely to happen as a result of the reduction in non-tariff barriers. The benefits for Russia from the comparative convergence with the RCEP or TPP (in the enlarged format) are comparable. As the current trade liberalization process shows, in the near future Russia can create the conditions for signing a FTA with the RCEP if it comes into being. Regarding pure trade effects (trade creation effect and welfare effect), the Russian economy may receive the greatest gains by cooperating with the TPP countries. At the same time, as for a comparable increase in exports and imports, China would be the most preferable trade partner. Russia faces competing choices between the different Pacific Rim trade integration formats. But these choices are contingent due to closely intertwined interests of global, regional and national business entities in the region. The author argues that an increase of Russian exports to the Pacific Rim countries requires a more detailed consideration of costs and benefits, including the lowering of institutional barriers and cooperation between companies.

Structural nature of uncompetitive pricing factors

The article identifies both external and internal determinants that influence the dominance of pricing principles and general pricing dynamics. The main factors causing the increasing role of costs in the price structure and the role of non-competitive pricing are described. The dynamics of pricing structures closely linked with the behavior of market actors, as well as to changes in the consumer price index and producer price index. The increase in the share of costs in price formation synchronizes dynamics of price indexes, and therefore inflationary processes in different markets and at different levels. The main factors of the pricing structure dynamics are the commodity structure of imports, sectoral and institutional structure of the national economy. The role of inputs as a result of influence of these factors determines the convergence dynamics of the various price indices, which are indicators of the level of inflation. Synchronization of inflation quantitative indicators corresponds to the dynamics of national economy structural elements and characterizes the structural inflation, which reveals as characteristics of national economic development. While described in the article the factors of pricing, taking into account their structural nature may be considered to be structural factors of inflation.

FORMATION OF CREATIVE ORGANIZATION IN THE GLOBAL INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

The conditions of changes in foreign trade flows of Ukraine in the context of implementing the Association Agreement with the EU are analyzed. The commodity and geographic structures of export and import are investigated; conclusions regarding the degree of concentration and diversification of domestic exports and imports are drawn. The main system-related problems are identified, and general recommendations on their overcoming and creation of favorable conditions for pursuing national interests in the field of foreign trade are given. It is proved that the the deformation of the commodity structure of imports and exports and their imbalances indicate the need for urgent steps aimed at stimulating foreign economic activity in order to overcome the accumulated socio-economic problems. One of the ways to change the raw material orientation of our country's exports is to integrate into global value chains. The experience of recently joined eU member states will be of use in developing tools and mechanisms for integration. It is this direction that further research of the author will be dedicated to.

Assess the impact of components of the Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade in The economic growth of Turkey for the period (1990 - 2009)

Showed many of the economic studies that the variables structure of foreign trade (exports and imports) with the impact of the gross domestic product and move the economic growth of a State، and private trade in industrial goods because they contribute to value-added production, and its importance to developed and developing countries, and take advantage of the economic development process, aimed at search to identify the components of Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade of Turkey and to clarify their impact on the GDP time series is twenty years old. In order to achieve the goal, was based on the assumption that the components of the structure of commodity exports and imports of Turkey to influence evident in the GDP, and the efforts made by Turkey to join the European Union led to a change in the directions of Turkish foreign trade, in order to reach the goal of the research and prove his hypothesis, The study was conducted using a quantitative methodology, by identifying the features of the evolution of the Turkish economy, and classification of Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade and its relationship to economic growth, were also analyzed trends in the evolution of Turkish foreign trade for the period (1990-2009) and the development trends of components of the structure of commodity exports and imports of Turkey, as well as trends geographical distribution of foreign trade of Turkey during the study period. The study found that intermediate and consumer goods the most important paragraphs in the Commodity Structure of Turkish exports during the period of study, as well as capital goods and other commodities, while the intermediate and capital goods the most important paragraphs in the Commodity Structure of imports, as well as consumer goods and other goods. Key words: commodity structure, exports and imports, gross domestic product, capital goods, intermediate goods, consumer goods.