Commodity Output Research Articles

Measuring public relative importance for agricultural and rural multifunctionality: an application of case 1 best–worst scaling

AbstractThe concept of agricultural and rural multifunctionality expands the public’s understanding of the diverse roles of agriculture and rural areas. However, the establishment of the concept burdens governments with a complicated issue related to formulating an agricultural and rural policy, as the public could have diverse views on the functions that should be promoted via the policy. This study applies case 1 best–worst scaling to measure the relative importance of agricultural and rural multifunctionality in Japan. Sixteen functions, including the primary function of agriculture (agricultural commodity output), were addressed. The results show that, on average, agricultural commodity output was prioritized most, followed by disaster prevention-related, water-related, and biological conservation functions. The clustering results demonstrate that the individuals were divided into seven classes and that the relative importance of functions among the seven classes differed significantly. The heterogeneity in the relative importance of functions among the public indicates that social consensus on weighting multifunctional roles in agricultural and rural policies cannot be reached easily.

Potential long-term, global effects of enhancing the domestic terrestrial carbon sink in the United States through no-till and cover cropping

BackgroundAchieving a net zero greenhouse gas United States (US) economy is likely to require both deep sectoral mitigation and additional carbon dioxide removals to offset hard-to-abate emissions. Enhancing the terrestrial carbon sink, through practices such as the adoption of no-till and cover cropping agricultural management, could provide a portion of these required offsets. Changing domestic agricultural practices to optimize carbon content, however, might reduce or shift US agricultural commodity outputs and exports, with potential implications on respective global markets and land use patterns. Here, we use an integrated energy-economy-land-climate model to comprehensively assess the global land, trade, and emissions impacts of an adoption of domestic no-till farming and cover cropping practices based on carbon pricing.ResultsWe find that the adoption of these practices varies depending on which aspects of terrestrial carbon are valued. Valuation of all terrestrial carbon resulted in afforestation at the expense of domestic agricultural production. In contrast, a policy valuing soil carbon in agricultural systems specifically indicates strong adoption of no-till and cover cropping for key crops.ConclusionsWe conclude that under targeted terrestrial carbon incentives, adoption of no-till and cover cropping practices in the US could increase the terrestrial carbon sink with limited effects on crop availability for food and fodder markets. Future work should consider integrated assessment modeling of non-CO2 greenhouse gas impacts, above ground carbon storage changes, and capital and operating cost considerations.

Variability of factors influencing coffee export performance in Indonesia.

Abstract
 Empirical evidence is lacking on the nexus between coffee commodity output and commodity price volatility of developing countries especially during pandemic era. The most visible impact from an economic perspective is the change of price expectation on people's basic needs which are in line with the decline of economic growth in Indonesia. This has significant implications, particularly considering the important role of coffee in supporting the country's economy. The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence the performance of coffee exports in Indonesia. The novelty of this study lay on the used national dataset within the range of 20 years (2000-2020) and including the pandemic effect on coffee sector performance. We examines the relationship between variables and coffee exports in Indonesia using unit root tests, cointegration analysis, and an Error Correction Model (ECM). The results show that coffee exports, total area, coffee production, coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have significant influences on coffee exports. The variables of total area and coffee production impact coffee exports negatively in the long term, while coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have mixed effects. In the short term, total area and coffee production significantly affect coffee exports, while coffee prices and gross national income show no significant impact. Coffee imports have a significant negative influence on coffee exports in the short term. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of the coffee industry in Indonesia.

Farm households’ input demand and output supply response to price shocks in Nigeria

Panel data on farm household output for a full range of commodities are scarce, and as a consequence, only a few other studies have considered estimating farm household output supply and input demand response to price changes in Nigeria using panel data within the multiple inputs and multiple outputs frameworks. This study examined the extent to which farm households' respond to production inputs and output price changes using panel data covering the period 2010-2016. Specifically, to determine whether a commodity output's price positively affects its supply and other output categories; and whether an input price negatively affects its usage in Nigeria within the multiple input and multiple output (MI-MO) framework. The translog profit function was used to simultaneously examine the production response of farm households' in terms of the factor demand and produce supply. Seven output supply and four input demand equations were estimated. The results indicated that the response of output supply to own price ranged from 0.59 for animal products and 1.24 for cereals. The own-price demand elasticities of farm input range from -0.82 for mechanisation to -1.46 for intermediate inputs. Also, a substantial degree of farm households' response to input price shocks. Farm inputs and outputs were economic complements to price changes. Therefore, price policy issues aimed at improving the production response of farm households' to both input and output price shocks should be developed with a particular focus on farm inputs.

The Role of Economic Concentration in Agriculture

Annotation: In article theoretical questions of specialisation and concentration of an agricultural production are taken up, long dynamics of gross output of plant growing and animal industries is resulted, the structure total and an agriculture commodity output is investigated. The basic directions on perfection of specialisation and concentration in the agricultural enterprises are defined

Competitiveness and Government Policy Implications of corn commodities in Belu Regency

Corn is a staple food for farmers in East Nusa Tenggara, especially Belu regency. The cultivation of corn commodities is still limited to meet the food needs of farmers’s households and not yet fully commercialized by farmers. The study is aimed at examining: 1). profitability of corn farming activities; 2). Corn competitiveness; 3). policy impact (market distortion) on input and output of corn commodities. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling for area samples and farmer samples. The data obtained was analyzed using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method. The results showed that the corn commodity in Belu regency reached high competitiveness. The NPCI value < 1 indicates that government policies on inputs increases the competitiveness of corn commodities. The NPCO value < 1 indicated that the current condition of local corn prices was lower than the social price which means it relatively does not provide maximum incentives for the development of corn farming in Belu regency. Whereas the influence of government policy instruments which is currently applied in the input-output market has a disincentive effect on the development of corn in Belu regency, because the added value obtained by farmers (private) was lower than what should be accepted (social), which is only about 78% and 57%. This was reflected in the EPC value of hybrid corn and local corn, which is 0.78 0.57 respectively.

Biotic farming using organic fertilizer for sustainable agriculture

Abstract In these modern times, population increase is one of the major problems we, humans face. This brings a huge demand for resources; especially for agricultural resources. This requires us to produce large amounts of agricultural products. This was and is still being achieved through technological farming which uses excessive or large amounts of different weedicides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers which could produce large amounts of agricultural products, but the repercussions of using these chemical substances is immense for both the agricultural land and the people who consume the agricultural products. Due to the long-term usage of these chemicals the soil loses its fertility and pollutes the soil to the extent where its ability to sustain life is lost. Organic farming is the only way to resolve these problems. It is one of the most eco-friendly ways of farming which has the least effect on the environment and the population. It is an agricultural system where fertilizers and pesticides produced organically is used. Most commonly used fertilizers here are green manure and compost manure. This type of farming neither consumes nor releases synthetic pesticides and other harmful chemicals, thus it maintains the organic matter and nutritive value of the soil. Intensive agriculture, which makes extensive use of agrochemicals, has undoubtedly increased farm commodity output, but the negative impact of these chemicals on soil structure, soil microbiology, water quality, food, fodder and food materials is abundantly obvious. Pesticides and fertilizer nitrates have been identified in ground water in numerous agricultural areas due to chemical leaching. This can lead to different environmental problems and is one of the reasons for different diseases seen in people living near agricultural land.

Economic and Environmental Implications of Biomass Commercialization in Agricultural Processing

Motivated by the agricultural industries, this paper studies the economic and environmental implications of biomass commercialization; that is, converting organic waste into a saleable product from the perspective of a processor that uses a commodity input to produce both a commodity output and biomass. We characterize the economic value of biomass commercialization and examine how input and output spot price uncertainties affect this value. Using a model calibration, we find that lower input spot price variability or higher output spot price variability or correlation between the two spot prices increases this value for a typical palm oil mill. To measure the environmental impact, we use total expected carbon emissions resulting from profit-maximizing decisions and characterize the change in total expected emissions after commercialization. Our analysis reveals that, although higher biomass demand or biomass price always increases the value of biomass commercialization, these changes are not necessarily environmentally beneficial as they may increase the emissions associated with biomass commercialization. We also characterize conditions under which biomass commercialization is environmentally beneficial or harmful; that is, it leads to a reduction or an increase in the total expected emissions, respectively. In comparison with the existing understanding which does not take into account optimization of operational decisions, our analysis highlights two types of misconceptions (and characterizes the specific conditions under which they appear): (i) we would mistakenly think that biomass commercialization is environmentally beneficial when it is not, and (ii) we would mistakenly think that biomass commercialization is environmentally harmful when it is not. This paper was accepted by Victor Martínez-de-Albéniz, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4518 .

Modeling the Carbon Sequestration Potential of Multifunctional Agroforestry-Based Phytoremediation (MAP) Systems in Chinandega, Nicaragua

Global sustainability challenges associated with increasing resource demands from a growing population call for resource-efficient land-use strategies that address multiple sustainability issues. Multifunctional agroforestry-based phytoremediation (MAP) is one such strategy that can simultaneously capture carbon, decontaminate soils, and provide diverse incomes for local farmers. Chinandega, Nicaragua, is a densely populated agricultural region with heavily polluted soils. Four different MAP systems scenarios relevant to Chinandega were created and carbon sequestration potentials were calculated using CO2FIX. All scenarios showed the potential to store significantly more carbon than conventional farming practices, ranging from 2.5 to 8.0 Mg CO2eq ha−1 yr−1. Overall, carbon sequestration in crops is relatively small, but results in increased soil organic carbon (SOC), especially in perennials, and the combination of crops and trees provide higher carbon sequestration rates than monoculture. Changes in SOC are crucial for long-term carbon sequestration, here ranging between 0.4 and 0.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, with the most given in scenario 4, an alley cropping system with pollarded trees with prunings used as green mulch. The adoption rate of multifunctional strategies providing both commodity and non-commodity outputs, such as carbon sequestration, would likely increase if phytoremediation is included. Well-designed MAP systems could help reduce land-use conflicts, provide healthier soil, act as climate change mitigation, and have positive impacts on local health and economies.

Impact analysis of state support on the agricultural organizations’ performance in Saratov region

The authors analyzed the impact of state support volume on the agricultural organizations’ performance in Saratov region. It is noted that there is no direct relationship between the output of commodity, gross output and volume of targeted financing. The authors note, however, that in lean years, targeted financing allows commodity producers to significantly ensure the reproduction process stability. The impact of government support on the performance indicators of agricultural organizations should be assessed by indicators that characterize the profit and capacity of the funds received. For these purposes, methods for evaluating state support are proposed for practical use, which allow us to quantify its impact. On the basis of these methods, the classification of municipal regional districts according to the level of state funds’ level impact on the reproductive process was carried out, based on the natural-climatic and industrial-economic features of agricultural production: the volume of state support, the level of production intensification, its specialization, the structure of property and energy security of enterprises, the level of labor productivity and payment.

Ценообразование и бюджетирование в производстве товарного выпуска. Учет добавленной стоимости

This article discusses the organization of cost accounting in the context of items and elements of a manufacturing enterprise. For this, a general cost matrix is analyzed and a price formula for cost items and cost elements is developed. Particular attention is paid to the pricing and budgeting procedures, as well as the justification of the produced value added of the commodity output.

Учет затрат в производстве товарного выпуска

Th is article discusses the organization, accounting and cost management of a manufacturing enterprise. To do this, the relationship between accounting accounts and cost centers, items and elements is shown. Particular attention is paid to the compilation of the consolidated calculation and the consolidated budget, as well as the construction of the balance of commodity output.

Направления развития инновационных процессов в условиях агропромышленного комплекса Республики Коми

In recent years, the importance and increasing role of investments in various structures and coordinates, the achievement of optimum variants for placing the production sphere and productive forces, the improvement of quality characteristics of the used production capacities and the manufactured commodity output in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Komi has been increasing. Within framework of the study, the industry was characterized, measures to create a specialized division of the technology transfer department in the Komi Republic were proposed, as well as the effective use of clustering tools. The proposed approaches will allow to strengthen the innovation in the agro-industrial sector of the region.

Оцінка сортів пастернаку посівного (Pastinaca Sativa l.) за продуктивністю та адаптивністю в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України

The commodity output of parsnip was formed in the conditions of the Right‑Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine within the limits of the sum of active temperatures 1356‑1495 °С, the amount of precipitation 171‑318 mm and relative humidity 57‑64 %. The crop yield had an invert dependence on the sum of temperature and the direct dependence on the amount of precipitation, relative humidity of air and hydrothermal coefficient. The highest yield in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine provided the Stymul and Pulse varieties with a total yield of 46,2 and 44,8 tons/hectare, and the commodity output of roots of 89 and 88 %, accordingly. It was calculated that the varieties Pulse and Stymul had the highest selective value of the genotype (SCGi = 46,2 and 44,8 accordingly) for yield, high ecological stability (Sgi = 3,43 and 1,96 accordingly) and plasticity (bi = 1,47 and 0,89 % accordingly). The highest indicator of the total adaptive capacity for plant productivity was noted in the Stymul (ZAZ = 3,12) and Pulse (ZAZ = 1,76) varieties. According to the indicator of specific adaptive ability, the Stymul variety (SAZ = 2,52) and Pulse (ZAZ = 0,78) was distinguished. According to the biochemical composition of roots, the investigated varieties did not exceed the control. However, in Boris variety the content of dry matter (25,1 %), dry soluble substance (15,8 %) and sugar (6,4 %) was at the control level. All varieties showed high levels of vitamin C – 8,9‑10,1 mg/100 g. The varieties were not susceptible to accumulation of nitrates and their content varied from 67 to 80 mg/kg and was below the maximum acceptable level (MDR 250 mg/kg). The highest tasting score of 5,6 points got the Pulse. To obtain a consistently high root crop yield at the level 44,8‑46,2 tons/hectare and marketability of roots at the level of 88‑89 % with a high content of major biochemical components in the conditions of the Right‑Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on medium-podzolic, roughly dusty, easy loamy soil with the usage of high-yielding of the varieties parsnips Pulse and Stymul.

Commodity Price Shocks And Macroeconomic Performance In Sub-Saharan Africa

This study investigated the relationship between commodity price shocks and output growth in Sub-Saharan African countries using panel data which covered the period between 2005 and 2017. Data for the study were sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI). Data base of the World Bank, The IMF’S International Financial Statistics (IFM) and Publications of Central Banks of various countries selected. The study employed Generalized Movement Average (GMM) as the estimation technique. Findings from the study showed that positive changes in the prices of export commodities has little positive impact on macroeconomic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa while negative price change has negative and significant impact on macroeconomic performance in Sub-Saharan African countries during study period. Based on these findings, the study therefore concludes that the relationship between commodity price shocks and macroeconomic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa is asymmetric. The study recommends that countries in Sub-Saharan Africa should introduce and implement policies to withstand shocks that may come from commodity price shocks such as economic diversification not only in area of agriculture but also in the area of industrialization and manufacturing.

Methodical approaches to economic assessment of farming system efficiency taking into account quality of the land resources

The existing methodical approaches to the assessment of the farming system efficiency and agricultural lands are based on the physical hectares not taking into account quality of the plots, and thus it distorts the reliability of the calculation of indices. The existing methods of determination of cadastral price of the agricultural lands comprise the variety of qualitative indicators. In connection with this we suggest the methods of assessment of the farming system efficiency in accordance with the output factors per 1 ruble of cadastral value of the agricultural lands: gross (commodity) output of crop production (technologic efficiency coefficient of land resources); income of production and realization of crop production and animal husbandry products with and without state support (land resources net profit ratio with and without state support), level of state support efficiency. For comparison, the index method is used. The researches prove that indices taking into account cadastral assessment of land resources differ from indices calculated in accordance with physical values and allow judging of influence of land resources quality on technological as well as on economic result, and also assess comparative level and efficiency of state support rendered. The method implies carrying out comparative assessment of efficiency of developing and existing farming systems in regard to agricultural enterprises, regions, agricultural zones and also assessment of the level and efficiency of state support using indices of the cadastral assessment.

Modelling the climate, water and socio-economic drivers of farmer exit in the Murray-Darling Basin

Absolute farm numbers all over the world have been decreasing over time, and in many countries, this is a source of concern for rural communities. In particular, the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia has faced considerable change in the form of increased temperatures and drought severity, reduced irrigation water diversions, declining real agricultural commodity prices, and declining rural community services. This study applies spatial regression modelling at the regional level to assess the impact of weather, economic, and water factors on net farmer number changes over a 20-year period from 1991 to 2011, with climate risk measured using data from 1961 onwards. Our analysis suggests that the direct drivers of farmer exit in local areas were climatic (e.g. increases in maximum temperature and increased drought risk (through decreased long-term precipitation skewness and increased long-term precipitation kurtosis)) and socio-economic (e.g. decreases in commodity output prices, increased urbanisation and higher unemployment). Contrary to the current narrative, changes in irrigation water diversions and water trade movements had no significant impact on MDB farmer exit.

Capability for metallurgical processing of Intermediate products for the processing of polymetallic ores

The copper smelting facilities of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC) mostly rely on copper-zinc and polymetallic ores. Finely disseminated minerals are associated with increased cost of selective flotation and mineral losses with dissimilar concentrates. In selective flotation of copper-zinc ores from the Urals region, between 6% (high zinc ores) and 23–44% of zinc get lost with copper concentrates depending on metal concentration and intergrowth of minerals in the ore, with the concentration of zinc in it being less than 1 %. In metallurgical processing, 90–95% of zinc contained in copper concentrates go to waste with the slag. Processing of polymetallic ores from the Altay deposits is associated with high losses of copper, lead and zinc, which get lost with dissimilar concentrates. The authors of this paper propose to obtain bulk concentrates from low zinc (0.4–1% Zn) and highly complex copper-zinc ores; obtain high-quality zinc and polymetallic (copper-lead-zinc) concentrates from polymetallic ores; set up a processing facility for polymetallic concentrates at the Mednogorsk Copper-Sulphur Plant (MCSP) that would involve the following stages: matte and zinc slag smelting – matte converted to blister copper – copper extraction from and fuming of smelter and converter slags. The main smelting vessel is currently under reconstruction aimed at introducing high-pressure highly concentrated blast oxygen; a slag fuming complex will need to be built with gas scrubbers to produce lead-zinc sublimates. An existing oxygen plant is utilised, and all sulphur containing gases are treated in a sulphuric acid facility present at the site. The advantages of the proposed processing scheme include: increased end-to-end recovery (from complex ores to refined ingots): copper — by 2.7%, zinc — by 8.1%; the output of refined lead at UMMC increased by 14 th tons with no special investment made; simpler processing schemes and a significant reduction in processing and transportation costs; rational use of the MCSP production facilities and infrastructure, raw materials available on a stable and long-term basis; an increase of 3.8 bln rubles per annum in the commodity output of UMMC.

Coffee Output Reaction to Climate Change and Commodity Price Volatility: The Nigeria Experience

Empirical evidence is lacking on the nexus between coffee commodity output, climate change, and commodity price volatility of Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria, and other developing countries. To fill this gap, this study analyzed the reaction of coffee output to climate change and commodity price volatility. We used secondary data from 1961 to 2015 from reliable sources for Nigeria. The study adopted generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH), autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH), and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) in analysis of coffee output reaction to climate change and commodity price volatility. The findings show that coffee output in Nigeria is influenced by climate change and the international commodity price of coffee. The study demonstrates the potential benefits of improving coffee output and export through climate mitigation and adaptation measures and revival of agricultural commodity marketing in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Impacts of Ebola on Supply Chains in MRB Countries

The purpose of this paper is to present a science-based narrative of the impact of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) on the supply chains of the major commodities of Liberia. Scientific literatures from appropriate journals, newspapers, trade data of applicable ministries and governmental agencies, data on Ebola from websites of World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC), World Bank, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and other relevant institutions are used extensively while also employing a market chain approach to represent the overall supply chains of these products. The review reveals, among others, the significant disruption to the flow of goods and the decrease in output of the main export commodities of Liberia. It also shows a fall in the real GDP growth rate of the Mano River Basin (MRB) countries during the Ebola years. The paper identifies that the specific mechanisms through which the supply chains were disrupted were as a result of fear and government’s regulation. Additionally, it provides a practical conduit for the diversification of the rubber industry. Given the complex web of supply chains of just a single product, this effort is in no way an exhaustive review on the impact of the EVD on supply chains of commodities dealt with herein, let alone the overall impact of EVD on the country as a whole. Obviously, this review is also limited in terms of scope and extent. This review is a useful introduction to investigators who might want to commit to research in this particular aspect of the impact of the EVD vis-a-vis its impact on supply chains in Liberia or on a broader level, the MRB Countries.