Committee Room Research Articles

Backstage Performances of Parliamentary Scrutiny, or Coming Together in Parliamentary Committee Rooms

When new legislation comes before parliament, it is often referred to a scrutiny committee that undertakes detailed examination of the proposed law. The meetings of parliamentary scrutiny committees are often held behind closed doors and provide an opportunity for parliamentarians and their advisors to exchange views on the impacts of proposed laws, including their impacts on human rights. Responding to Lisa Samuels’ (72) provocation “to take encounter as a work” and to research on law as performance, this paper examines these moments of encounter as legal performances. We argue that these meetings, comings-together and encounters do the work of (per)forming human rights assessments of legislation. We also question how the spaces of committee meetings, the absence of an outside audience, and the differing levels of knowledge on the part of parliamentary actors affect the performance of human rights scrutiny.

A multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model for thesis defence scheduling

In this paper, we address the thesis defence scheduling problem, a critical academic scheduling management process, which has been overshadowed in the literature by its counterparts, course timetabling and exam scheduling. Specifically, we address the single defence assignment type of thesis defence scheduling problems, where each committee is assigned to a single defence, scheduled for a specific day, hour and room. We formulate a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model, which aims to be applicable to a broader set of cases than other single defence assignment models present in the literature, which have a focus on the characteristics of their universities. For such a purpose, we introduce a different decision variable, propose constraint formulations that are not regulation and policy specific, and cover and offer new takes on the more common objectives seen in the literature. We also include new objective functions based on our experience with the problem at our university and by applying knowledge from other academic scheduling problems. We also propose a two-stage solution approach. The first stage is employed to find the number of schedulable defences, enabling the optimisation of instances with unschedulable defences. The second stage is an implementation of the augmented ϵ-constraint method, which allows for the search of a set of different and non-dominated solutions while skipping redundant iterations. The methodology is tested for case-studies from our university, significantly outperforming the solutions found by human schedulers. A novel instance generator for thesis scheduling problems is presented. Its main benefit is the generation of the availability of committee members and rooms in availability and unavailability blocks, resembling their real-world counterparts. A set of 96 randomly generated instances of varying sizes is solved and analysed regarding their relative computational performance, the number of schedulable defences and the distribution of the considered types of iterations. The proposed method can find the optimal number of schedulable defences and present non-dominated solutions within the set time limits for every tested instance.

Perceptions of Nurses and Midwives about the Implementation of Credential or Re-credential in Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital

BACKGROUND: Credentialing is a process of evaluating nurses and midwives to obtain clinical authority carried out by the nursing committee at the hospital. The credential process has prerequisites in the form of documents that must be completed, namely, curriculum vitae, diploma, training certificate, registration certificate, practice permit, and logbook as a sign of the mentoring process from each level of nurses and midwives, who also serves as evidence that the Ongoing Professional Performance Evaluation process has taken place as well as the requirements to apply for a career advancement. Re-credentialing is a re-evaluation process for nursing staff and midwives who already have clinical authority to determine the feasibility of granting clinical authority. AIM: This study aims to determine the perceptions of nurses and midwives about the credentialing process at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. METHODS: This study used a qualitative descriptive survey method. The number of samples as many as 12 people selected by incidental sampling. Data collection was carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with respondents during July 2021 in the nursing committee room. The research process consists of several stages starting from the stage of data collection, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. RESULTS: The results of the study focused on the perceptions of nurses and midwives at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital which refers to their knowledge and understanding of the credential process at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. This study found three themes related to the perception of nurses and midwives and midwives in implementing credentials at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, namely, the difficulty in making daily logbooks, several credential requirements, documents, or credentials that were asked to be collected repeatedly, and difficulties in managing them, processing time, and assessment in credentials. CONCLUSION: The nursing committee is important to create efficient and up-to-date nurses and midwives document storage system, a more practical and capable nurses and midwives logbook creation mechanism, and a more effective and time efficient credentialing process mechanism.

Small-Scale High-Fidelity Simulation for Mass Casualty Incident Readiness.

This content can be used for trauma centers, emergency medicine residency programs, and emergency nursing. Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are becoming increasingly common and are occurring in locations that have not experienced them previously which adds to the challenge of readiness for emergency departments (EDs). Sporadic occurrences and limited resources add to the complexity of preparing for such an event. In advance of a large gathering in our metropolitan area, we developed and conducted a simulation to better prepare not only our residents, but our MCI planning committee, registered nurses (RNs) and emergency room technicians (ERTs) for an MCI.Emergency medicine is at the forefront of any hospital's response to an MCI. These events stretch the resources and force EDs to function differently than usual.1 Responding effectively is crucial to minimizing the morbidity and mortality of our patients while maximizing use of available resources. We can improve our level-headedness, efficiency, and department and hospital-level planning through simulation. This has particular implications for residency training with effects on education, preparedness, and wellness. The learners will (1) recognize state of mass casualty exercise as evidenced by verbalization or triaging by START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) criteria, (2) triage several patients, including critically ill or peri-arrest acuities, according to START criteria, (3) recognize the need to limit care based on available resources, as evidenced by verbal orders or communication of priorities to team, and (4) limit emergency resuscitation, given limited resources, by only providing treatments and employing diagnostics that do not deplete limited time, staffing, and space inappropriately. A small-scale, high-fidelity simulation was created to replicate the pace and acuity of patients presenting in an MCI. Three critically injured patients with multiple gunshot wounds, represented by high-fidelity manikins with moulaged wounds, were presented over a 6-minute span. The team was allowed 10 minutes total to conduct life-saving measures, targeted evaluation, and disposition of the patients. The simulation was then adapted for use in a second institution's simulation center to replicate and validate the objectives given a different system. The learners were immediately verbally debriefed and feedback of the simulation, fidelity and appropriateness of the experience solicited. Unprompted, several of the learners volunteered that the efficacy of the experience was highly educational and valuable. Anonymized digital feedback was requested in the form of an online survey and was generally positive.The educational content was created by experts in simulation medicine and validated by content experts in the fields of Emergency Medicine, Trauma Surgery and Emergency Nursing. After the scenario ended, the learners were taken to a second room for debriefing by a trauma surgeon, an emergency medicine attending, and the nurse trauma educator. The actors were able to participate as secondary learners and were rotated out of simulation duties to participate in the debriefing. After this twenty-minute educational debrief, the learners were brought back to the simulation bay and were given a similar scenario. After this iteration, the team debriefed a second time. This hour schedule of cases and debrief was repeated a total of four times with a total of twelve individual learners. Suggestions and verbal feedback were noted for incorporation into appropriate committees or hospital departments. No formal assessment was done and inclusion was strictly on a voluntary basis. An evaluation of the session (on a Likert scale of 1-5) had six respondents which showed an average of 5 on how educational the session was, 4.8 on how realistic the session was, and 4.8 on how effective the session was. Simulation allows participants to safely gain practical experience in MCI management. The experience was well-received, and the learners verbalized increased confidence should they encounter an MCI in the future. We developed this simulation to give residents and nurses first-hand experience performing under high-stress, resource-limited conditions. We also had other learners observing the process which allowed for productive debriefing and planning for improvement. The ideas generated from this ultimately became part of the hospital's MCI response plan. The main takeaways were triage strategy and limited resource management. Mass casualty incident, mass gathering, penetrating trauma, high-fidelity simulation, team-based simulation, trauma center, hospital response planning.

STUDENTS PERCEPTION ABOUT THE ROLE OF INTERVIEW DURING M.PHIL AND PH.D. ADMISSION AT A PUBLIC SECTOR UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE, PUNJAB-PAKISTAN

Purpose of the Study: Focusing on the importance of the research interview, the researchers planned current qualitative research to explore students’ perceptions about the role of an interview conducted during the selection of M.Phil and Ph.D. admission in one of the public sector University of Lahore, Punjab-Pakistan. Methodology: The researchers adopted qualitative research leading to interpretivism paradigm. This study adopted a phenomenology research design. The researchers selected five M.Phil and five Ph.D. scholars were selected by using purposive technique. The researchers administered a self-constructed interview protocol to collect the data from the respondents. After signing a formal consent letter from participants, the researchers recorded interviews from the respondents in voice recorders and transcribed the interviews word by word. The researchers used thematic analysis approach to analyze the data. Main Findings: The results declared that the majority of the students agreed that personality has a better effect during the interview; slight sensation of nervousness before the interview; disturbed bodily condition before interview panel; friendly, cooperative, and supportive behaviour of interview panel; comfortable environment; enriched institute with qualified foreign faculty; fully confident after the interview for admission; asking of relevant questions and they get admission in to enhance their qualification for getting good-paying job and knowledge. Applications of this study: The results of the current research are applicable in public and private sector universities of Punjab, including district Lahore in which experiential and dynamic teachers are the members of the selection panel. They were aware of students perceptions while conducting interviews and familiar with their exact situations that happened in the committee rooms, as the students/applicant are the real observe of their teachers. Novelty/Originality of this study: This is the innovative and foremost research structured in Pakistani public sector educational institutions in which the authors highlighted the actual situations that happened between the interviewer and the interviewee during M.Phil and Ph.D admission. The authors have also contributed to the existing body of knowledge. The findings of the research have opened the horizon for future researchers to explore the dimension of the interviews focusing on the quantitative and mix-method design on a large sample of the participants.

House of Lords Committee Accommodation and Its Use: Restoration and Renewal in the 19th and 20th Centuries*

AbstractFollowing the 1834 fire, the work of house of lords committees continued virtually without interruption, at first in temporary accommodation and, from 1846, in rooms in the new palace designed by Charles Barry. This article charts the history of house of lords committee activity and the varied use of its accommodation at Westminster from 1834 to the present. Major committee work immediately following the fire included an inquiry into prison reform. Barry's accommodation was scantily fitted out, and quickly needed technical and other adaptations. Committees themselves changed too, with the heaviest phase of private bill activity needed for the creation of the railways tailing off by the late 1860s. Following a low point in committee activity between 1940 and 1970 committee work has developed in fits and starts from 1971 onwards. The further expansion of committees following the Jellicoe committee report of 1992 was accommodated by the reform of private bill procedure, which helped free up committee rooms, and in October 2009, the establishment of the Supreme Court meant that the law lords no longer sat judicially in the large committee rooms 1 and 2. Since 2012, however, the further expansion of committee activity has not been matched by an increase in its accommodation.

Classics in Britain: Scholarship, Education, and Publishing, 1800-2000, by Christopher Stray

Reviewed by: Classics in Britain: Scholarship, Education, and Publishing, 1800–2000 by Christopher Stray Simon Goldhill (bio) Classics in Britain: Scholarship, Education, and Publishing, 1800–2000, by Christopher Stray; pp. xxvi + 355. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, £90.00, $124.95. When Christopher Stray published Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960 in 1998, it hit a moment. There has been no period since the Renaissance when the study of classics and classicism has not been interested in its own history, and both the history of scholarship on antiquity and the history of modernity's relation to Greece and Rome have formed an insistent topic of debate. But during the previous decades, the field of Victorian classicism had been dominated by two works: Frank M. Turner's marvelous and still influential The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1984), which focused on antiquity as a model for politics and historiography, and The Victorians and Ancient Greece (1981) by Richard Jenkyns, whose dilettante methodology is best described as an Eton and Oxford man fondling his Victoriana in his study. Stray brought a robust educational sociology to the subject: he gave a detailed and well-researched account of the development of the discipline of classics viewed from the classrooms of schools and universities, and from the committee rooms of administrators at university and governmental levels. It was a transformative and widely praised book based on widely collected and incisively analyzed empirical evidence. At the same time, Stray did not wander from his subject to see the effects of this education in a wider culture; he discussed almost no art, music, theater, or literature, although there are hundreds of novels, paintings, and other artworks that, as engagements with antiquity, formed the imaginary of Victorians, especially (but not only) for the more educated elites. Nor was he interested in the major shifts of society over the 130 years of his research. Even the World Wars or the loss of empire proved little more than an interruption of classroom practice in his story. Above all, religion, that pervasive and polemical force in Victorian social change, played little role in his story, although the imbrication of classics and theology is everywhere significant in the careers and the thinking of his main protagonists. He did trace brilliantly the movement of scholars between schools, universities, and religious institutions, but this important insight into their career patterns did not turn into a consideration of how such movement might have shaped their intellectual approaches to antiquity. Since the transformative impact of Classics Transformed, Stray has continued to publish articles and edit books at a sterling rate: the bibliography of Classics in Britain: Scholarship, Education, and Publishing, 1800–2000, his most recent book, lists sixty-three of his own works, all but seventeen published since Classics Transformed. No one has a deeper or more detailed knowledge of the figures who inhabited the Victorian classical classroom and its policies than Stray. Classics in Britain duly collects eighteen of these articles and book chapters, sixteen of which have been already published and four from over twenty years ago. The chapters are grouped under the general headings of "Scholarship and Institutions," "Scholarship and Publishing," and "Schools and Schoolbooks." These topics are central to understanding the formation of the discipline of classics, and thus the development of the university and, more intangibly but no less importantly, the shape of a culture's understanding of the classical past. Despite some repetitiveness, it is a good decision to put these pieces together, and for two reasons. First, it enables a particular set [End Page 333] of general questions to emerge. Stray is interested particularly in how the growing publishing business affects the work in schools and universities and how changing policies of education and technological advances change publishing. This remains a major question today and its history is salient. In particular, Stray adds a good deal to our knowledge of textbooks, which have often been insufficiently recognized in the history of education and book history. The best essays here reveal the infighting and mix of ideological and financial maneuvering that go into the battles for a market. Second, we now get a...

The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War by Joanne B. Freeman

Reviewed by: The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War by Joanne B. Freeman Kyle G. Volk (bio) The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War. By Joanne B. Freeman. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018. Pp. 467. Cloth, $28.00; paper, $20.00.) American democracy in its so-called golden age was violent. Such a claim will little surprise the readers of this journal. Yet historian Joanne Freeman provides new and compelling insight by revealing the culture of violence that suffused the United States Congress in the thirty years [End Page 109] leading up to the Civil War. In this notorious age of partisan wrangling and sectional discord, Freeman argues, fistfights and duels, bowie knives and pistols, bullying and ultimatums structured the practice of congressional politics. No outlier in an otherwise placid environment, the infamous "caning of Sumner" was actually one of some seventy violent altercations that Freeman painstakingly documents and that, she contends, propelled the nation to civil war. Narrative in construction and exceedingly rich in historical detail, The Field of Blood should find the wide popular audience Freeman seeks. If violence was so pervasive inside and outside of the halls of Congress, how have we missed it? As Freeman explains, the obvious sources (the Congressional Globe and partisan newspapers) largely covered up the clashes or downplayed their significance. By contrast, letters written by members of Congress and the eleven-volume diary of Benjamin Brown French, a longtime congressional clerk, offer more uncensored evidence. So important is French's diary that Freeman wisely makes the New Hampshire voyeur a lead character in her history. In the process, French's own transformation from dedicated doughface Democrat to armed Republican opponent of the slave power becomes an instructive subplot braided into the gripping saga of strife. Early chapters set the stage, transporting readers to Congress's stuffy, spit-stained chambers and booze-soaked committee rooms as well as to Washington, D.C., more generally, which Freeman paints as a decidedly southern city shaped by slavery's intrinsic violence. Such conditions, she implies, made Congress ripe for cruelty. So too did the emergent partisan strife of the 1830s and especially the "honor culture" that southern "fighting men" continued to bring to Congress even as most northerners had become "noncombatants" (71). The gloves come off in chapter 3, which focuses on the 1838 duel between Democrat Jonathan Cilley of Maine and Whig William Graves of Kentucky. Freeman shows how a seemingly small slight (in this case, minor criticism of Democratic malfeasance) escalated into an affair of honor that left Cilley dead by gunshot. Horrified northerners scrambled to outlaw dueling in the District of Columbia, but according to Freeman, their measure had little impact. Violence continued, but as Freeman argues, it shifted (perhaps not surprisingly) from serving partisan ends to serving distinctly sectional ones. Her deft reappraisal of the gag rule begins the transition. It also exposes bullying as an essential political practice, particularly by illuminating southern antiabolitionists' strategic use of physical intimidation and the threat of violence to obstruct John Quincy Adams and other abolitionist sympathizers. Here and elsewhere, Freeman might have complicated her [End Page 110] portrait of bully politics, both its dynamics and its participants, by considering other types of bullying beyond the physical. How, for example, was social bullying—social ostracism—employed in congressional circles and to what ends? Moreover, how would investigation of intellectual bullying—the use of superior intelligence to demean others—change Freeman's analysis? Might it even force consideration of Adams, who "relished baiting slaveholders," as an agent of bully politics rather than a victim of southern bullying (135)? Obviously, Adams's haughty taunts served very different ends (antislavery ends that we justly celebrate today). Yet for many of his contemporaries, including Benjamin Brown French, Adams (if not insane) was using his powerful mind to mock slaveholders and "deliberately [drive them]—and the Union—to the breaking point" (114). The final third of the book links escalating congressional violence to the wider explosion of sectional hostilities in the 1850s. Powerful and provocative insights abound. Freeman's exhumation of the Benton-Foote scuffle during the...

Financial Technology: Pinjaman Online, Ya Atau Tidak

The objective of community service which given to the Dharma Wanita Persatuan of Haji Abdul Manan Simatupang Regional Hospital is to sosialize the financial technology focusing on uncover the online lending risk. This community service is aimed to bring more knowledge about online lending that will help the member of Dharma Wanita to solve the unknown information of the online lending, so they can be smart enough in making decision to choose and taking the online lending. The service was held for one day at 21st of August 2019, in Medical Committee Room at Haji Abdul Manan Simatupang Regional Hospital. The method used was giving speech dan interactive discussion. All attendance were giving positif response about this sosialization service activity.

<strong>“Ivy Day”:</strong> Dublin Municipal Politics and Joyce's Race-Society Colonial Irish Jew

By introducing Albert Altman, an Irish-Jewish politician of Joyce's era, as an absent center of the Dubliners' story "Ivy Day in the Committee Room," I show how the text's representations of post-Parnell Irish nationalism become more historically accurate, localized, and nuanced. Altman's position as a left-leaning liberal Dublin Corporation Councilor is illustrative of the precarious position of "the Jew" in colonialized countries during the era when race and race-societies transformed outposts of late Empire. Leopold Bloom's future politics appear to draw on Joyce's memories of Altman, and "Ivy Day" is the earliest piece in which Altman's career influenced Joyce's interest in labor as a promising route toward colonial independence. This was also the moment Joyce first recognized what Hannah Arendt would later examine as the Jewish third racial-space between colonized and colonizer, which she argued eventually became a germ of totalitarianism when racialized imperial politics "boomeranged" back to the Continent.

Power behind the Scenes: The Importance of Informal Space in Legislatures1

Studies of legislatures focus on what happens in formal space, principally the chamber and committee rooms. Such studies are necessary, but not sufficient, for explaining behaviour within legislatures and its consequences. The use of space for members to interact informally with one another—informal space—can contribute to the institutionalisation of a legislature through facilitating autonomy. Such space provides an arena for socialisation, information exchange, lobbying and mobilising political support. This article examines the significance of informal space, drawing on the experience of the UK Parliament.

Bernard Shaw, W.T. Stead, and the New Journalism: Whitechapel, Parnell, Titanic, and the Great War

Bernard Shaw, W.T. Stead, and the New Journalism: Whitechapel, Parnell, Titanic, and the Great War

Mutual Fund Flows and Fund's Strategic Behavior When Investors Are Inattentive

The R & P seminar held Wing 11 Committee Room, IIM Ahmedabad on September 04, 2017 by Dr. Apoorva Javadekar, Research Director, CAFRAL on Mutual Fund Flows and Fund's Strategic Behavior When Investors Are Inattentive

Care, policy, knowledge: Translating between worlds

It is the achievement of this collection to challenge our everyday distinction between care and policy. In these ethnographic accounts, we learn how something we might call ‘care-policy’ is achieved in practice, ‘on the ground’. This brief postscript draws attention to the corollary world of the office, the way care-policy is constructed in the committee room and the debating chamber, in the offices and corridors of its administration. The author notes how the work of the office is likewise constituted in practice, in interaction between people and between people and things. It is suggested that care-policy in the field and in the office is predicated on different ways of knowing which reflect a specific tension between case and category. The studies presented here are made at the point of intersection of discrepant worlds/knowledges: some seem to expose and emphasise those discrepancies, but others point to ways in which, in practice, they might be resolved. In carrying out inspections, in assembling and articulating generic experiences of injustice, some actors seem to do care and policy together, piecing together knowledges of different kinds, translating between worlds.

THE PARALYSIS OF NATIONALISM: JAMES JOYCE S IVY DAY IN THE COMMITTEE ROOM

James Joyce is well known thanks to his short stories collected in his household word Dubliners, among which “Ivy Day in the Committee Room” has a unique space for its political theme through which the hypocrite canvassers and partisans are questioned for their nationalistic discourses. Since the plot is related to municipal election, Joyce deals with the themes of localism, nationalism and customs. The aim of this paper is to examine the story “Ivy Day in the Committee Room” referring to the terms and themes of nationalism and political dissidence. Although the canvassers in the story act as if they were nationalists, it seems that they do not really care about the nationalist Irish leader Charles Parnell or Ireland. Nation and nationalism are the terms revealed through the dialogues of the canvassers in Joyce’s story. It will be concluded that the canvassers and the partisans in this story are spiritually and politically decayed since they do not care the policies of their parties.

Social Media, Harassment and Freedom of Speech – Panel Discussion and Q and A, Tuesday 17<sup>th</sup> June 2014, Committee Room 18, Palace of Westminster

The conflict between freedom of speech and protection of individuals from harassment in an on-line environment was the subject of a lively debate organised by the Society of Labour Lawyers. The three panellists were Dr Jacob Rowbottom, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford, Helen Lewis, Deputy Editor of the New Statesman and Caroline Criando-Perez, journalist and feminist campaigner.

High-Cost Debt and Borrower Reputation: Evidence from the U.K.

The R & P seminar held at Wing 11 Committee Room, IIM Ahmedabad on September 14, 2016 by Dr. Vikram Pathania, University of Sussex on High-Cost Debt and Borrower Reputation: Evidence from the U.K.

A Committee Room. A Table. Evening: Using Beckett's Waiting for Godot to Read Joyce's "Ivy Day in the Committee Room"

A Committee Room. A Table. Evening: Using Beckett's Waiting for Godot to Read Joyce's "Ivy Day in the Committee Room"

Writing the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations by Wolfram Kaiser and Johan Schot

Reviewed by: Writing the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations by Wolfram Kaiser and Johan Schot Elisabeth van Meer (bio) Writing the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations. By Wolfram Kaiser and Johan Schot. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Pp. 396. $95. The European Union (EU) generates considerable controversy, much of it centered on its techno-economic legislative activities. For example, in 1994, before there even was a euro, the European Commission issued Regulation 2257. It required bananas produced or imported into the European Community to have “a minimum grade of 27 mm,” while bananas of the highest class could not have “abnormal curvature.” Euroskeptics ridiculed “Eurocrats” for regulating away the nature of a banana. Supporters insisted the law protected consumers and did not ban anything; the lowest class of bananas was allowed all “defects of shape” as long as “the flesh of the fruit” was not affected. How today’s EU has become such a defining yet controversial legislative project is explained in Writing the Rules for Europe. The book offers an exciting new history of European integration, finding its answers in Europe’s long technological trajectories. It dismantles the official account, in which the EU was first envisioned by politicians, like Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak, at the end of World War II. “The Europe of this volume has been constituted during the last 150 years or so,” the authors emphasize, “through the creation of a set of rules by a variety of organizations, committees, and experts operating inside them” (p. 1). The earliest precursors to the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community (EEC), and the EU include the Association of German Railway Companies in Berlin (1846), the International Telegraph Union in Paris (1865), and the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome (1905). These initiatives already pursued border-crossing obligations, liabilities, rates, rights, shared data pools, signaling systems, standards, etc. Their ambitious rule-writing forged the first fragmented, often competing, technologically integrated “Europes” (p. xiv). [End Page 483] The authors also stress such expert competition over “Europe” did not end when the postwar institutions started: “The EEC’s great difficulties with creating a common transport policy [is one case] in point” (p. 299). In the 1950s, the Union International des Chemins de Fer (UIC) refused to be superseded by a new European transport authority. The UIC preferred its own sector-specific, pan-European, even global, railway regime, dating back to 1922. UIC experts did not want to serve as a vehicle for economic integration (beyond rail transportation), particularly not one committed to start with just six “core” West European states; they feared losing their rule-writing autonomy (as delegates of Ministries of Transportation) to foreign offices and economic ministries. The longevity of an organization like the UIC also exemplifies how experts forged continuities, for their own careers and their institutions, across the ruptures of world wars and cold war. Europe’s long twentieth-century history was consequently produced by “hidden” integration processes that “were (and are) not obvious to ordinary citizens of Europe” (pp. 4–5). Because experts cultivated a “technified realm,” outside of established parliamentary and diplomatic processes, Europe’s rules have always been written behind closed doors, at congresses and committee rooms, long before the EU was criticized for its lack of transparency in the postwar era. This book also breaks considerable new grounds with its format. It is the fourth volume in the series Making Europe, each co-written by two or three authors. This facilitates the multilingual research required for transnational conclusions: the authors draw on West European (English, French, German, and Italian) and East European (Czech, Polish, and Hungarian) archives and publications. The text also includes dozens of archival images that visualize and underscore arguments. The book is further divided into three sections: chapters 1–3 lay out the foundation, growth, and crises of European technocratic expertise; chapters 4–7 offer sector-specific analyses of transportation (particularly railways) and heavy industry (particularly steel cartelization); chapter 8 provides a final account of “Europe” post-1945. All chapters offer a wealth of new institutional evidence, though that does mean that between the intro, the three...

James Joyce and the Exilic Imagination by Michael Patrick Gillespie

Reviewed by: James Joyce and the Exilic Imagination by Michael Patrick Gillespie Nels Pearson (bio) JAMES JOYCE AND THE EXILIC IMAGINATION, by Michael Patrick Gillespie. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015. xii + 179 pp. $74.95. The subject of James Joyce's exile, or his largely self-willed extraction from an Ireland he famously characterized as parochial and insular, has been a staple of Joyce criticism at least since Richard Ellmann's influential biography of the author in 1959. Traditional notions of Joyce's exile tend to reaffirm an essentially linear narrative, one that sees Joyce's art, and especially his aesthetic innovations, as dependent on an increasingly critical distance from the quotidian mentalité of his homeland. Against this formulation, Gillespie's new study argues that exile—both in general and as Joyce acutely experienced [End Page 452] it—is instead characterized by a cyclical vacillation between "nostalgia and rancor" or a constant shuttling between "feelings of esteem and ridicule for the country that has been left behind" (8). Gillespie uses attentive close readings to show how these simultaneous feelings of longing and censure become "embedded" in Joyce's writing (7), suffusing his characterizations of Irish life from the first stories of Dubliners onward. Although the book begins with a chapter that examines some of the broader issues surrounding exile, such as the important distinctions between forced and elective exile, the different experiences of economic emigration and diaspora, and the long traditions of exile and diaspora in Irish history and literature, Gillespie's main objective is to show that Joyce's personal sense of himself as an exile was central to his "creative process," and that it resulted in a stylistic "equilibrium where rancor and nostalgia exist hypostatically in a both/and interpretative environment" (24, 38). This well-argued point—that almost everywhere in Joyce's work we find these contrasting sentiments embedded in the prose in equal measure and that it is therefore reductive to impose any interpretive model that prioritizes one over the other—is a significant contribution to Joyce scholarship. In Chapter 2, "Dubliners: The First Glimpse of Ireland from Abroad," Gillespie demonstrates that components of the stories usually attributed to Joyce's critique of Irish provincialism—such as Little Chandler's Celtic Twilight aspirations and his inability to contend with Ignatius Gallaher's cosmopolitanism (in "A Little Cloud"), or the sentimental poem on Charles Stewart Parnell that Joe Hynes recites in "Ivy Day in the Committee Room"—are actually comprised of equal parts rejection and defense. Gallaher's internationalism is as much hedonistic and empty as it is a desirable contrast to Chandler's confinement, while Hynes's verse, albeit an example of the paralysis of patriotic sentiment, is also quoted at such length that it evokes genuine feeling, not to mention that it suggests Joyce's own early poetic defense of Parnell (the lost poem "Et tu Healy"). "The poem goes on for [eleven] stanzas," observes Gillespie, "taking the reader beyond satire to actual consideration of the work" (54). Something similar could be said of the Michael William Balfe aria sung by Maria in "Clay" or the harpist's rendition of "Silent, O Moyle" in "Two Gallants" (D 106, 54). The chapter concludes by arguing that Gabriel Conroy's belated nostalgia for Irish belonging—his famous desire for a "journey westward" (D 223)—is not just there to "counterbalance … the criticism for Ireland" dished out in the prior stories; rather, it is the final and most prominent example of Joyce's exilic tendency, throughout the collection, to infuse scenes with "bifurcated feelings" about national attachment (56, 59). [End Page 453] In his analysis of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Gillespie elaborates on this exilic double consciousness, not only with regard to Stephen's thoughts and impressions but also with regard to the structure and tone of the narrative itself. His thorough close readings reveal how Joyce's "attitudes, fluctuating between sentimentality and bitterness, are subtly manifested even in accounts of the most quotidian moments of Stephen Dedalus's childhood" (69). Importantly, these "contrary impulses" (62) call for "an interpretive methodology that accommodates rather than resolves ambiguity," and they also challenge "the...