Commission Contract Research Articles

Product Quality and Information Sharing in the Presence of Reviews

This paper investigates the problem of information sharing between a retail platform and a manufacturer in a supply chain. We develop a stylized model salient to which is that the product’s quality is a priori unknown to customers, who can infer it from customer-generated reviews. The platform, in turn, has access to private information concerning the relationship between quality and demand, and the manufacturer can choose to acquire said information to help determine the quality of its product accordingly. Our analysis yields three main insights. First, information sharing in and of itself induces the manufacturer to improve quality. Second, under a wholesale price contract, information sharing and product reviews together have a negative effect on product quality: When each firm is able to adjust its price in response to the quality signal, it benefits the manufacturer and hinders the platform. Consequently, the presence of reviews discourages the platform from sharing information, and the manufacturer tends to produce a lower-quality product. Finally, the negative effect of product reviews on the supply chain can be mitigated when the platform can share less accurate information or when the platform and manufacturer make a commission contract, rather than a wholesale price contract. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management. Funding: D. Shin received financial support from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology [grant IGN17BM09]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4746 .

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF MEDIATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN MARKET RELATIONS

This article examines the legal nature and characteristic features of the commission contract in the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Despite the traditional presence of the rules on the commission in the Civil Code, the author believes that the contract of the commission is little studied in the national legal literature and requires further research. As a research task, the author attempts to draw attention to the special position of the domestic legislator in some rules on the commission, which are of a debatable nature. The article notes the positive approach chosen by the legislator on the right of the commission agent to make a transaction for himself, as well as the right to remuneration when making a transaction for himself.

Gender-based violence in sport: prevalence and problems

Little is known about the prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) in sport in European Union (EU) Member States (MS). The research question underpinning this study was therefore: What is the nature and extent of gender-based violence in sport in the EU? The study involved a scoping exercise that mapped existing research on the incidence and/or prevalence of any/all form(s) of GBV in sport. This was complemented by interviews with key stakeholders within each EU MS. Forty-one studies were identified across 17 countries. Of these, none investigated the whole range of behaviours that constitute GBV, so the prevalence of GBV in sport in EU MS is unknown. The most commonly studied form of GBV was sexual harassment, which had a reported prevalence rate of between 1% and 64% due to different methodologies and definitions. This variation is indicative of the challenges of studying GBV, which are discussed in this paper. Without clear prevalence rates for of (all forms of) GBV, prevention efforts cannot be efficiently targeted and the effectiveness of interventions cannot be assessed. Among others, we recommend the European Commission contract regular research in sport that uses a standardised definition of GBV and a common methodological approach.

Analysis of the Nature of Reward Contract for Live Broadcast-- Taking the Case of Yu Mouhua as an Example

Since 2016, there have been many disputes on the online live broadcast reward contract, but there are few related researches. In judicial practice, it is a difficult problem to determine the nature of the contract. Because there is no common judgment standard, the results of different courts are not consistent. As far as the nature is concerned, the author thinks that the online live broadcast reward contract should be identified as a sub subject, and the relationship between the user and the live broadcast platform constitutes a service contract and a commission contract; A service contract relationship is formed between the user and the anchor. As far as Yu Mouhua's case is concerned, his service contract and entrustment contract have been completed, and both parties have no fault, and there is no claim basis for property return.

Service commission contract design of online travel agency to create O2O model by cooperation with traditional travel agency under asymmetric information

To improve the competitive advantage of online travel agencies (OTAs), the O2O model is achieved by service cooperation with traditional travel agencies (TTAs). The design of a service commission contract is studied when TTAs' service capability type is symmetric and asymmetric information, and the properties of optimal service commission contract are analyzed. Further, the impacts of asymmetry information on the profit of OTA, TTA are compared and also illustrated by a numerical example. Some management implications for OTA establishing service cooperation, including (1) OTA designs service commission contracts by considering different incentives of fixed payment and service commission coefficient to TTA with different service capability; (2) the fixed payment “upward distorted” and service commission coefficient “distorted downward” should be considered under asymmetric information; and (3) because the existence of asymmetric information always leads to the damage of OTA's profit, OTA encourages the TTA disclosure private service information before service cooperation. • TTAs' offline service as an important factor in OTAs O2O model. • Applies the asymmetry information theory in travel agency. • Differentiates and motivates different types of TTA through separation contract.

Will foundry become a competitor of manufacturer in ODM supply chain?

PurposeThis paper aims to study whether the upstream foundry in the original design manufacturer (ODM) supply chain will violate the commission contract and engage in the production of pirated products. Based on the conclusion, this study hopes to explain the phenomenon of pirated products in reality and provide management enlightenment for related companies.Design/methodology/approachTo understand when will foundry violates the processing contract, this paper constructs a five-stage decision-making model, this study derives a model to get three situations and draw data images to describe the characteristics of decision-making by the foundry. Finally, this paper also considers some external supervision.FindingsThe results show that processing fee and other parameters (special cost, common cost, weakening factor and product difference) jointly determine the possibility of piracy by the foundry. Moreover, the external supervision mechanism has a significant effect on the piracy behavior of the foundry.Research limitations/implicationsThe research provides some support for real business activities, which actually involve many participants and mechanisms. Thus, it could be interesting to explore more multi-stage and complex business methods in reality.Practical implicationsThe analysis highlights less-concerned moral hazard behaviors in the ODM supply chain. By recreating the complex interactions of participants, the conclusion shed light on how should different roles deal with their risks and take actions in a real business environment.Originality/valueThe biggest contribution of this study is to discuss the issue of moral hazard in the ODM supply chain. Piracy initiated by foundries may be a new type of supply chain risk and should be paid attention to.

Changes in mental well-being of adult Poles in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic with reference to their occupational activity and remote work.

The present study focused on the relationship between occupational activity and mental health during the first COVID-19 lockdown. At the turn of May and June 2020, an online survey was conducted on a representative sample of 3000 Poles (age: Me = 45 years). Working persons accounted for 52% of the respondents, while 38.1% were hired workers. Two standardized (0-100 pts) indices were defined. The level of mental health symptoms index (LMHSI) concerned the incidence of 4 problems within the past 2 months, whereas the change in mental health symptoms index (CMHSI) concerned the degree of mental health deterioration. The mean value of LMHSI was 40.91 (SD = 26.97), and that of CMHSI 60.51 (SD = 23.97). In both cases, a worse assessment was obtained among women than among men. In the group of working respondents, the least advantageous results were found among those who worked casually or under a commission contract. Among the non-employed respondents, jobless persons and students were the group at risk. Remote work resulted in the deterioration of mental health in the light of CMHSI; however, a threat of changes in the professional situation affected LMHSI variability to the greatest extent The results of linear regression (R2 = 0.339) suggest that the increase in the CMHSI score (adjusted for LMHSI) is independently influenced by female sex, university education, remote work and a threat of the worsening of employment terms. The analysis of the interaction effect showed a stronger impact of the last factor in the group of women (p = 0.001). To conclude, COVID-19 restrictions were associated with a negative impact on mental health which should be analyzed in the occupational context. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2):251-62.

Optimal Service Commission Contract Design of OTA to Create O2O Model by Cooperation with TTA under Asymmetric Information

This paper studies the service commission contract of an online travel agency (OTA) to integrate the online to offline (O2O) model by cooperation with a traditional travel agency (TTA) under asymmetric information. The principal-agent models are established with symmetric and asymmetric service information, respectively. Further, the impacts of asymmetry information on the revenue of the OTA, TTA, and the whole O2O model and the properties of optimal commission contract are analyzed. The paper notes management implications: (1) OTA designs service commission contracts by weighing the fixed payment and service commission coefficient for different incentives to TTAs with different serviceabilities and (2) because the existence of asymmetric information always leads to the damage of OTA’s expected revenue, OTA should encourage the TTA to disclose private service information.

Platform logistics or self-logistics? Restaurants’ cooperation with online food-delivery platform considering profitability and sustainability

Online food-delivery platforms provide accessible marketplaces for fast-food restaurants. However, who should take charge of logistics, especially when there is increasing consumption of plastic containers, utensils, and other single-use items? In practice, either platform logistics or restaurant's self-logistics is available. For the former, customers pay for food and logistics services separately, while for the latter, “food & logistics” is sold in a bundle. Using game-theoretical approach, we consider a fast-food restaurant selling food in both online and physical stores, which cooperates with an online food-delivery platform under commission contract, and opts to use the platform logistics or self-logistics to deliver online orders. Interestingly, we find that the online “food & logistics” price under two logistics strategies exhibit opposite relationships with respect to the commission rate, and the restaurant's offline food price might first increase and then decrease in the online commission rate. Consequently, the restaurant prefers to use platform logistics when its online market potential is low. We show that the restaurant's preference for platform logistics is non-monotonic in the online market potential. Using the sales quantity-based environmental index (EI) to measure the sustainability performances under the two logistics strategies, we find that the platform logistics strategy is more environment-friendly when the online market potential is high.

Optimal decisions and Pareto improvement for green supply chain considering reciprocity and cost-sharing contract.

With the rapid development of green consumption demand, more and more consumers choose to purchase green products. Incorporating consumers' environmental awareness into a green supply chain, this paper studies the decisions and coordination of the green supply chain under the retailer's reciprocal preference. The decentralized models with and without reciprocity are constructed and analyzed with consideration of product green degree and pricing. Then, the cost-sharing joint commission contract is proposed to realize Pareto improvement. Finally, propositions and conclusions are verified by numerical simulation. The results indicate that improving consumers' environmental awareness is favorable to the profit of the whole supply chain and environment. Besides, within the reasonable range of retailer's reciprocal preference, higher value of the retailer's reciprocal preference is conductive to the better realization of environmental protection and the improvement of the economic welfare of the whole society. The cost-sharing contract exerts a positive effect in improving the environmental and economic performance in the green supply chain (GSC). The paper provides a theoretical foundation for the design of cooperative contracts in the GSC, especially the GSC with retailer's reciprocal preference.

Decentralized or Centralized Control of Online Service Platforms: Who Should Set Prices?

Online service platforms that enable customers to connect with a large population of independent servers have been successfully developed in many sectors, including transportation, lodging, and delivery, among others. We ask a basic, yet fundamentally important, question - who should set the prices on the platform? The platform or the servers? In addition to regulatory implications for the classification of the workers on the platform as either employees or contractors, this choice influences the degree of competition among servers, and in turn determines both the amount of supply available and the overall attractiveness of the platform to consumers. We find that when the platform uses a simple commission contract to earn revenue, the price delegation decision depends on the importance of regulating competition among the large population of servers relative to the value of allowing servers to tailor their prices to their privately known costs. The same tradeoff exists in fully disintermediated platforms, such as those enabled with blockchain technology. However, merely adding appropriate linear quantity discounts or surcharges to the basic commission contract maximizes the platform's revenue and allows all participants to enjoy the benefits of both centralized and decentralized control of prices.

Some particularities of the commission contract, as regulated by the civil code

This paper aims to throw a light on some particularities of the commission contract as it is presently regulated by the Civil Code, as a species of the mandate contract (without representation). Although the commission contract is well known and often met in the trade, there are still some features that deserve consideration, mainly due to the approach used by the lawmaker in order to translate this contract from the Commercial Code to the Civil Code. It is noteworthy that, while no legal obligational relationship is established between the principal and the third party, sometimes the effects of the contract concluded by the commissioner with the third party are placed directly in the patrimony of the principal, as an apparent exception to the contract’s relativity principle.

The Scottish Law Commission's Contract Report 2018

The Scottish Law Commission's Contract Report 2018

Urlop macierzyński funkcjonariuszki służby więziennej

The subject of this article is the analysis of regulations in the scope of maternity leave in the case when both parents or guardians of a child are Prison Service (PS) officers or one of them is a PS officer and another one is an employee or insured based on something different than an employment relationship e.g. a commission contract. The last amendment of July 24th, 2015 on the change of act – the Labor Code and some other acts extended the scope of cases when it is possible to take a part of maternity leave by other entitled persons. What is a new solution is to grant the rights to use a part of maternity leave not only to the child’s parents but also to the other members of the closest family. The intricacy and complexity of the regulations pertaining to parental rights pose difficulties in their interpretation. Moreover, neither Prison Service Act nor regulation, article 29, item 5 of the act on social security pecuniary contribution to which the Labor Code relates, make it precise which members of the family the legislator considers to be the closes ones. The right specification of the people entitled is essential as it entails the payment of pecuniary contribution from the public money. Furthermore, based on prison service act , the legislator, by virtue of article 108, guarantees service relationship protection to officers (regardless of gender and degree of consanguinity) who make use of maternity leave or leave with the conditions of maternity leave.

Will a Fixed-Rate Commission Contract Continue to Prevail?

The fixed-rate full-service brokerage contract has been the dominant selling method in the residential property market despite arguments that it might result in social inefficiency and instability in the brokerage industry. We believe that the reasons for its dominance are the use of the Multiple Listing Service and the difficulty in monitoring agents' efforts. We develop an equilibrium commission rate model and analyze the conditions under which it can be used to replace the traditional fixed-rate contract. With an increase in online services providing property listing and transaction information, it is possible that brokerage services can be flexible in the future.

Price, Wage and Fixed Commission in On-Demand Matching

Motivated by the emerging sharing economy, we study an on-demand matching platform that crowdsources a service from independent suppliers and sells it to customers. The platform offers a wage to the supply side and charges a price to the demand side. We consider a set of market conditions, under each of which the volume of participating demand and supply depends on the price and the wage. We study the performance of the widely practiced, flat, across-the-board commission contracts, under which the platform takes a fixed cut, and thus the wage is equal to a fraction of the price, regardless of what price is charged. We examine the effect of the elasticities of demand and supply on the performance of the fixed commission contract and provide a lower bound on its performance as a function of those elasticities. Our theoretical bounds also allow us to assess the worst-case performance of the fixed commission contract based on the empirical findings in the economic literature on demand and supply elasticities for ride-hailing services.

PRIMARY ACCOUNTING AT COMMISSION TRADE ENTERPRISES

Introduction. In modern conditions, the state of primary accounting does not fully correspond to the level of development of economic activity of commission trade enterprises and remains a problematic and labor-intensive area of accounting. There is a large number of operations of the commodity movement and each operation is taken into account every day and at each enterprise. Therefore, improving the process of documenting of commodity operations and streamlining the document flow is the basis of the rational organization of accounting staff work. Methods. The theoretical and methodical basis of the study is the works of leading scientists in theory and methodology of accounting, legislative acts that consider the main accounting issues. The author created the data basis of original financial documentation of 30 commission trade enterprises in Ukraine over the period of 2017 to provide the informative basis of empirical research studies. The data source on the condition of normative regulation of accounting and analytical activities of commission trade enterprises in Ukraine was the data basis of legislative acts of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Research methodology is based on theoretical insights into the problem and scientific instrumentation that contained the critical content-analysis of original financial statements of commission trade enterprises in Ukraine, comparative analysis of normative documents of Ukrainian legislative acts. Results. The article analyzes the economic essence of primary accounting and its role in the activities of commission trade enterprises. It was revealed that qualitative and well-timed information providing of the accounting system at the commission trade enterprise is ensured by a certain order of organization of the compilation and processing of primary documents or document circulation. The results of the study made it possible reveal that documentary registration of transactions at commission trade enterprises begins with drafting of the commission contract. The primary documents, which are used at commission trade enterprises in the course of acceptance of goods for the commission as well as in the process of their sales, discount and return, are considered. The peculiarities of their application are investigated. The foundations of effective organization and directions of improvement of primary accounting at commission trade enterprises are determined. Discussion. Perspective is the research of the system of operative collection, interpretation, use and transfer of accounting information.

The Commission Contract in Comparative Law

In the legislation of countries in the system of ″common law″, the commission contract is brought under regulation differently, depending on the principle that has been adopted, regarding the extent to which it is permitted the establishment of certain legal effects in the relationships between the principal and a third party. Given this criterion, the following legislations were defined: the legislations of countries in the common law″ system, the legislations of French influence and those who have completed the merger of commercial law and civil law (Italian Civil Code of 1942 and the Swiss Code of Obligations). Through this work we tried to achieve a comparative study on the effects of the commission contract from the perspective of the legislations of countries belonging to the ″common law″ system and the French influence legislation.

Area protection may reduce salmon louse infection risk to wild salmonids

The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Nofima Marine IMR Statkraft Energi, Norway European Commission Contract

Unlearned anxiety predicts learned fear: A comparison among heterogeneous rats and the Roman rat strains

Event Abstract Back to Event Unlearned anxiety predicts learned fear: A comparison among heterogeneous rats and the Roman rat strains Regina Lopez-Aumatell1*, Elia Vicens-Costa1, Esther Martinez-Membrives1, Toni Canete1, Gloria Blazquez1, Adolf Tobena1 and Alberto Fernandez-Teruel1 1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain We present the behavioural phenotyping of a large sample of rats from the National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (N/Nih-HS), including males and females, and the comparison of their results with the RLA-I (very anxious) and RHA-I (low anxious) rat strains. Rats were tested in several anxiety tests comprising unlearned fear (like the novel-cage activity, the elevated “zero” maze and the baseline acoustic startle response), as well as learned fear/anxiety responses (fear-potentiated startle and two-way active shuttlebox avoidance). The results overall showed that unlearned anxiety responses/behaviour were predictive of behaviour in learned fear (i.e. fear-potentiated startle) and conflict (i.e. two-way active avoidance acquisition) situations. N/Nih-HS rats either resemble RLA-I rat anxiety/fear scores or fall in between those of the RLA-I (high anxious) and the RHA-I (low anxious) rat strains. Regression analysis of the N/Nih-HS rat data show that unconditioned anxiety predicts learned fear to some extent, and point that startle measures may have a facilitating role in the rat’s active responses in the two-way active (shuttlebox) avoidance acquisition. Acknowledgements:Partially supported by EURATools (European Commission Contract no. LSHG-CT-2005-019015) and the Wellcome Trust (R. L-A). Conference: 41st European Brain and Behaviour Society Meeting, Rhodes Island, Greece, 13 Sep - 18 Sep, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster presentations Citation: Lopez-Aumatell R, Vicens-Costa E, Martinez-Membrives E, Canete T, Blazquez G, Tobena A and Fernandez-Teruel A (2009). Unlearned anxiety predicts learned fear: A comparison among heterogeneous rats and the Roman rat strains. Conference Abstract: 41st European Brain and Behaviour Society Meeting. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.08.2009.09.221 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 11 Jun 2009; Published Online: 11 Jun 2009. * Correspondence: Regina Lopez-Aumatell, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, regina.lopez@uab.es Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Regina Lopez-Aumatell Elia Vicens-Costa Esther Martinez-Membrives Toni Canete Gloria Blazquez Adolf Tobena Alberto Fernandez-Teruel Google Regina Lopez-Aumatell Elia Vicens-Costa Esther Martinez-Membrives Toni Canete Gloria Blazquez Adolf Tobena Alberto Fernandez-Teruel Google Scholar Regina Lopez-Aumatell Elia Vicens-Costa Esther Martinez-Membrives Toni Canete Gloria Blazquez Adolf Tobena Alberto Fernandez-Teruel PubMed Regina Lopez-Aumatell Elia Vicens-Costa Esther Martinez-Membrives Toni Canete Gloria Blazquez Adolf Tobena Alberto Fernandez-Teruel Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.