Commission Charges Research Articles

An Economic Analysis of Tuberose Marketing from Akola District, Maharashtra, India

The present study was conducted in Akola district of Maharashtra state for the period 2018-19. For the study of marketing data was collected from 10 village traders, 10 wholesalers and 10 retailers, thus overall 30 trader were selected randomly about price spread, labour charges, transportation costs, commission charges, other charges if any and also the price received by them during the year 2018-2019 based on primary data. In tuberose marketing channel, producer, wholesalers and retailer were selected for collecting the information on marketing. Producer – wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer was the important channel through which maximum quantity was sold by the cultivators. In case of tuberose, the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-I i.e., 96.31 per cent. The channel-I was most profitable than channel II and channel III. The price spread was observed highest in case of channel III i.e., Rs 17.40. The major constraints faced by tuberose cultivators overall level was Low rate of flower in the market, High commission charges, Lack of organized market and transportation.

Marketing Behaviour of Young Chrysanthemum Growers in Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India

Aims: Cultivation of flower crops increases the income of the farmer through diversification of farm and improve their livelihood. The present study aims to analyse the marketing behavior of farm youth and constraints experienced by them in chrysanthemum cultivation.
 Study Design: Ex-post facto research design was employed in the study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Salem district of Tamil Nadu during 2021.
 Methodology: Salem district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected as it has highest area under chrysanthemum cultivation. To achieve the objectives of the study, the data was gathered from the 120 young chrysanthemum growers from twelve villages of Salem district. The young chrysanthemum growers were randomly selected and the data has been gathered through personal interview method. The collected data has been tabulated and analyzed with suitable statistical tools like percentage analysis, cumulative frequency and mean score were employed.
 Results: The findings revealed that chrysanthemum growers sell flowers as soon as it’s harvested (80%) through marketing channel – B (Farmer – Commission agent - Market). They fix price based on demand for the produce (50%) and sell in the nearby market within 5 km (43.33%) based on the market information obtained from relatives and friends (56.67%) with the help of truck (39.17%). While marketing farmer’s spent less on transport (55%) and got paid immediately after sale (60%) with cash (100%). Thus, it was found that nearly three-fourth of the young chrysanthemum growers had medium level of marketing behaviour (86.67%) and high commission charges (Mean score of 2.76) was the severe problematic constraint and problem of irrigation (Mean score of 1.80) was the least problematic constraint experienced by them.
 Conclusion: Most of the farmers cultivate flower crops due to its high value and ensure reasonable price for the farmers. Since farmers are facing difficulties to continue agriculture because of reduced income and difficulties in marketing, they should be engaged in floriculture sector to increase their income. The untapped potential of the floriculture sector draw youth towards agriculture and ensures providing remunerative price to the small and marginal farmers involved in flower cultivation. Apart from providing income security to farmers, cultivation of flower crops ensures improves the livelihood of farmers by increasing their income.

Agricultural Produce Supply Chain Network of Capsicum: Empirical Evidence from India

Vegetables are important for both nutritional and economic stability and contribute significantly to the agricultural landscape of India. The demand for vegetables is rising, driven by population growth and increased awareness of their benefits. This empirical study highlights the dynamics of agricultural production supply chain networks of capsicum crops in the northwestern Himalayan region, specifically Himachal Pradesh, India. The study employs the Acharya approach to analyse the various marketing channels utilized by farmers in the capsicum supply chain. This methodology sheds light on the economic nuances at each stage and examines marketing channels, costs, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency. Simultaneously, the Garrett ranking method is applied to discern and prioritize constraints faced by farmers. This comprehensive approach ensures a nuanced understanding of the economic and logistical intricacies of capsicum marketing. The analysis of marketing channels reveals five distinct pathways employed by farmers, with Channel-C (Producer–Commission Agent–Retailer–Consumer) standing out as the most dominant, representing 47.25% of the total quantity. Moreover, Channel-A (Producer–Consumer) proves to be the most cost-effective for producers and boasts the highest producer price, while Channel-C, involving commission agents, incurs higher costs. This suggests a preference for intermediaries, emphasizing factors like market access and negotiation skills, whereas Channel-D (Producer–Local Trader–Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer) has the highest gross marketing margin, emphasizing the trade-offs between efficiency and transaction volume. The results indicate that while Channel-A is the most efficient, it is not the preferred choice due to the lower transaction quantity. Further, the absence of market consultation services, inadequate road infrastructure, high commission charges, nonremunerative prices and untimely availability of vehicles are the major constraints in marketing. The findings of the study call for targeted interventions to create a more robust and farmer-friendly marketing environment for capsicum crops in the region. The study proposes targeted recommendations, emphasizing collaborative efforts between stakeholders, government bodies and farmers. This research contributes to the academic discourse and also offers actionable insights for researchers and policymakers, fostering sustainability, profitability and equity within the capsicum supply chain.

‘Nobody Is Proud of Soft Dollars’: the Impact of MiFID II on US Financial Markets

Abstract Scholars and policy makers have long debated whether securities firms should be allowed to bundle the cost of execution services with the cost of research. Investor advocates condemn the practice whereas industry representatives defend it. In 2018, as part of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) legislative regime, the EU forced the unbundling of commission charges, diverging from US legal standards which still allow ‘soft dollar’ payments for research. The EU’s unbundling regime has challenged global financial services firms, which must now comply with conflicting rules across national boundaries. For more than five years, the US Securities and Exchange Commission provided temporary no-action relief to facilitate compliance with MiFID II, but that relief expired in July 2023, presenting an opportunity to reconsider the impact of MiFID II’s unbundling regime and its implications for US regulators and investors. While this article takes a critical view of soft dollar practices, the story of MiFID II presents contested issues of policy analysis as the agency costs inherent in bundled commissions could be offset by the public benefits of additional research. Unbundling also offers a noteworthy example of an innovation in capital markets regulation flowing from Europe to the United States rather than the other way around.

Factors influencing oilseed growers for enrolling as members of Karnataka Co-operative Oilseed Growers Federation Limited, Raichur Regional Union, Karnataka

The study was conducted purposively in the selected organization Karnataka Co-operative Oilseed Growers Federation Limited (KOF) and factors influencing on enrolling as member of KOF was judged by selecting top three Oilseed Growers Co-operative Societies (OGCS) from Raichur Regional Union (RRU) based on highest volume of business. From selected OGCS 45 members and 45 non members were selected to collect primary data. The data on primary source were analysed using Simple Ranking and Garret analysis. Factors influencing majority of respondents for enrolling as members of society were hope of reducing market risk (mean score 57.82) and no commission charge (mean score 53.31). Further majority of non-members had not registered in the society due to non availability of credit facility from society (mean score 55.77), personal relation built with commission agentsover the year (mean score 54.31) and indebtedness to commission agent (51.71) as opined by non-member respondents.

Perceived Constraints in High-Density Apple Cultivation by the Farmers of the Mid-Hills Area of Himachal Pradesh

The study was carried out in area of Kandaghat and Solan blocks of Himachal Pradesh, India from November 2021 to April 2022 to study the constraints in high-density apple cultivation by the farmers of the mid-hills area of Himachal Pradesh, India. The present study fully relied on the primary data through a properly structured schedule for the production year 2021–2022, with a sample size of 60 farmers involved in high-density apple plantations. Garret’s ranking technique was used to find constraints perceived by the high-density apple cultivators. The objective of the research was to identify the prevailing problems of the high-density apple sector in the selected area. In this study the major problems faced by the high-density apple growers in production were the high cost of high-density apple plants, followed by identifying the disease, costly labor, and lack of technical guidance. Major marketing-related constraints expressed in the marketing of high-density apples were the problem of fluctuation of price, the high price of transportation, distant market, and high commission charges, further the data revealed that the major environmental and other related constraints were that the grading process and certification process seemed to be costly, problems from hailstorms were also found. The study also highlighted the need of proper marketing facilities as marketing helps in improving the living standard and eliminate the constraints in product and services.

An Economic Analysis on Marketing and Constraints of Red Gram (Maruti & Charu Variety) in Chandrapur District of Maharashtra, India

The study was conducted in 2022 with a sample of 100 respondents. The Red gram respondents were divided into three farms groups marginal, small and medium (27, 13, 10 in Maruti and 27, 14 and 9 in Charu variety), respectively. Marketing cost of Maruti and Charu variety was Rs.760/qtl and Rs.780/qtl in channel I, and Rs.1190/qtl in channel II. Marketing margin was Rs. 600/ha in channel I and Rs.950/ha and Rs.930/ha in channel II. Price spread was Rs. 1360 and Rs.1340/ha in channel I and Rs. 2140/ha and Rs.2110/ha in channel II respectively. Marketing efficiency of Maruti and Charu was 6.55 and 6.1 in channel I and 6.85 and 6.75 in channel II. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in Maruti and Charu variety was 84.74% and 83.36% in channel I and 75.60% and 75.55% in channel II, respectively. Major constraints during marketing of red gram was lack of storage, high commission charge, delay payment etc.

An Analysis of Marketing Channels and Price Spread of Chrysanthemum in Chikkaballapura District of Karnataka

Chikkaballapura district is known for flower production and it stands forth in area and production of chrysanthemum production in Karnataka (2016-17). An attempt has been made in this study to assessing major marketing channels. The study also attempts to determine the price spread in major marketing channels. The study is based on the primary and secondary data. The total sample size comprised of 60 farmers also selected 20 market intermediaries for the study. In Chikkaballapura three major marketing channels were identified namely Channel I: Producer→ Commission agent→ Wholesaler→ Retailer→ Consumer Channel II: Producer→ Pre-harvest Contractor→ Commission agent cum Wholesaler→ Retailer→ Consumer. Channel III: Producer→ Village trader→ Retailer→ Consumer. About 65.00 % of the producer used Channel-I followed by channel-II (28.33%) and remaining through channel-III (6.67%). Price spread in channel-II is high (Rs. 8,985) as compared to Channel-I (Rs. 5,922) and producers share in consumer rupee is high in channel-I (58.51 per cent) which is considered to be better marketing channel as compared to channel-II (47.72 per cent). Proper market structure needs to be created to the floriculture crops in the study area and Chrysanthemum flower need to put under the list of notified commodities and commission charges taken from producer can be strictly prohibited.

Spatial Market Integration, Price Transmission and Transaction Costs in Major Onion Markets of India

The price information is one of the prime objectives of marketing strategies, and the farmers are unable to determine the marketing strategies without knowing the price movements of the agricultural commodities. In this context, the study has examined the spatial price integration among four major onion markets using the threshold vector error correction model (TVECM) that takes into account transaction costs in the price adjustment process. Augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron tests for unit root suggest that the time series is I(1). The application of the Johansen cointegration technique supports the presence of long-run price association and equilibrium in all pairs of onion markets. The Granger Causality test unveils that Bengaluru Granger causes all the markets except Kolkata. The Hansen and Seo supreme Lagrange Multiplier ( SupLM) test of linearity suggests that non-linear TVECM with one threshold and two regimes is best fit for the underlying data for three pairs of markets. While the rest of the three pairs, the SupLM test rejects the null of linearity, therefore, linear vector error correction model (VECM) is estimated. Finally, VECM and TVECM results reveal that Mumbai and Bengaluru are dominant markets in price formation in rest of the markets. Against these findings, it is suggested that the prices should be stabilised in the dominant markets so that the price shocks are not transferred to other markets. The threshold parameter, which is analogous to transaction cost, reveals the high transaction costs between the selected markets pairs, especially Mumbai and Delhi. One of the reasons for the high transaction costs may be the inefficiencies in infrastructure and communication. While a more correct explanation for this difference can be attributed to the differences in marketing fees, taxes, commission charges, license fees, etc., across the spatially separated agricultural markets. JEL Codes: Q1, Q13, D4, C22, D23

Impact of Commission Charges on Dominican Pension Funds

Impact of Commission Charges on Dominican Pension Funds

Estimation of the Resource Use Efficiency and Constraints Faced by the Farmers in Sugarcane Cultivation in Balrampur District of Uttar Pradesh

To study the resource use efficiency and constraints faced by the farmers in Balrampur district of Uttar Pradesh was conducted in agriculture year 2020-21. Multistage sampling technique was used. The study pertains and data gathered was analyzed and it was found that the return to scale in marginal farm was 0.93, in small size farm it was about 0.92 and in medium size farm the return to scale was found to be 0.96. The major constraints faced by the farmers in production of Sugarcane are High cost of Input, High Interest on Loans, High Labor Cost, High Incidence of Disease, Lack of Irrigation water supply, Inadequate Credit, Delay in Sanction of crop loan, Uncertain Weather, Lack of knowledge and important Technology and Poor Soil Fertility and the constraint faced by the farmers in Marketing of Sugarcane are Delay in Cash Payment, High Commission Charges, Malpractices in weighing, Price Fluctuation, High cost of transportation, Lack of storage facility, Market is far from production, Lack of information about government schemes and subsidies, Illegal deduction and Lack of skilled labor.

Farmers’ Perceived Effectiveness of e-NAM

National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal that networks the existing APMC mandis to create a unifi ed national market for agricultural commodities. The study investigated the eff ectiveness of e-NAM perceived by e-NAM registered farmers in Duggirala market of Andhra Pradesh during 2019-2020. A total sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from six mandals viz. Kollur, Kollipara, Bhattiprolu, Tenali, Mangalagiri and Duggirala of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh. The data were collected with pre-structured interview schedule. The perceived eff ectiveness of e-NAM was studied and measured under three categories viz. process related eff ectiveness, price related eff ectiveness and features related eff ectiveness. Transparency in weighment (Z=1.79), minimization of commission charge (Z=1.67), enhancement of infrastructural facilities (Z=1.62) was perceived eff ective by the respondents among process, price and features related eff ectiveness categories of e-NAM respectively. Further, it was observed that majority of the respondents (54.17%) had perceived medium level of eff ectiveness, followed by low (23.33%) and high (22.50%) levels of eff ectiveness of e-NAM. It can be recommended to provide organizational facilities and support in the form of low-cost logistics, transport facilities, adequate infrastructure and proper trainings on awareness & usage of e-NAM for enhancing its eff ectiveness further.

Constraints Faced by Loom Weavers Related to Production and Marketing of Weaved Products in Bhagalpur District of Bihar

The cloth and loom were a long history since the emergence of human beings on the earth. The Hindu epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, the Vedas and the sacred books of Hindu mythology speak of the art of weaving. Loom work is proving a large-scale employment in rural and urban places and it is an ancient industry. Weaving is the traditional occupation in India as well as in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. Even though weavers form an integral part of the Indian loom industry, there is not enough recognition of their contribution to the sector due to various production and marketing constraints. It leads to poor economic conditions which casts doubt on their social security and future aspirations. Bhagalpur district of Bihar state was selected for this study.120 respondents were selected from 3 villages based on the population of weavers in villages. The present study was conducted in the years 2021-2022.The main constraints in production and marketing are revealed by respondents as scarcity of raw materials, insufficient weaving facility, COVID- 19 lockdown, lack of cooperative support, high commission charges, less transportation etc.

Distributed Ledger Technology for Fee Payment System by Using Blockchain with Cryptographic Keys and Peer to Peer N/W

The undertaking means to work with quick and secure installment handling of school expenses utilizing block chain innovation. These days understudies were approached to pay school expenses in various techniques, for example, cash, charge card, check and request draft. These sorts of exchanges need a middle to move sum from the trader to recipient. The middle is the bank for this situation. Conventional installment frameworks include focal specialists like the national bank, business banks and government. These strong mediums can handle every one of your activities and have full control of all data through their own frameworks. Much of the time the exchanges might try and come up short. Between making buys, covering bills, enacting cards, etc, 80% of banking communications spin around installments. The typical client interfaces with their bank no less than two times every day for installment related matters, making it the main financial movement that includes different cooperations daily. These issues have driven us take up this task. In this theory, we propose a decentralized school expense exchange techniques utilizing block chain innovation. A block chain is generally a public dispersed record of the record of all exchanges that has been achieved and divided between contributing gatherings and it requires no moderate to move the cash. Every exchange in the public record is confirmable by the member in the framework. Every exchange in block chain contains a list, timestamp and information. Blockchain installment frameworks give more noteworthy security and straightforwardness to the clients and organizations across the world. This is on the grounds that all exchanges should be visible openly and can't be adjusted whenever they are coded into the framework. Blockchain ordinarily is secure once it's in the framework. In this way, there aren't any additional securities that are fundamental for the framework so it's a lot less expensive than the conventional installment framework. In a blockchain installment framework, there aren't any supervisors or workers. There's just a local area of individuals who all together and go by rules on the stage. Hence, costs are decreased and there are lower commission charges.

Assess the Financial Viability of Sapota Orchard in South Gujarat Region

Agriculture sector “continues to be the mainstay of our economy as it occupies the central place in rural life. The contribution of agriculture towards national income was about 22.1 percent in 2003-04 besides 64 per cent of population still depending on it. Financial analysis revealed that of 12 per cent discount rate, the sapota enterprises has maximum NPV (Rs. 324309.00 and Rs. 340183.78), BCR (6.18 per cent and 6.49 percent), PBP (6.4 and 6.1 years) and IRR (34 per cent and 37 percent) in Valsad and Navsari district respectively. As sapota is a market oriented crop, on an average about 99 percent of production was marketed, while negligible portion was utilized for other purposes. Majority of farmers about 65 percent of sapota was disposed to co -operative society. The producer to co-operative society to wholesaler - cum-commission agent to retailer to consumer was the major marketing channel as more than 65 per cent of sapota moved through this route. ”The total marketing cost incurred by sapota growers amounted to Rs. 93.25 per quintal in which transportation cost ranked first Rs. 20.00, followed by, Loading and Unloading Charges cost Rs. 5.00, commission charge Rs. 58.25 Weighing Cost Rs. 2.50”. The total expenses incurred by co -operative society, post harvest contractor, wholesaler -cum-commission agent and retailer were Rs. 121.00, Rs. 174.95, Rs. 133.90 and Rs. 130.35 per quintal of sapota, respectively. The producer's share in consumer's rupee was 21.72 percent in sapota. Price spread 78. 23 percent in” sapota.

Pareto-efficient solutions and regulations of congested ride-sourcing markets with heterogeneous demand and supply

Ride-sourcing services have experienced dramatic growth over the past decade but aroused debates on whether and how the government should regulate the ride-sourcing platform. To tackle this critical issue, this paper investigates the regulatory outcomes of various representative government regulations, including price-cap regulation, vehicle fleet size control, wage (per-order) regulation, income (hourly earnings) regulation, car utilization rate regulation, commission charge regulation, etc. In particular, we try to answer two key questions: (1) whether a regulation leads to a Pareto-efficient outcome; (2) what are the impacts of the regulations on the platform’s decisions and the resulting realized passenger demand and driver supply. By conducting theoretical and numerical studies, we offer some interesting and useful managerial insights for the government in designing appropriate regulations. Notably, some prevailing regulations, such as fleet size control and wage regulation, fail to achieve a Pareto-efficient outcome, while the maximum commission regulation and minimum service level (demand) regulation can achieve Pareto-efficient outcomes in markets with homogeneous drivers and mild traffic congestion. In addition, drivers’ heterogeneity and traffic congestion substantially affect the regulatory outcomes of various regulations. For example, in markets with homogeneous drivers, the income regulation does not take effect, while in markets with heterogeneous drivers, the income regulation does influence the platform’s decisions but still cannot achieve a Pareto-efficient outcome. We also show that the government acts quite differently under mild or heavy traffic congestion: it tends to encourage more drivers to participate in the market by a minimum fleet size regulation when traffic congestion is light, but restrain the vehicle fleet size by a maximum fleet size regulation when traffic congestion is severe.

Digital Competitiveness of Tourism SMEs

This research examines the digital competitiveness of tourism SMEs in Thailand in hosting Chinese inbound tourists through their websites. Integration of tourism-related technology and social media funnels were considered as significant factors of analysis. Twenty-five tourism companies' online content, including their websites, social media contents, and digital publications, were analyzed to conclude the study results. Though most of the large tourism service providers such as hotels and airline companies have been working on bypassing the travel agency commission charges through direct selling with digital platforms, most of the tourism SMEs in Thailand still depend on third-party agents for hosting their services. The results reveal that Thailand - China tourism business is either B2B or B2B2C or even B2B2B2C models. A very limited number of companies with B2C models can directly reach and host the inbound Chinese tourism market. This research's findings are threefold - a methodology for assessing the digital destination hosting patterns, digital content analysis of tourism SMEs, and determining the business models through the website. Further research directions in this domain were also proposed.

Pareto-efficient solutions and regulations of congested ride-sourcing markets with heterogeneous demand and supply

This paper investigates regulatory outcomes of a few representative government regulations, including price-cap regulation, vehicle fleet size control, wage (per-order) regulation, income (hourly earnings) regulation, car utilization rate regulation, commission charge regulation, etc., in ride-sourcing markets. Specifically, we explore decisions of the platform and the resulting realized demand and supply under each of the regulations, and compare them with the targeted Pareto-efficient solutions. The regulatory outcomes are discussed in scenarios with homogeneous or heterogeneous drivers, mild or heavy traffic congestions, respectively. Our study offers some interesting insights that useful for the government in designing appropriate regulations.

Change Back Feature for Consumer Accounts

The aim of this paper is to propose a new feature called Change Back for consumer accounts, which minimizes the use of cash coins by retail consumer outlets and eliminates the need of carrying the same for banks’ consumer customers. Once implemented in consumer banking applications and point-of-sale devices, the feature will minimize the wastage of coins by shoppers, commission charges incurred by retail vendors on coins, improve money retention by banks in their consumer accounts and minimize of the spread of pandemics. Discussed in detail are how the Cash Back transaction takes place and what needs to be implemented by different parties involved in making it a success. A step-by-step flow of the transaction is pictorially described from a point-of-sale device at a retail cash counter to a bank’s payment processing application.

Marketing of gerbera flowers in Nagpur district of Maharashtra

The study was carried out on “Marketing of Gerbera Flowers in Nagpur District Maharashtra” in Kalmeshwar, Saoner and Nagpur (Rural) tahsils of Nagpur district during year 2014-15 based on primary data and the sampling design adopted for multistage sampling. The information about marketing of gerbera regarding total marketing cost, market margin, and price spread was computed on the basis of collection of data by selecting appropriate number of intermediaries from Nagpur market. The total capital investment in gerbera cultivation under polyhouse was worked out to Rs. 1271654.15. The cost of cultivation at Cost ‘A’, Cost ‘B’ and Cost ‘C’ were Rs. 444089.19, Rs. 625547.66 and Rs. 638049.66, respectively. The yield obtained by farmer for 1008 m2 was 338822th number of flowers with the gross returns was Rs. 950395.71. The per flower cost of production was Rs. 1.88. The net returns obtained at various costs were Rs. 506306.52 at Cost ‘A’, Rs. 324848.05 at Cost ‘B’ and Rs. 312346.05 at Cost ‘C’. The break-even point at monetary level without subsidy obtained at Rs. 1271654.00 and with subsidy was at Rs. 635827.00. The net price received by producer was Rs. 23.00 per bundle. The selling price of retailer was Rs.101.36 per bundle. The total marketing cost and market margin were Rs. 6.01 and Rs. 72.35 per bundle, respectively. Following important channel of distribution have been observed while marketing the gerbera flower under study area was ProduceràCommission agentàRetaileràConsumer. The market efficiency in channel operated in selected market for study was calculated to 15.86. In marketing problems displeasure expressed by the growers because of very low price realized in winter season (90.00 per cent) was major problem and it was followed by heavy commission charges (90.00 per cent).