Commercialization Of Scientific Research Research Articles

Factors in the Commercialization of Scientific Research in Zimbabwean Universities

Low university patents and the lack of spin-out companies resulting from university research indicate Zimbabwe's low level of academic entrepreneurship. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors that affect academic entrepreneurship and understanding how these elements affect academic entrepreneurship in Zimbabwean university research commercialization. The study used a qualitative methodology, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve scientists who were purposively sampled and employed by Zimbabwean universities. The results indicate a deficiency in business acumen, motivation to participate, collaborative culture, and supporting structures. These were determined to be the main obstacles preventing research from being commercialized. However, the industry is not prepared to split the profits from commercialized research output, and disparities in how universities and industry view innovation also impede research commercialization. For the successful and efficient commercialization of research, the study suggests that innovation hubs have a clear administrative structure. Researchers should be encouraged to participate in the research commercialization process by implementing a recognition award system. Innovation hubs ought to hire specialists in intellectual property matters and coordinators for university-industry cooperation on research projects.

PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING ULTRA-LIGHT LAUNCH VEHICLES WITH POLYMER BODIES

The relevance of the problem of creating new light and ultra-light launch vehicles from the point of view of the development of the modern space industry is shown. First of all, this problem is related to the expansion of the market and the scope of use of small satellites, most of which are now launched into orbit as passing load by medium and heavy launch vehicles, which is not at all prompt and too expensive. The estimated forecast of the small satellite launch market, which is presented herein, indicates a growing demand for their launch services. A low-cost launch vehicle for the launch of small satellites would greatly expand their use, development, and production. This indicates the need for creation of special-purpose cheap transport vehicles for the operative decision of tasks of launching such satellites into orbit. It is shown that the main directions for increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of launches are reducing the cost of making a transport space system, increasing of mass the payload, increasing the multiplicity of reusable uses, and reducing one-time costs per start. World trends in solving this problem are connected with the solution problem of creating ultra-light launch vehicles. The historical review of studies on prototype rockets that use the principle of reducing the mass of a launch vehicle during flight by burning spent structural elements indicates the possibility of creating launch vehicles on this principle by using complex hydrocarbon polymers as structural materials. It is shown that polymer materials, in particular polyethylene, can become the main material for the manufacture of fuel tanks for solid rockets, which use the new principle of burning the design during flight. The use of fuel tanks as fuel will give a possibility to reduce the cost of the propulsion system, which is one of the most expensive parts of the launch vehicle. The development of such launch vehicles and the commercialization of scientific research will allow domestic aerospace companies to occupy a niche in the market of small satellite launches.

A Literature Review on Entrepreneurial University policies: Definitions, Factors and Theories

The entrepreneurial university model has gained popularity in recent years, as universities seek to increase their impact on the economy and society by promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. Many universities now see entrepreneurship as an important part of their mission and are working to create an entrepreneurial culture that encourages and supports innovation and commercialization of scientific research. This paper is based on the literature review methodology and highlights the essential points about the entrepreneurial university discourse, provides the formal and informal factors that make possible the transformation of a university into an entrepreneurial one, as well as the theoretical models of entrepreneurial approaches. Being new to the entrepreneurial concept, the Albanian universities face a variety of challenges. The current status of universities into the modern society requires them to play a dual role in setting high teaching standards and students’ competence oriented learning and, on the other hand, play a boosting role in innovation and economic development of the country. This paper is of interest to Albanian universities that would like to establish and formalize entrepreneurial policies and overcome implementation obstacles.

THE MECHANISM OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS AS A DIRECTION FOR THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article proposes a mechanism for the commercialization of research results as a direction for the effective implementation of the strategy for innovative development of higher education. It is argued that the commercialization of research results is an important source of filling the budget revenues of higher education institutions and the state in the first place, as well as a factor in attracting long-term investments in its research and educational activities. The main functional elements of the innovative development of higher education in the information economy through the commercialization of the results of their research are highlighted. Inconsistencies of Ukrainian legislation with respect to determining the owner of the results of scientific research are disclosed. To systematize such subjects on the basis of the analysis of the relationships in the direction of ensuring the innovative development of higher education by commercializing the results of scientific research, an organizational-functional model of ensuring the innovative development of higher education is proposed. Regarding the objects of commercialization, two approaches are considered, which are reflected in the structural and functional elements of our model of innovative development of higher education. As a result, five logically interconnected stages of the implementation of the commercialization mechanism have been disclosed, which is a step-by-step action plan combined with a continuous analysis of the results and their adjustment to optimize the commercialization process. Keywords: Education Economics, Innovative Development, Scientific Research, Commercialization of Scientific Research, Mechanism of Commercialization.

Enablers of exit through trade sale: the case of early-stage research-based spin-offs

A significant share of new technology-based ventures exit through trade sale at an early stage of firm development. While trade sale is an important exit route for entrepreneurs and investors, and a potential source of new innovations and technology for acquiring firms, we have limited knowledge about the factors that help to effectively achieve a trade sale. We employ a unique dataset tracking the population of research-based spin-offs in Norway and conduct in-depth case studies of nine trade sales. Building on 52 interviews and other secondary data, we inductively develop propositions outlining three dimensions that lead to a successful trade sale—potential synergies, credible alternatives, and uncertainty reduction. We show that these enablers of trade sales are not only linked to the focal venture but also related to the idiosyncratic dyad with the buyer, reflecting both the potential for and likelihood of trade sale. Consequently, our study contributes to the literatures on entrepreneurial exit and academic entrepreneurship by mapping the important but under-explored area of trade sale as an exit mode.Plain English SummaryPotential synergies and credible alternatives increase the potential of a research-based spin-offs’ trade sale, but the likelihood of a trade sale depends on how uncertainty reduction is managed. A trade sale is an important exit route for entrepreneurs and investors, and a potential source of new innovations and technology for acquiring firms. Research-based spin-offs are often acquired during their early stages of development by large corporations. We track the population of Norwegian research-based spin-offs and study nine trade sales in depth. Our findings concerning the importance of synergy potential, credible alternatives, and uncertainty reduction have implications for both academic entrepreneurs and potential buyers for how they can complete an exit through trade sale. Since scientific research is critical for society, our findings have implications for policymakers in the form of interesting ideas for influencing trade sales, a potentially important route for commercialization of scientific research.

Model and technology for prioritizing the implementation end-to-end business processes components of the green economy

The problem of sustainable development of production is directly related to the three components of the "green economy" - economic, social, and environmental. Their harmonious combination makes it possible to obtain results that improve the social relations of both producers and consumers of goods and services. The implementation of the components of the "green economy" is carried out by various projects. The projects are carried out by irregular end-to-end business processes that compete for common resources in the process of their implementation. The impact on the components of the "green economy" is realized by the proposed model and technology. For this purpose, the software tool <ADVISOR DECISION-MAKER> was developed. The use of this tool by the decision-maker employee allows them to find the best solutions for process management. The solution is represented as priorities to access to shared resources by each process. This ensures their fulfillment within the deadlines established by the contracts. The level of innovations, economic indicators, production stability and competitive ability of products in a dynamically changing market is thereby improved. The results of such commercialization of scientific research have an impact on all components of the "green economy".

Scientific and engineering problems involved in the implementation of the project «Manned space systems and complexes»

This paper, which is, to a large extent, a review, presents results of an analysis of the current status and future prospects for the development of our country’s manned spaceflight from the standpoint of RSC Energia as the prime organization in Russia in this field of science and engineering. It addresses the issues involved in the ISS Russian Segment deployment completion, which is to be achieved by the addition of three new modules currently being developed at RSC Energia: the Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2020; the Node Module in 2021; Science and Power Module in 2022, and the development of an improved version of cargo spacecraft Progress-MS. It describes quick ISS rendezvous profiles for crew and cargo transportation spacecraft. It discusses the issues involved in improving the efficiency of the ISS Russian Segment utilization, commercialization problems and plans to expand scientific applied research. The paper explores the desirability of establishing a Russian orbital station after the ISS program completion. As a strategic outlook for the development of our country’s manned space flight the paper formulates proposals on the national program of lunar research and exploration. It summarizes RSC Energia’s proposals on the development of a multifunctional system for crew search and rescue during launches of manned spacecraft from Vostochny launch site. It discusses the results and problems involved in laying the scientific, engineering and manufacturing groundwork for the development of advanced manned space systems, including introduction of digital technologies, development of new instrumentation, use of composite materials, additive and robotic technologies. Key words: Manned spaceflight, ISS Russian Segment, commercialization of scientific research, Russian orbital station, lunar research and exploration program, crew search and rescue system, problems of laying the scientific and engineering groundwork.

Commercialization of scientific research results: ways of testing investment attractiveness

Commercialization of scientific research results: ways of testing investment attractiveness

Learning from ignorance: agnotology's challenge to philosophy of science

The recent commercialization and privatization of scientific research has reconfigured the organization of science worldwide, fostering new scientific practices and new political tools to manage scientific research. Focusing on the mechanisms of ignorance production, the recent literature in agnotology has been a fruitful approach for understanding the social and epistemological consequences that emerge in commercialized science today. Strictly speaking, agnotology is the study of ignorance broadly conceived. Agnotology's innovative contribution to the studies of science stems from its treatment of ignorance as a social construction, one that differs from the traditional conception of ignorance as a natural vacuum (Proctor 2008). Agnotology has uncovered different ways in which the commercialization of scientific research has encouraged the production of ignorance, thus challenging the epistemic adequacy of the current social organization of science. Consequently, agnotology has made evident the need for a well-articulated normative approach capable of identifying and evaluating the epistemic concerns raised by the private funding and performance of science. Although philosophers of science have dealt with some of the social aspects of scientific knowledge production, they have yet to articulate an appropriate social epistemology that addresses these pressing issues. In my dissertation I take up this task.The aim of my dissertation is twofold. First, I examine the epistemic and social problems emerging from cases of ignorance production to argue that agnotology poses a serious challenge for philosophy of science. Second, I draw a path for philosophers of science to address this challenge.The dissertation is divided in five chapters. The introductory chapter describes some of the main challenges that philosophy of science has encountered in the past half century, i.e., the historical challenge posed by scholars such as Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend, and the constructivist challenge posed by the Strong Program in the sociology of scientific knowledge and the social studies of science more generally, and then introduces agnotology as a new terrain, posing important questions for the philosopher of science. In the second chapter, I present the works of Philip Kitcher (2011) and Helen Longino (2002) as representative of a philosophy of science concerned with the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. I also give a historical account of the major changes that the organization of science has undergone in the past three decades with the move towards the commercialization and privatization of research. I then argue that Kitcher's and Longino's accounts of scientific knowledge have important limitations when evaluating the process of knowledge production in the commercialized framework in which scientific research develops today.The third chapter examines the recent literature on agnotology, focusing on four cases: the tobacco industry's support of cancer research (Proctor 2011), the ongoing debate over global warming (Oreskes and Conway 2010), the pharmaceutical industry's design of clinical trials (Michaels 2008; Nik-Khah 2014), and economists' assessment of the financial crisis of 2008 (Mirowski 2013). I argue that scholars working on agnotology seem to hold implicit normative commitments that are in tension with their descriptive accounts of ignorance-constructive practices. Accordingly, and despite uncovering the limitations of the current organization of science, agnotology does not provide an appropriate normative account of the current production of scientific knowledge either. Further exploration into the normative aspects of agnotology is still needed.In order to start addressing the challenge of agnotology, I build upon the contributions of philosophers of science to the science and values debate. Thus, the fourth chapter presents the science and values framework, describing the lines of argument that philosophers of science have used to understand the role of social and political values in scientific inquiry (e. …

Commercialization of scientific research as a factor of competitive entrepreneurship development

Commercialization of scientific research as a factor of competitive entrepreneurship development

Incentives or Resources? Commercialization of University Research by Startups vs Established Firms

The commercialization of scientific research performed at U.S. universities since the Bayh- Dole Act of 1980 has increasingly been governed by licensing contracts between universities and private firms (Mowery, Sampat, and Ziedonis 2004). A number of scholars have examined factors that influence whether an established firm or start-up venture would be best positioned to develop and introduce a university invention to the market (Shane 2001, 2002; Lowe and Ziedonis 2006). Less attention has been paid to how technology licenses between the univer- sity and these two types of firms are structured to facilitate commercialization, however. We argue that start-ups and established firms have different inherent organizational risks; com- paratively, start-ups bear a greater risk of firm failure, while commercialization incentives in established firms may be weaker. Using data from over one thousand technology licenses at a leading university licensor, Stanford University, we examine how these organizational risks, along with other relevant technology characteristics, affect the structure of licensing contracts in start-ups and established firms. For start-up firms, we also examine the implications for li- cense structure of the involvement of (a) a venture capitalist and (b) a university founder. Our results shed light on how organizational structure, via licensing terms, can be used to control for technology and organizational risks, bearing implications for the role of organization in commercialization success.

Large public research systems: India’s CSIR, the CNRS in France and the CSIRO

SummaryDuring the last decade and a half, the impact of globalisation and liberal economic policies has moved beyond the market and financial institutions to penetrate the social institution of science. In varying forms, these trends have led to new national science, technology and innovation policies, particularly influencing public research systems (government funded large science organisations and universities) towards commercialisation of scientific research. Public research systems the world over have recently created varying institutional forms to foster intellectual property regimes, efficient technology transfer offices, public –private partnerships and networks steering scientific research and innovation towards market-oriented goals. Scientific research is no longer legitimised merely as a consumption factor or ‘public good’ linked to attaining social and economic goals but is increasingly driven by market forces and international trade and is evaluated on the basis of ‘science as a market good’. This article explores some of the changes experienced by public sector research bodies, focusing on the CSIR, India and drawing comparisons with CSIRO and the CNRS, France.

Problems in the commercialization of scientific research and ways of addressing them

Ways of commercializing innovations under Russia’s emerging market economy are considered. Organizational and economic mechanisms of financing innovations under directive planning and now are compared. The international experience of creating mechanisms and infrastructures to support innovation in developed countries is described in detail. Opportunities for establishing organizational, economic, and legal frameworks to assist innovation in Russia are identified.

The Contract Research Organization and the Commercialization of Scientific Research

The early 1980s constituted a watershed in science, mainly concerning the extent and nature of globalization and commercialization of scientific research, and its impact upon the university. Considerable debate has arisen about the sources of this transition, but aside from a few lone voices, the scholarly literature has neglected the concurrent rise of the contract research organization (CRO) and its role int he commercialization of scientific research. The CRO warrants wider attention as a modern paradigm of privatized science in the biopharmaceutical sector. In discussing the CRO's technologies, the purposes they pursue, and the legal and policy initiatives that have fostered their rapid rise, we confront the wider implications of the modern regime of commercialized science for the future conduct of scientific research. We identify five areas of innovation: treatment of human subjects, control of disclosure, subjection of research tools to commercialization, redefinition of authorship, and re-engineering the goals of research.

Preparing for commercialisation of scientific research results in Nigeria

Preparing for commercialisation of scientific research results in Nigeria