Commercial Television Broadcasting Research Articles

Development Overview Of Communication Satellites For Television Transmission

This paper presents a survey of data related to development of the communication satellites for TV broadcasting, located in the geostationary orbit, for the period starting with the emergence of the first commercial satellite television broadcasting in 1965 up to 2023. It presents development of the satellite network technology through the number of satellites and active satellite transponders in the Ku and C bands at the end of each year for the mentioned period. These numbers are presented graphically for differentgeographical zones

Public Broadcasting Is Not Much Different: Public and Commercial Broadcasters’ Coverage of Minimum Wage in South Korea

ABSTRACT This article provides a framing analysis of media coverage of minimum wage between public and commercial broadcasters in South Korea. To do this, the current study content analyzed 1505 news reports about “minimum wage” aired by two public television broadcasters and two commercial television broadcasters in 2018. The analysis finds that both public and commercial broadcasters directed citizens’ attention to the new policy’s collective harms framed as “increasing unemployment” and “harms to the economy,” while deemphasizing the particularistic benefits of the minimum wage increase and the resulting reduction of inequality gap between the rich and the poor. Further, all the broadcasters have not provided citizens with enough information necessary for a balanced assessment of the pros and cons of the minimum wage increase.

History of Television Broadcasting Development in Japan (From Experimental Broadcasting to Nationwide Broadcasting in the 1960s)

The article views and analyzes the early period of the nationwide television broadcasting in Japan (from the mid 1920s to the end of the 1960s). Previously, this problem has not been a subject of research in Russian oriental studies, and taking into account the operation of established television broadcasting system in modern Japan, it seems necessary to identify the features of the genesis and evolution of the nationwide television broadcasting in Japan at its earliest stage, using both historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods. Based mainly on the media history research of Japanese media historians, which are introduced into the Russian scientific community for the first time, the stages of the genesis and nationwide spread of television broadcasting in Japan are consistently identified: the pre-war period of experimental broadcasting, the reform of the media sphere during and after the occupation of Japan by the GHQ, the origins of the integrated system of Japanese public and commercial television broadcasting nigen taisei. In addition, the author concludes that television played an important role in the process of spreading Western values of democracy, as well as the renewed values of the nuclear family institution in Japan, which were declared by the GHQ, US occupation authorities. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the fundamental foundations of the modern multifaceted and original culture of Japanese television, as well as the model of broadcasting companies’ interaction: competition and coexistence of public and commercial television broadcasting, were laid precisely in the key period for the history of Japanese television ‒ the 1950‒1960s. The findings of this research can serve as a basis for studying the next stages in the evolution of television broadcasting in Japan up to the present period. This paper is aimed at orientalists, students of similar specialties, as well as a wide range of people interested in the history of Japanese media. Keywords: Japan, media history, television history, television in Japan, nationwide broadcasting

‘What would Bandit do?’: reaffirming the educational role of Australian children’s television during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the multifaceted socio-cultural functions of Australian children’s television. As social distancing measures forced school students to study from home, local children’s TV producers and distributors contributed to home-based learning. Yet, in response to the pandemic, the Federal Government has indefinitely suspended Australian children’s television quotas, the regulatory framework that sets minimum hours of local children’s content for commercial television broadcasters. In response to government imposed budgetary restraints, public broadcaster, the ABC, has also made redundances in its children’s content department. Such changes have occurred at a critical juncture in which the sector’s long-standing contributions to the education of Australian children and pedagogy of local teachers, caregivers and parents have been brought to the fore. We argue that this pedagogical function is a core but often overlooked element of the socio-cultural value of the sector that has been highlighted during the pandemic.

KOMODIFIKASI DALAM AJANG PENCARIAN BAKAT PENYANYI DANGDUT LIGA DANGDUT INDONESIA DI INDOSIAR

Liga Dangdut Indonesia (Indonesian Dangdut League) is a popular dangdut singer talent contest in Indosiar television station. It is part of the media strategy to gain ratings and audience share to compete for a slice of the limited advertising cake in the free-to-air commercial television broadcasting. This competiton encourages television managers to think hard to create flagship programs that become media commodities to attract viewers and advertisers. This study aims to identify some forms of commodification on Liga Dangdut Indonesia. Study of dangdut is important for communication research because it will help more understanding about the modern nation-state culture of Indonesia. Drawing on a critical political economy framework, this study uses Mosco's theory regarding processes of commodification of media content, audiences, and workers. Researchers added Fuchs's theory of digital workers to see the phenomenon of commodification in the digital age. This is a qualitative research with case study method. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation and interviews as well as exploring news, audiovisual material, and reports. Researchers found that commodification occurs in the contest in the form of the commodification of media content, audiences, workers, and digital workers. This commodification hides exploitative social relations by presenting them in a form that mistifies dangdut as global, upper-class, nobel culture.

Da cidadania aos gêneros da TV: as liberdades que concorrem com o poder da comunicação institucionalizada / From citizenship to TV’s genres: freedoms that compete against the power of institutionalized communication

In this paper we evaluate the space of citizenship in regional commercial television broadcasters. We present the following problem: to what extent the practice of citizenship is being employed in these television stations. The study of genres was used as the methodology for two TV Newscasts: O bairro que eu tenho, o bairro que eu quero (The neighbourhood I have, the neighbourhood I want), broadcasted by the local affiliate of TV Globo; Balanco Geral nos bairros (General overview of the neighbourhoods), broadcasted by TV Record. 14 journalists were interviewed to complete the analysis.

Mediated Political Communication in Australia: leading issues, new evidence

New 2007 survey data on political communication is used to study the relation between commercial and ABC/SBS television consumption and Australian political and civic culture. The first section outlines the demographic characteristics of viewers who rely, respectively, for their news and current affairs, on commercial as compared with public service television. This is followed by a profile of popular views on the concentration of media ownership in Australia. The paper then shows that levels of trust in other people are higher for those who rely on public service television. Similarly, knowledge about basic constitutional facts is shown to be positively related to a preference for public service television news consumption. The same holds for civic engagement. The conclusions imply that Australians generally favour stronger public interest regulation of commercial television broadcasting. The conclusion explains that media regulation in Australia generally lags behind public preferences for a more explicitly democratic regulatory regime.

A Reply to “A Comment on ‘Is Having More Channels Really Better? A Model of Competition Among Commercial Television Broadcasters’ ”

Liu et al. [Liu, Y., D. S. Putler, C. B. Weinberg. 2004. Is having more channels really better? A model of competition among commercial television broadcasters. Marketing Sci. 23(1) 120–133] examine the television broadcast industry using a model in which profit-maximizing broadcasters seek to gain viewers by choosing the type of program to offer and by spending money to set program quality, allowing broadcasters to sell access to those viewers (through inserted advertisements) at a fixed rate per viewer. Wu and Chou [Wu, C., S. Chou. 2006. Commentary on “Is having more channels really better? A model of competition among commercial television broadcasters”. Marketing Sci. 25(5) 541–545] argue that the duopoly result for a certain range of the cost parameter in Liu et al. is not a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. They further propose some modifications to the original model to restore Liu et al.’s results. In this reply, we demonstrate how a single strategy, not included in the strategy space of the Liu et al. duopoly model leads to the difference between our analysis and that of Wu and Chou. While we had intended to rule out this strategy, the text was not entirely clear on this issue; Wu and Chou’s comment provides an opportunity to clarify the situation. We provide both empirical and theoretical support for excluding this strategy, which allows us to focus on the more plausible competitive situations in television broadcasting. We also reply to Wu and Chou’s other comments on several issues, such as the relative importance of program type versus quality.

A Comment on “Is Having More Channels Really Better? A Model of Competition Among Commercial Television Broadcasters”

This paper shows that the analysis of Liu et al. (2004) contains a substantive error—the asserted pure-strategy Nash equilibrium leading to their Theorems 1 and 2 is really not an equilibrium. We show that in their model, either pure-strategy Nash equilibria do not exist or, unlike their asserted main result, when a pure-strategy equilibrium exists, increasing the number of commercial television broadcasters does not result in lower-quality programs. Possible modifications of Liu et al.’s model that may help restore the desired result are discussed.

The welfare and equity implications of competition in television broadcasting: the role of viewer tastes

This paper studies the behavior of commercial television broadcasters in markets where the distribution of viewer tastes varies. Our results show that a highly "clustered" market enables the broadcaster to offer a program of a popular type but with lower quality (i.e., lower production values) than is the case when viewers have more diffused tastes. We find that viewer equity in the television market (i.e., the percentage of all potential viewers who have at least one program they consider worth watching) and viewer welfare (i.e., total consumer surplus) may not coincide. Depending upon the distribution of viewer tastes and the cost of providing quality programming, the number of broadcasters required to fully cover the market to avoid market failure may be greater than the number of broadcasters that produce greater viewer welfare. The study suggests that regulatory bodies need to pay attention to the distribution pattern of viewer tastes and the broadcasters' desire for return on programming investments, since both factors have important implications for competitive outcomes and viewer well-being.

Out of Thin Air: Using First Amendment Public Forum Analysis to Redeem American Broadcasting Regulation

American television and radio broadcasters are uniquely privileged among Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensees. Exalted as public trustees by the 1934 Communications Act, broadcasters pay virtually nothing for the use of their channels of public radiofrequency spectrum, unlike many other FCC licensees who have paid billions of dollars for similar digital spectrum. Congress envisioned a social contract of sorts between broadcast licensees and the communities they served. In exchange for their free licenses, broadcast stations were charged with providing a platform for a "free marketplace of ideas" that would cultivate a democratically engaged and enlightened citizenry through the broadcasting of "public interest" programming. Few, other than the broadcasters themselves, would dispute that this "public trustee" doctrine has been a dismal failure. In exchange for the tens of billions of dollars of advertising revenue generated by their licenses, commercial television and radio broadcasters air very little-and some air none-of the kinds of locally oriented public affairs, political, educational, and cultural programming traditionally considered "public interest" fare. Congress and the FCC have failed to correct the mismatch between the proven profit-making power of public trusteeship and its anemic returns for the American people. To the contrary, Congress and the FCC, captured by the broadcast industry they regulate, have continued to subsidize commercial broadcasters constructively by awarding them new lucrative digital channels at no cost to them, while lifting ownership concentration limits and eliminating or failing to enforce the few remaining public interest programming requirements. This Article begins by surveying the history of the public trustee doctrine, its First Amendment contradictions, and the legislative and regulatory failures and frustrations that have bedeviled the pursuit of a 'free marketplace of ideas" on the nation's airwaves. It then explores the First Amendment's public forum doctrine as an alternative justification for government regulation of the public spectrum, reasoning in favor of the government's proactive creation and maintenance of public speech fora. After examining the Internet both as a public forum and as the sort of "free marketplace of ideas" that the broadcast spectrum was expected-but failed to create, this Article argues that an affirmative public forum doctrine supports a requirement that broadcasters subsidize broadband Internet access in low-income and underserved communities.

Is Having More Channels Really Better? A Model of Competition Among Commercial Television Broadcasters

Competitive behavior in commercial television broadcasting is modeled to examine program choice and the effects of more channels being available on firm strategy. Specifically, broadcasters compete by selecting both the "type" and quality level of a program to offer, but do not compete on price. We obtain five major results. First, a comparison of monopoly and duopoly markets indicates that broadcasters in an industry with a larger number of competitors may provide programs of lower quality compared to broadcasters in an industry with a smaller number. Second, in terms of viewer welfare, having more channels available is not necessarily "better." Third, broadcasters tend to choose an intermediate level of differentiation in terms of the types of programs they provide, resulting in a "counterprogramming" strategy. In other words, avoidance of price competition is not required for competitors to differentiate themselves from each other. Fourth, if one broadcaster starts the evening with a higher-quality (higher-rated) program than its competitor, its second program should also be of higher quality. Finally, a broadcaster's first program should be of equal or higher quality than its second program. Put another way, it always behooves a broadcaster to "lead with its best."

Is Having More Channels Really Better? A Model of Competition Among Commercial Television Broadcasters

Competitive behavior in commercial television broadcasting is modeled to examine program choice and the effects of more channels being available on firm strategy. Specifically, broadcasters compete...

Profit and audience maximization in broadcasting markets

In this paper we analyze a duopoly market in which firms are commercial television broadcasters. Firms can differentiate their programs along two characteristics: one vertical and one horizontal. We show that the degree of program differentiation is different if we consider audience or profit maximization. Moreover, in the latter a ‘natural oligopoly’ result is obtained.

Relationship between Broadcasting Media and Minor League Hockey Game Attendance

This study assessed the relationship between broadcasting and the attendance of minor league hockey games in terms of 5 media forms: cable television broadcasting, commercial television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, broadcasters, and overall broadcasting media. A random sample of spectators (N = 2,225) responded to a survey on attendance level and media use conducted in the arena during the intermissions of games from 6 second-half 1994-1995 season home games of an International Hockey League (ML) team. CM-square, f-test, and regression analyses revealed that viewing home games on cable television and away games on commercial television, listening to games on radio, and the quality of television and cable broadcasters were all positively associated with attendance, with approximately 6-11% game attendance variance explained. It is concluded that the current broadcasting arrangement is positively related to game attendance in providing information for and increasing the interests of spectators.

THE REGULATORY ROLE OF THE INDEPENDENT TELEVISION COMMISSION

The paper discusses the operation of the Broadcasting Act 1990 as it affects the regulation of commercial television broadcasting in the UK. It considers the scope of the Independent Television Commission's powers and the way they have been exercised in some of the main areas of responsibility in the 18 months since the Commission was established. It also deals with some of the issues which have been so far raised by the new regulatory regime.

Communications: Electronics and optics, too: Solid-state lasers, optical waveguide, and digital techniques for TV broadcasting come on line

Reviews the important progress in communications and microwave hardware including commercially available solid-state lasers and optical waveguides, a computer-controlled customer-premises private branch exchange, new channel assignments and equipment for mobile telephones, digital techniques as applied to commercial television broadcasting, and design refinements in microwave antennas for communications, radar, and satellite applications.

5. 民間テレビジョン放送局におけるEDPS

5. 民間テレビジョン放送局におけるEDPS

Comparative aspects of British and American commercial television

Although it is only a dozen years old, Britain's commercial television service is a powerful example of the way in which a system, different from that familiar to broadcasters in the United States, can evolve. Actually, the IT A was designed to avoid the very difficulties that the U.S. system acquired through 40 years of trial‐and‐error. Some of the research for this comparative study of two different kinds of commercial television broadcasting was conducted while the author was studying in Great Britain on a research grant. Robert P. Crawford received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah, and is Director of the College Center for Radio‐Television at Queens College, New York.