Commercial Resin Research Articles

Selective removal of heavy metals from wastewater using polyphenol nano-microspheres: Enhancing sequestration and regeneration performance through pH-responsive coordinated structural changes

The proficient advancement of nanoscale adsorbents assumes a pivotal role in the enhanced elimination of heavy metals to trace concentrations. Nevertheless, within the realm of engineering, the attainment of elevated selectivity and effective regeneration remains an arduous endeavor. In this context, we propose a novel structure-tunable sorption/regeneration mechanism by designing TA cross-linked polyphenolic nano-microspheres (PTA). These PTAs exhibit tunable pH-responsive metal coordination structures, enabling high sequestration and purification in removing heavy metals, and facilitating efficient regeneration. Taking Pb(II) as an example, under neutral conditions, the PTAs form a six-coordination configuration with Pb(II) ions, resulting in larger selectivity of Kd: 84400 mL/g with a 99 % removal efficiency even in the presence of various cations, anions, and organic acids. This performance far surpasses that of the commercial ion exchanger D001, exhibiting an enhancement factor of nearly 250 times, rendering it amenable for deployment in a wide array of contaminated water sources, encompassing lake water and industrial wastewater. Notably, the PTA also demonstrates exceptional practical utility, affording a voluminous treatment capacity of 5250 L per kilogram of adsorbent in wastewater scenarios. Furthermore, under acidic conditions, the transformation of PTA's metal coordination into a weaker two-coordination facilitates the efficient desorption of Pb(II) with an impressive efficiency of up to 99.0 % across multiple cycles. In contrast, commercial cheated resins D401 and D418 experience a significant 70 % decrease in reuse performances after the first cycle. This study provides a new perspective and platform for efficient adsorbent development through coordinated structural changes, it holds the potential to alleviate the challenges associated with deep restoration of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater.

A comparative assessment of color stability among various commercial resin composites

ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate the color stability of six commercial restorative resin composites after being exposed to commonly consumed beverages. Repolishing impact on the stained composite was also assessed.MethodsOne-hundred and fifty disc specimens (8 mm diameter & 3 mm thickness) were prepared from Filtek™ Universal Restorative, SDR flow+, everX Flow, G-ænial A’CHORD, G-ænial Universal Flo and G-ænial Universal Injectable. To assess the color stability in five various beverages, 25 specimens from each material were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 5), according to the utilized staining solution. Group 1: distilled water, Group 2: coffee, Group 3: red wine, Group 4: energy drink, Group 5: coke. The color changes (∆E) for all materials were measured using spectrophotometer at the baseline, after 84 days of staining and after repolishing. Data was collected and analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05).ResultsBoth material type and staining solution had a significant effect on the color stability of specimens (p < 0.05). Compared to other beverages, the color value of the specimens submerged in coffee and wine showed the most statistically significant (p < 0.05) mean ∆E. SDR flow + in coffee and wine presented the highest ∆E when compared to other tested materials (p < 0.05). After staining of the composites, repolishing was successful in lowering the ∆E value.ConclusionsAll the beverages had an impact on the color stability of the tested resin composites, with coffee and wine demonstrating the most significant effects. The variations in color stability varied depending on the specific material utilized. Dentists should possess awareness regarding the chemical interactions that occur between different beverages and various types of resin composites. Additionally, repolishing serves as an effective technique for eliminating surface discoloration in composite restorations.

Light-oriented 3D printing of liquid crystal/photocurable resins and in-situ enhancement of mechanical performance

Additive manufacturing technology has significantly impacted contemporary industries due to its ability to generate intricate computer-designed geometries. However, 3D-printed polymer parts often possess limited application potential, primarily because of their weak mechanical attributes. To overcome this drawback, this study formulates liquid crystal/photocurable resins suitable for the stereolithography technique by integrating 4’-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl with a photosensitive acrylic resin. This study demonstrates that stereolithography facilitates the precise modulation of the existing liquid crystal morphology within the resin. Furthermore, the orientation of the liquid crystal governs the oriented polymerization of monomers or prepolymers bearing acrylate groups. The products of this 3D printing approach manifest anisotropic behavior. Remarkably, when utilizing liquid crystal/photocurable resins, the resulting 3D-printed objects are approximately twice as robust as those created using commercial resins in terms of their tensile, flexural, and impact properties. This pioneering approach holds promise for realizing autonomously designed structures that remain elusive with present additive manufacturing techniques.

Mechanical Properties' Strengthening of Photosensitive 3D Resin in Lithography Technology Using Acrylated Natural Rubber.

Acrylated natural rubber (ANR) with various acrylate contents (0.0-3.5 mol%) was prepared from natural rubber as a raw material and then incorporated with commercial 3D resin to fabricate specimens using digital light processing. As a result, the utilization of ANR with 1.5 mol% acrylate content could provide the maximum improvement in stretchability and impact strength, approximately 155% and 221%, respectively, over using pure 3D resin, without significant deterioration of tensile modulus and mechanical strength. According to evidence from a scanning electron microscope, this might be due to the partial interaction between the dispersed small rubber particles and the resin matrix. Additionally, the glass-transition temperature of the 3D-printed sample shifted to a lower temperature by introducing a higher acrylate content in the ANR. Therefore, this work might offer a practical way to effectively enhance the properties of the fundamental commercial 3D resin and broaden its applications. It also makes it possible to use natural rubber as a bio-based material in light-based 3D printing.

Investigation of aging resistance for dental resin composites with and without glass flakes.

Outstanding physical-mechanical properties and aging resistance are key requirements for dental resin composite since it will be placed in the oral environment for a long time. In this work, a new dental resin composite mainly modified by glass flakes was fabricated, and the aging resistance was evaluated by comparing with commercial composites without glass flakes. The new dental resin composite was produced through hand blending of inorganic glass flakes/Si-Al-borosilicate glass (58wt%:7wt% of dental resin composite), POSS-MA (5wt% of resin matrix), Bis-GMA/TEGDMA(64.4wt%:27.6wt% of resin matrix), and CQ/EDMAB (0.9wt%:2.1wt% of resin matrix) together. The flexural strength, elasticity modulus, and hardness, as well as wear were tested for evaluating the aging resistance of different dental resin composite. Among 6 kinds of commercial composites in this study, after 6-month water storage, the maximum percentage of performance degradation is that the flexural strength decreased 39.96%, elasticity modulus decreased 51.53% and hardness decreased 12.52%. In contrast, the new synthesized material decreased 14.53%, 20.88%, and 0.61%, respectively, and performed lesser wear depth compared to some other groups (P < 0.05). It was observed that the new dental resin composite performed better performance stability and wear resistance when compared with commercial dimethacrylate-based or low shrinkage dental resin composite tested in this study. This possibly paves a path for designing tailored dental composite for practical application. Since the aging resistance of dental resin composite modified by glass flakes is superior, it has the potential to be used for promoting the durability of dental resin composite.

Examining the Quasi-Static Uniaxial Compressive Behaviour of Commercial High-Performance Epoxy Matrices.

Four commercial high-performance aerospace aromatic epoxy matrices, CYCOM®890, CYCOM®977-2, PR520, and PRISM EP2400, were cured to a standardised 2 h, 180 °C cure cycle and evaluated in quasi-static uniaxial compression, as well as by dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermoplastic toughened CYCOM®977-2 formulation displayed an overall increase in true axial stress values across the entire stress-strain curve relative to the baseline CYCOM®890 sample. The particle-toughened PR520 sample exhibited an overall decrease in true axial stress values past the yield point of the material. The PRISM EP2400 resin, with combined toughening agents, led to true axial stress values across the entire plastic region of the stress-strain curve, which were in line with the stress values observed with the CYCOM®890 material. Interestingly, for all formulations, the dilation angles (associated with the volume change during plastic deformation), recorded at 0.3 plastic strain, were close to 0°, with the variations reflecting the polymer structure. Compression data collected for this series of commercial epoxy resins are in broad agreement with a selection of model epoxy resins based on di- and tetra-functional monomers, cured with polyamines or dicarboxylic anhydrides. However, the fully formulated resins demonstrate a significantly higher compressive modulus than the model resins, albeit at the expense of yield stress.

Synthesis and Investigation of Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Urethane-Containing Epoxy Resins

This study aims to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy-based materials. For this purpose, the structure of epoxy resins was changed by chemical modification and epoxy resin containing urethane was synthesized. The synthesized resin was blended with commercial epoxy resin at the ratios of 25%, 50%, 75% by weight and hardened by curing. The thermal and mechanical properties of urethane-containing epoxy materials prepared in different proportions were compared with those produced from commercial epoxy resin. The structural characterization of the prepared materials was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, their thermal behavior was investigated by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and their mechanical properties were investigated by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). TGA and DMA analyses of the materials showed that the presence of urethane in the structure of epoxy resins significantly changed the mechanical and thermal properties. It was observed that the storage and loss modulus values of urethane-containing resins increased approximately 2.5 times compared to commercial epoxy resins, and a decrease of approximately 10% in thermal degradation temperatures was observed.

Sorption and separation of Er and Y from phosphoric acid using commercial cation exchange resin; Amberlite IR-120

Sorption and separation of Er and Y from phosphoric acid using commercial cation exchange resin; Amberlite IR-120

Increased paclitaxel recovery from Taxus baccata vascular stem cells using novel in situ product recovery approaches

In this study, several approaches were tested to optimise the production and recovery of the widely used anticancer drug Taxol® (paclitaxel) from culturable vascular stem cells (VSCs) of Taxus baccata, which is currently used as a successful cell line for paclitaxel production. An in situ product recovery (ISPR) technique was employed, which involved combining three commercial macro-porous resin beads (HP-20, XAD7HP and HP-2MG) with batch and semi-continuous cultivations of the T. baccata VSCs after adding methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) as an elicitor. The optimal resin combination resulted in 234 ± 23 mg of paclitaxel per kg of fresh-weight cells, indicating a 13-fold improved yield compared to the control (with no resins) in batch cultivation. This resin treatment was further studied to evaluate the resins’ removal capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause poor cell growth or reduce product synthesis. It was observed that the ISPR cultivations had fourfold less intracellular ROS concentration than that of the control; thus, a reduced ROS concentration established by the resin contributed to increased paclitaxel yield, contrary to previous studies. These paclitaxel yields are the highest reported to date using VSCs, and this scalable production method could be applied for a diverse range of similar compounds utilising plant cell culture.Graphical

Polymer-based solid acids with adjustable textural and hydrophobic properties for polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers synthesis from formaldehyde and methanol

Cation exchange resins are widely utilized in polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) synthesis due to considerable catalytic performance. However, low specific surface area and strong hydrophilicity hinder the generation of long-chain PODEn and industrial applications. Herein, polymer-based solid acids with adjustable textural and hydrophobic properties were prepared by hydrothermal method. Results indicated that the use of tetrahydrofuran and water as solvents in the preparation process resulted in a significant increase in the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the catalysts. Meanwhile, hydrophobic catalysts prepared by copolymerization under optimal solvent exhibited superior performance over commercial resins. Moreover, two reaction pathways for the reaction of hemiformal (HF1, CH3OCH2OH) with formaldehyde and methanol were investigated by DFT calculations. The intermediate formed by combining sulfonic acid group with carbocation is favorable for embedding formaldehyde in HF1 to promote chain growth, while the direct attack of methanol on HF1 is conducive to chain termination.

Modernized Machine Learning Approach to Illuminate Enzyme Immobilization for Biocatalysis.

Biocatalysis is an established technology with significant application in the pharmaceutical industry. Immobilization of enzymes offers significant benefits for commercial and practical purposes to enhance the stability and recyclability of biocatalysts. Determination of the spatial and chemical distributions of immobilized enzymes on solid support materials is essential for an optimal catalytic performance. However, current analytical methodologies often fall short of rapidly identifying and characterizing immobilized enzyme systems. Herein, we present a new analytical methodology that combines non-negative matrix factorization (NMF)-an unsupervised machine learning tool-with Raman hyperspectral imaging to simultaneously resolve the spatial and spectral characteristics of all individual species involved in enzyme immobilization. Our novel approach facilitates the determination of the optimal NMF model using new data-driven, quantitative selection criteria that fully resolve all chemical species present, offering a robust methodology for analyzing immobilized enzymes. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of NMF with Raman hyperspectral imaging to resolve the spatial and spectral profiles of an engineered pantothenate kinase immobilized on two different commercial microporous resins. Our results demonstrate that this approach can accurately identify and spatially resolve all species within this enzyme immobilization process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NMF within hyperspectral imaging for enzyme immobilization analysis, and as such, our methodology can now provide a new powerful tool to streamline biocatalytic process development within the pharmaceutical industry.

Highly efficient and reusable magnetic anion-exchange microbeads for reactive dye removal

A novel magnetic anion exchange microbead (NAEM) with excellent reuse and anti-fouling performance was developed, and used for removal of an reactive dye sunset yellow (FCF). The NAEM initial adsorption rate was 16.7-, 25.8-, 31.6-, and 31.6-fold that of commercial IRA-958, D201, A520, and IRA-900 resins, respectively. The adsorption of FCF on different anion-exchange resins appeared to be multilayered, implying physical adsorption also contributes to FCF removal. The polyacrylic resin matrix exhibited higher affinity than the polystyrene matrix towards FCF. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for FCF at 298 K was in the following order: NAEM (1.95 mmol/g) > IRA-958 (1.01 mmol/g) > D201 (0.85 mmol/g) > A520 (0.81 mmol/g) > MAER (0.78 mmol/g) > IRA-900 (0.59 mmol/g). NAEM reinforced the anti-interference capacity of FCF adsorption when the concentrations of NaCl or Na2SO4 were lower than 20 mmol/L. After 10 cycles of regeneration, the FCF adsorption capacity of NAEM was 1.76-, 2.79-, 2.81-, 3.05-, and 5.26-fold higher than MAER, IRA-958, D201, A520, and IRA-900, respectively. The high adsorption capacity and excellent reusability may facilitate the practical applications of NAEM in wastewater treatment against reactive dyes.

Preparation, characterization, and adsorption performance of porous polyamine lignin microsphere

In this study, a porous polyamine lignin microsphere (PPALM) was prepared through the inverse suspension polymerization combined with freeze-drying, during which sodium lignosulfonate and polyetheramine (PEA) were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as the cross-linker. By adjusting the amount of ECH and PEA, the optimized PPALM exhibited suitable crosslinking degree, ensuring a balance of framework flexibility and rigidity, thereby facilitating the formation of abundant and fine pores. PPALM demonstrated good mechanical properties comparable to commercial sulfonated polystyrene cationic resin, with a porosity of 61.12 % and an average pore size of 283.51 nm. The saturation adsorption capacity of PPALM for Pb2+ was measured to be 156.82 mg/g, and it remained above 120 mg/g after five cycles of regeneration. Particularly, the concentration of 50 mg/L Pb2+ solution could be reduced to 0.98 mg/L after flowing through the PPALM packed bed, indicating the great potential of PPALM for application in wastewater treatment.

Conductive biomass carbon aerogel with high adsorption performance for gallium in alkaline solution

A nitrogen-rich functional group biomass carbon aerogel (NHPA) with high specific surface area (473.5 m2/g) was synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization of urea coupled with ZnCl2 pyrolysis using discarded persimmon as biomass raw material. Thereafter, it was applied for the adsorption of gallium from alkaline solution. The results of adsorption experiments revealed that NHPA exhibited a great adsorption performance for a wide concentration range (50–300 mg/L) of gallium solution at pH = 11, T = 24 h and 1.5 g/L adsorbent dosage. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of NHPA for gallium in alkaline solution was 120.48 mg/g, which was 4 times higher than that of commercial resin. The adsorption mechanism performed by SEM-EDX, FTIR and XPS indicated that the adsorption of gallium in alkaline solution by NHPA was mainly caused by the reactive binding of GaO2- with oxygen-/nitrogen- containing functional groups such as, –OH, –NH2. In addition, electrochemical analysis showed that NHPA had great electrochemical properties with high reversibility and low ohmic impedance. The electrical-assisted adsorption with NHPA as the working electrode at an applied voltage of 1.3 V could significantly increase the adsorption capacity and rate between NHPA and gallium in alkaline solutions (the adsorption equilibrium time could be reduced to 2 h), which maybe an important research direction for efficient extraction of gallium from alkaline solutions.

Effect of wood adhesive modification with liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and nanocellulose on the formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds emissions of particleboards

ABSTRACT Reducing harmful emissions from wooden materials is a major challenge for the wood industry. This is particularly important for the particleboard sector, where the use of formaldehyde-based resins can cause substantial pollutant emissions. With the aim of finding a greener alternative to commercial resins, the authors applied four types of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and two types of nanocellulose-based formulations as a partial replacement of melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin for single-layer particleboard manufacturing and tested: formaldehyde content, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions of the boards. The results revealed reduced formaldehyde content (up to −20%) and a slight decrease (max −13%) in formaldehyde emission in comparison to the panel produced with commercial resin when applying liquefied biomass in the adhesive mass. The values of VOC emissions in the particleboards developed with the alternative adhesive systems were substantially lower in comparison to the commercial panel, especially for γ-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane nanocellulose, which allowed to achieve a reduction of about 67% of total VOC emissions. Overall, liquefied wood products obtained from softwood bark showed the best performance in decreasing the emissions. The results confirmed the research hypothesis that the use of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and nanocellulose can reduce the emissions of harmful substances from the wood-based panels.

Evaluation of healable epoxy matrices as covalent adaptive networks in uniaxial compression

Vitrimers provide dynamic bonding that can allow a degree of self-healing capability in cross-linked resins. A commercial amine-cured epoxy resin, Prime 27, showed a compressive yield stress, measured in compression, of 88 ± 2 MPa and a compression modulus of 3.41 ± 0.03 GPa. This base resin was modified by incorporating various proportions of two commercial vitrimers, either Thioplast EPS35 (an aliphatic epoxy-terminated polysulfide) or Vitrimax T130 (an imine-cured DGEBA epoxy resin). The addition of increasing amounts of Thioplast EPS35 into the resin led to a rapid drop in the glass transition temperature of the matrices and also a reduction in compressive performance. After an initial test in quasi-static, uniaxial compression, samples containing vitrimers were heated for 1 h at 100 °C and then subjected to a second compression test; all of the matrices loaded with Thioplast EPS35 were able to recover their full initial compression performance. Addition of increasing amounts of Vitrimax T130 to the same commercial epoxy resin did not cause any change in its glass transition temperature. However, after initial compression testing, followed by heating (1 h at 100 °C), only the formulation containing 40 wt% Vitrimax T130-loaded matrix regained its full initial compressive performance. Optimal results in terms of healing capability, measured as the recovery of the initial compression performance during a second identical test, following a heating step, were achieved by incorporating 10 wt% of EPS35 or 40 wt% Vitrimax T130, with little to no drop in glass transition temperature. For these selected formulations, the incorporation of 10% Thioplast EPS35 in Prime 27 gave a yield stress of 83 ± 2 MPa and a compression modulus of 3.13 ± 0.02 GPa, while the addition of 40% Vitrimax T130 gave a yield stress of 79 ± 2 MPa and a compression modulus of 3.30 ± 0.02 GPa.

Studies of the Medium-Term Effect of Nanoconsolidants on Wall Paint Layers with a Lack of Cohesion

"This paper reports an updated overview of a comparative study on the medium-term effects of treatment with three consolidants—laboratory-prepared nanolime, commercial nanolime, and commercial acrylic resin—on fresco paint layers replicas affected by lack of cohesion. This is a follow-up to our preliminary data published in 2021. In 2020, paint layers replicas of frescos were prepared in vitro by buon and lime fresco painting techniques with blue smalt and yellow ochre pigments. The samples were treated with the three consolidants and aged at ambient conditions. In 2023, the authors repeated the analysis to assess and compare the three-year effect of the laboratory-prepared nanolime on the paint layers with regard to the commercial nanolime and acrylic resin. The analytical setup comprised photography, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and colorimetry or spectrophotometry. Monitored parameters were the impact of the treatments on the paint layer morphology and on the colour. After three years, the presence of all products is still detected on the paint surface, where they maintain their effects on the paint layer morphology. Aesthetical changes that occurred immediately after the treatment have maintained a relatively constant value over the course of time. "

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced with Unmodified/Modified Biosilica Nanoparticles.

This paper presents sustainable technology for environmentally friendly composite production. Biobased unsaturated polyester resin (b-UPR), synthesized from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) glycosylate and renewable origin maleic anhydride (MAnh) and propylene glycol (PG), was reinforced with unmodified and vinyl-modified biosilica nanoparticles obtained from rice husk. The structural and morphological properties of the obtained particles, b-UPR, as well as composites, were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The study of the influence of biosilica modification on the mechanical properties of composites was supported by hardness modeling. Improvement of the tensile strength of the b-UPR-based composite at 2.5 wt.% addition of biosilica modified with vinyl silane, named "b-UPR/SiO2-V" composite, has been achieved with 88% increase. The thermal aging process applied to the b-UPR/SiO2-V composite, which simulates use over the product's lifetime, leads to the deterioration of composites that were used as fillers in commercial unsaturated polyester resin (c-UPR). The grinded artificially aged b-UPR composites were used as filler in c-UPR for the production of a table top layer with outstanding mechanical properties, i.e., impact resistance and microhardness, as well as fire resistance rated in the V-0 category according to the UL-94 test. Developing sustainable composites that are chemically synthesized from renewable sources is important from the aspect of preserving the environment and existing resources as well as the extending their life cycle.

Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer.

In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.

Obtaining biocompatible polymeric scaffolds loaded with calcium phosphates through the digital light processing technique

In the present work, scaffolds with gyroid TPMS geometry were obtained from a commercial resin of acrylic nature loaded with 0.5% and 1% w/V of calcium phosphate nanoparticles through DLP. The scaffolds obtained presented Young's Modulus between 300 and 400 MPa, which makes them suitable for bone applications. The surface treatment by oxygen plasma carried out on the scaffolds resulted in a notable improvement in the wettability of the surfaces, which favours cell adhesion on the surface of the materials. The in vitro bioactivity assay conducted on the resin/calcium phosphate particles composite material showed that an apatitic layer forms on the surface of the samples from the third day of exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating that the composite material has in vitro bioactive behaviour. Biological tests demonstrated that the material is not cytotoxic and favours cell adhesion and that the gyroid geometry promotes cell proliferation.Graphical abstract