Commercial Reuse Research Articles

Medication reuse programs: a narrative review of the literature.

A proportion of returned medications may potentially meet quality standards to be reused safely. In Australia, there is no regulatory guidance available to facilitate such medication reuse. This narrative review aimed to identify and review international literature describing medication reuse programs to provide insight into their implementation and potential barriers. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) -based guidelines, a literature search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, and Embase using key words such as 'medication' and 'reuse' to identify relevant articles. Two reviewers ascertained eligibility for inclusion. Inclusion criteria included English language and publication after 2010. From the articles selected, identified international medication reuse programs and relevant regulatory aspects were summarized. Details, both regulatory and operational, for the specific medication reuse programs, described in the selected articles was further explored via a grey literature search. Of the 1973 identified articles, 84 were assessed for eligibility and 17 were included in this review. Of these, 14 described scenarios where medication reuse is prohibited, 2 studies described programs allowing the reuse of medication and 1 study did not discuss whether reuse was prohibited or not. From these primary articles, secondary citations were identified, with eight from gray literature. Barriers to medication reuse included exposure to environmental extremes during storage, physical appearance, evidence of tampering, safety, and efficacy concerns for the returned medication. Programs that exist globally have overcome these barriers. Several programs that provide safe and effective reuse of medications were i© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site-for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.dentified and described. The findings described in this review should be used to inform frameworks for legislative, regulatory, and professional practice change for medication reuse. Measures implemented in the UK's pandemic response to safely reuse medications in the nursing home and hospice settings and European medication donation programs should be further investigated. The concept of medication reuse is not novel and should be considered for the Australian setting.

Towards a Cleaner Textile Industry: Using ASEC to Decrease the Water Footprint to Zero Liquid Discharge

Textile manufacturing is the second most polluting industry. It involves a series of processes that require large amounts of water and generates highly polluting wastewater. Four liquid wastes collected at different steps from two different textile factories (synthetic and natural fibers) were treated using a new disruptive technology (Adiabatic Sonic Evaporation and Crystallization—ASEC). After the treatment of the contaminated fluids, the byproducts obtained (freshwater and crystallized solids <1% humidity) were characterized to determine depuration efficiency and their potential commercial reuse. The physicochemical parameters were analyzed in the liquid and solid phases. The results evidence a completely efficient separation of the contaminants and solutes from the liquids analyzed, resulting in 100% pure water with the characteristics of distilled water (an electrical conductivity below 20 µS/cm) suitable for other industrial processes or water reuses, including human consumption. This implies an estimated annual reduction in the water consumption of these factories of between 16 and 103 Olympic pools. It would also avoid the disposal of 181 and 966 ton/y dried residue by the current synthetic and natural fiber textile processing factories, respectively. More than 75% of the resulting solid residue was S from the synthetic fiber industry, and light elements from the natural fiber residues. The installation of ASEC technology in different phases or at the end of industrial textile processing lines could change the paradigm of water consumption to a minimum, thus reducing consumption and resulting in the complete recycling of water. Using renewable energy and residual heat transforms the system into a zero-pollution technology; it makes it possible to attain almost 0% CO2 emissions, fulfilling the European Green Deal objectives such as a circular economy, the decarbonization of the textile industry, the protection of the biodiversity of river basins, and zero pollution.

Re-using vacant farm buildings for commercial purposes: Two cases from the Netherlands

Across the European Union, farm modernisation results in vacant farm buildings in agricultural areas. This is an issue at the crossroads of rural development and spatial planning. The debate often revolves around the options of either demolishing these buildings or re-using them for residential purposes. There is less emphasis, however, on re-using vacant farm buildings to create new employment opportunities in rural areas. This article analyses two cases in the Netherlands to explore the commercial re-use of vacant farm buildings in relation to rural development. The analysis specifically focuses on governance issues, the contribution of different types of commercial re-use to rural communities, and how re-use helps in retaining or attracting young people. The findings suggest that commercial re-use of vacant farm buildings can attract new entrepreneurs, jobs, and liveliness to rural areas. This is likelier if local government efforts and local entrepreneurship align. The cases also show limitations of commercial re-use in relation to the potential for wider uptake and the risk of enhancing rural gentrification. This raises the question of whether the current planning systems can deal with the upcoming complex processes of rural transformation.

Sustainability appraisal of arsenic mitigation policy innovations in West Bengal, India

Treatment of arsenic-contaminated shallow groundwater upon extraction has become imperative to provide safe drinking water in remote villages in West Bengal, India. Arsenic removal plants (ARPs) stabilising arsenic-rich waste water ‘in situ’, despite saving valuable time and money, require high technical expertise for operation and maintenance, which is difficult to facilitate in rural communities lacking the necessary infrastructural support. Contrarily, arsenic removal units (ARUs) have been widely accepted by the society for their user-friendliness. However, most of them produce a high volume of hazardous sludge, safe commercial reuse of which can be done by ‘ex situ’ stabilisation with clay bricks. Based on the number of ARPs and ARUs needed to help households seeking remedy, a cost–benefit analysis of the remediation and waste-management aspects is performed by system dynamics modelling. For a major arsenic-affected district of the state, the simulation results suggest that in lieu of ARPs, installation of ARUs is deemed to be financially sustainable for at least 15 years from now, if the arsenic-laden bricks are sold at a price 20% higher than normal. Future projections of groundwater draft and stress in the region commensurately confirm the economic and environmental sustainability of the arsenic remediation.

Pakistan's Development Dilemma: An Empirical Analysis of Aid, Governance, and Human Development

The Lahore Journal of Economics is an open access journal that distributes its articles under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution-NonCommercial-Noderivatives license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/): this licence permits non- commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. With this Creative Commons license in mind, the Lahore Journal of Economics retains the right to publish an article upon successful completion of the submission and approval process, and with the consent of the author(s).

Non-agricultural rural employment and urban-rural migration: is there a connection?

The article examines the impact on rural non-agricultural employment of two trends — development of return migration to rural areas and the spread of nonstandard forms of work and jobs (distance work, platform employment, self-employment, subcontracting, etc.). In terms of rural employment development, the ongoing blurring of the concepts of "place of residence" and "place of work" creates an influx of "new" high-income urban workers in rural areas, and also significantly expands employment opportunities for the indigenous rural population. The paper hypothesizes that employment in rural areas and, more generally, the development of rural areas will be determined, among other things, by the urban-rural migration, with temporary or seasonal migration, as well as moving for long periods of time or for permanent residence. The traditional view of non-agricultural employment as employment of the indigenous rural population who have lost their jobs in agriculture leads to ignoring of these trends, lack of policies to encourage return migration to rural areas, and limited measures of state support for rural labor market. There is made a conclusion about the need to expand the concept of rural employment to «out-of-town employment», which takes into account new opportunities and forms of employment, including for city dwellers seeking to leave the city in order to improve their quality of life. Additionally, the issue is raised about the need for research on the commercial re-use of agricultural assets — mainly real estate — by non-agrarian businesses in order to facilitate the transfer of urban businesses to rural area and the diversification of the rural economy.

Re-used or New Bedding Are Not Drivers of Salmonella Levels and Serovar Emergence in Commercially Farmed Broilers in Australia

To inform Salmonella on-farm management during broiler rearing, a 2-year study on two farms compared the Australian practices of new bedding use, partial litter re-use and an alternative, full litter re-use. Six sequential commercial cycles of ~50 days each were tested on each farm, on ~day 7 from placement (litter only), prior to first thin-out, and prior to final removal (litter and ceca). A random number sample collection occurred, defined by shed supports (33, 39), different drinkers, feeders, and shed center. Across the six cycles on both farms, Salmonella levels in ceca just prior to thin-out on full re-use litter were higher (log 3.11 MPN/g, P = 0.008) than for new bedding (log 2.04 MPN/g) and partial re-use (log 2.43 MPN/g) litter (the latter two were not significantly different). Prior to final removal across all practices the Salmonella levels in ceca from new bedding (log 1.72 MPN/g), partial re-use litter (log 1.77 MPN/g), and full re-use litter (log 2.33 MPN/g) were not statistically different, suggesting no effect of litter practice. The Salmonella levels in litter prior to the first (log 1.96–2.31 MPN/g) and second (log 2.24–2.48 MPN/g) removals were also not statistically different. The emergence of Salmonella serovars in the partitioned chicken-free grow-out end (back) of all sheds at ~day 7 did not suggest carry-over. Both the pattern of emergence of Salmonella serovars and Salmonella levels in litter ~day 7 in the brooder-end with chickens (front), suggested the Salmonella present were due to flock contribution and not practice driven. The dominant Salmonella serovar across cycles on both farms was S. Sofia (75 and 77% isolates) followed by S. Typhimurium (11 and 17%). Irrespective of initial serovars, Salmonella Sofia rapidly gained dominance and displaced 14 other serovars including S. Typhimurium on both farms. This study demonstrates that the litter practices are not the major driver of Salmonella prevalence in broiler farming, supporting the commercial re-use of bedding as a sustainable farming practice in Australia. The major contributor of Salmonella load in production is the Salmonella status of the incoming flock, indicating this is the key area to focus future control measures.

The Effect of Acid Sanitizers on the Microbiome of Re-use Water

The poultry industry is a major consumer of fresh water; therefore, in order to reduce their environmental footprint and burden, companies are in the beginning stages of evaluating water for re-use. Re-use water is classified as water from the poultry plant that has been collected, sanitized, and used again during poultry processing. One of the most commonly used sanitizers in processing water is peracetic acid (PAA). Inorganic sanitizers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS), have documented antimicrobial and sanitation effects on a variety of surfaces. In this study, SBS and PAA were compared for their ability to sanitize re-use water collected from a local poultry plant. Fresh, commercial poultry processing plant reuse water was collected at the end of a processing shift and used within one hour of the collection. Microcosms were used and live microorganisms were collected and evaluated for aerobic plate counts, total Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella load. The microcosms contained either SBS (1%, 2% or 3%) or 200 ppm PAA throughout the course of the study. Water samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-sanitation. The water was evaluated for total Enterobacteriaceae and microbial load using traditional plating methods and the total DNA was extracted and sequenced using the 16S rDNA Illumina MiSeq v3 Platform targeting the V4 region of the prokaryote rDNA molecule. All sanitation methods resulted in nearly undetectable XLD and APC counts by 60 m (P < 0.05), with 1% and 2% SBS having a slight rebounding of APC counts by 60 m. The sequences were analyzed using the QIIME2.2018.08 pipeline. Changes in alpha diversity and beta diversity were indicated across time and by treatment group, which may reflect the cumulative effects of the sanitation treatment (killing, delayed killing, and the emergence of resistant populations). Based on the ANCOM results, SBS groups had less Pseudmonas and more Bacteriodes while PAA groups had greater Actiobacter (Q < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that SBS is as efficacious as PAA for decreasing bacterial loads in poultry reuse water, but it may favor different populations of bacteria in that water.

Open Government Data for Digital Services: Effects on Innovation, Competition and Societal Benefits

Prompted by recent open data policies in the European Union and the United States, administrations increasingly publish their public sector information. Opening government data for broad commercial re-use is thereby motivated by three primary policy goals: innovation, competition and societal benefits. However, so far, a comprehensive evaluation of how open government data affects re-users' incentives and ensuing market outcomes in the digital economy is missing. Therefore, we conduct a conceptual analysis of the economic effects of open government data and characterize conditions under which primary policy goals can be achieved. Our findings highlight a basic trade-off between innovation and competition goals and demonstrate that the effectiveness of open government data crucially depends on the information contained in a data set. By distinguishing different information domains, we derive insights for policy makers on which open government data sets can promote a desired policy goal and how to balance economic trade-offs.

Aortic valve endocarditis by a rare infectious agent in a patient with a rare congenital mitral valve abnormality.

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

Opinions of citizen scientists on open access to UK butterfly and moth occurrence data

Citizen science plays an increasingly important role in biodiversity research and conservation, enabling large volumes of data to be gathered across extensive spatial scales in a cost-effective manner. Open access increases the utility of such data, informing land-use decisions that may affect species persistence, enhancing transparency and encouraging proliferation of research applications. However, open access provision of recent, fine-scale spatial information on the locations of species may also prompt legitimate concerns among contributors regarding possible unintended negative conservation impacts, violations of privacy and commercial exploitation of volunteer-gathered data. Here we canvas the attitudes towards open access of contributors (104 regional co-ordinators and 510 recorders) of species occurrence records to two of the largest citizen science biodiversity recording schemes, the UK’s Butterflies for the New Millennium project and National Moth Recording Scheme. We find that while the majority of participants expressed support for open access in principle, most were more cautious in practice, preferring to limit the spatial resolution of records, particularly of threatened species, and restrict commercial reuse of data. In addition, citizen scientists’ opinions differed between UK countries, taxonomic groups and the level of involvement volunteers had in the schemes. In order to maintain successful and democratic citizen science schemes, organisers, funders and data users must understand and respect participants’ expectations and aspirations regarding open data while seeking to optimise data use for scientific and societal benefits.

Resource and environmental impacts of using second-hand laptop computers: A case study of commercial reuse

The circular economy is proposed to reduce environmental impact, but as yet, there is limited empirical evidence of this sort from studying real, commercial circular economy business cases. This study investigates the environmental impacts of using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, instead of new ones. The method used is life cycle assessment (LCA) and special attention is given to laptops’ metal resource use by using several complementary life cycle impact assessment methods. The results show that all activities required to enable reuse of laptops are negligible, despite the reuse company’s large geographical scope. Two principal features of reuse reduce environmental impacts. Firstly, use extension reduces all impacts considerably since there are large embedded impacts in components. Secondly, the reuse company steers non-reusable laptops into state-of-the-art recycling. This provides additional impact reductions, especially with regards to toxicity and metal resource use. The results for metal resource use however diverge between LCIA methods in terms of highlighted metals which, in turn, affects the degree of impact reduction. LCIA methods that characterise functionally recycled metals as important, result in larger impact reduction, since these emphasise the merits of steering flows into state-of-the-art recycling. The study thus demonstrates how using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, compared to new ones, in practice, reduces different types of environmental impact through synergistic relationships between reuse and recycling. Moreover, it illustrates how the choice of LCIA method can influence interpretations of metal resource use impacts when applying circular economy measures to information and communication technologies (ICT).

Re-use of Building Products in the Netherlands

Re-use of Building Products in the Netherlands

Peripheral neuropathy in ALS: phenotype association

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Promozione del pubblico dominio e riuso dell’immagine del bene culturale

Open access and free reuse of cultural data is one of the more topical challenges for Digital Humanities. Great opportunities may instead be presented by the adoption of free licenses by museums, archives, and libraries, allowing free commercial reuse of digitization, as well as that ‘freedom of panorama’ still denied today in Italy.

Bottle Merchants at A’Beckett Street, Melbourne (1875–1914): New Evidence for the Light Industrial Trade of Bottle Washing

Glass bottles were a valuable commodity in colonial Australia, and the commercial reuse of these vessels ensured that they were used to their full potential. The 2009 excavations at 19–37 A’Beckett Street, Melbourne, uncovered architectural features and occupation deposits associated with four bottle merchant businesses operating from Lot 35–37 between 1875 and 1914, providing a rare opportunity to study this little-known but significant light industrial trade. This paper draws on archaeological data from 35–37 A’Beckett Street to examine the role of bottle merchants and marine store dealers in nineteenth-century Melbourne. It also seeks to determine an archaeological signature for bottle merchants through comparison with other contemporary sites, and briefly touches on the implications of bottle reuse when identifying patterns of consumption in archaeological assemblages.

Academics' behaviors and attitudes towards open access publishing in scholarly journals

While there is significant progress with policy and a lively debate regarding the potential impact of open access publishing, few studies have examined academics' behavior and attitudes to open access publishing (OAP) in scholarly journals. This article seeks to address this gap through an international and interdisciplinary survey of academics. Issues covered include: use of and intentions regarding OAP, and perceptions regarding advantages and disadvantages of OAP, journal article publication services, peer review, and reuse. Despite reporting engagement in OAP, academics were unsure about their future intentions regarding OAP. Broadly, academics identified the potential for wider circulation as the key advantage of OAP, and were more positive about its benefits than they were negative about its disadvantages. As regards services, rigorous peer review, followed by rapid publication were most valued. Academics reported strong views on reuse of their work; they were relatively happy with noncommercial reuse, but not in favor of commercial reuse, adaptations, and inclusion in anthologies. Comparing science, technology, and medicine with arts, humanities, and social sciences showed a significant difference in attitude on a number of questions, but, in general, the effect size was small, suggesting that attitudes are relatively consistent across the academic community.

Beyond abstraction: applying the brakes to runaway patent ineligibility.

Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 697–703 doi:10.1093/jlb/lsw055 Advance Access Publication 22 November 2016 Response Beyond abstraction: applying the brakes to runaway patent ineligibility Dan L. Burk School of Law, University of California-Irvine, 401 East Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Corresponding author: E-mail: dburk@law.uci.edu INTRODUCTION I was pleased to read and am now pleased to respond to the commentaries by Minssen and Schwartz 1 and by Thambisetty 2 on my article Dolly and Alice. 3 Each of these com- mentaries offers a welcome comparative perspective to the doctrinal quandaries that I initially pointed out, indicating some prescription for the American patent eligibility problem based upon the parallel European experience. But it seems already clear that the American courts, responding to an avalanche of lower court patent invalidations based on the Alice patent eligibility test, have already begun fashioning their own idiosyncratic response to the common global difficulty of distinguishing patentable subject matter. A set of recent opinions makes clear the de- termination of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to apply the brakes to runaway abstraction analysis under the Alice test. In some respects this re- sponse may indeed parallel that in other jurisdictions, but in major respects it departs from the prescriptions detailed by the commentators. APPLYING THE BR AKES Recent subject matter opinions by the United States Supreme court have thrown patent eligibility into some disarray, so there is a natural tendency to hope that the Supreme Court might intervene to sort out the chaos in the lower courts. Minssen and Schwartz look particularly to the Federal Circuit’s opinion in Ariosa Diagnostics v Sequenom, Inc., 4 hoping that it might be taken up by the Supreme Court as an additional opportunity to Timo Minssen & Robert M. Schwartz, Separating Sheep from Goats: A European View on the Patent Eligibility of Biomedical Diagnostic Methods, 3 J. L. & B IOSCI . 365 (2016). Siva Thambisetty, Alice and ‘Something More’: The Drift Towards European Patent Jurisprudence, 3 J. L. & B IOSCI . Dan L. Burk, Dolly and Alice, 3 J. L. & B IOSCI . 606 (2015). 788 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2015). C The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Duke University School of Law, Harvard Law School, Oxford University Press, and Stanford Law School. This is an Open Access arti- cle distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distri- bution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

What time is it? Deep learning approaches for circadian rhythms.

Bioinformatics, 32(19), 2016, 3051 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw504 Advance Access Publication Date: 19 August 2016 Corrigendum Corrigendum What time is it? Deep learning approaches for circadian rhythms Forest Agostinelli, Nicholas Ceglia, Babak Shahbaba, Paolo Sassone-Corsi and Pierre Baldi Bioinformatics (2016) 32(12), i8–i17 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw243 The authors wish to correct the following errors in the above article: In Section 2.1.2, Arabdiposis should read Arabidopsis, in Sections 2.1.2 and 4.4.1, Cyr1 should read Cry1, and in Section 3.1.5, V > V(i) should read V(i) > V. The authors apologize for these errors. C The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. V This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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