Commercial Radio Stations Research Articles

Mechanisms of Generating Emotions in Audio-Based Media

Audio-based content is considered to be extremely intimate and easily evoking emotions in listeners. The aim of this article is to determine the affective mechanisms used in audio productions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 The analysis focuses on radio programmes of public and commercial radio stations and the broadly defined audio media segment: podcasts and streaming services from Europe, the USA, and Australia. The content created during the so-called first wave of the pandemic (March–June 2020) was considered. Sound recordings are analysed in terms of four aspects related to the structure of audio content: words, music, acoustic effects, and silence. This study aims to present the perspective of a broadcaster who designs the audience’s affective reactions and the unique nature of radio journalists’ work during the pandemic.
 The study confirmed the use of mechanisms intended to intensify and regulate emotions in audio productions in all of the analysed areas. This is especially true for emotionally-charged lexis, voice expressions, selection of musical repertoire and solutions applied in sound editing. The importance of silence as an acoustic equivalent of distance, void and isolation is emphasised. We put forward a list of mechanisms behind generating and modulating emotions in audio-based media. The study shows how sound, as diverse as it is, conveys emotions in the media.

Kaseteista suoratoistoon

From Compact Cassettes to Music Streaming Services: The Sociocultural Change of Background Music Industry
 The history of electronically mediated background music in Finland can be divided into era of scarcity, era of availability and era of plenty. The centralised and regulated supply of background music of the 1970s was followed by re-regulation of media and establishment of commercial radio stations increasing music consumption and listening to it while engaged to other activities. Analogue and tape-based solutions were first replaced with physical digital platforms and programming and finally with music streaming applications and music contents of the international media houses.
 The transformation of music platforms, music delivery channels and modes of listening are closely related to histories of technology, ­the social use of music and agencies of background music entrepreneurs. The article clarifies the transforming relationship of the environment, listening and music from the 1970s to the present day with the help ­of recent and archived interviews of representatives of background music companies.
 Keywords: background music; music cultures; anthropology of sound

Digital Marketing and Perceived Radio Sales Revenue in Kampala Capital City Authority, Uganda

Radio sales revenue has remained a concern for many commercial radio stations the world over. This study attributed sales revenues of radio stations in Kampala Capital City Authority to digital marketing. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the level of sales revenues of radio stations, examine the effect of social media on sales revenue of radio stations, to ascertain the effect of website marketing on sales revenue of radio stations, and to determine the effect of content marketing on sales revenue of radio stations in Kampala Capital City Authority. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data was collected from all the selected 30 participants; thus 100% response rate was attained. Qualitative data was collected from 6 key informant interviews (managers of the radio stations) which was the saturation point. The study results showed a moderate sales revenue (M = 2.97, SD = 0.72) of the radio stations. Overall, there was a moderate level of use of digital marketing by the radio stations in Kampala Capital City Authority (M = 3.08, SD = 0.83). The results showed that all digital marketing aspects namely; social media marketing, and content marketing explained only 3.1% of the variation in radio sales revenue (adjusted R2 = 0.031). This means that 96.9% of the variation was accounted for by other factors not considered under the current study. Results indicate that only one aspect of digital marketing aspects, namely; website marketing (β = 269, p = 0.031) had a positive and significant influence on radio sales revenue. The study concluded that radio stations should mainly focus on using website marketing for improved sales revenue. The study recommended that the government of Uganda through the Ministry of ICT should further enhance the internet infrastructure to enable radio stations to design and host functioning websites.

Regulatory Policies and Community Broadcasting in Nigeria

The broadcast media landscape in Nigeria changed in 1992 following the approval of private individuals and organisations to own and operate private radio and television stations. In Rivers State, there are sixteen private commercial stations, in addition to two state-owned stations and the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). Sadly, there is no single community-based radio station in the state, and the story is the same in most states in Nigeria, despite the important role such a media platform plays. Expectedly, the commercial radio stations focus mostly on issues of regional and national interest, leaving the rural populace unrepresented and their issues underreported. Against this backdrop, this discourse investigated whether the deregulation of the electronic media in Nigeria does not cover community broadcasting. The survey research method was used. The population consists of 649,600 residents in Obio/Akpor LGA in Rivers State, Nigeria, and the Australian online sample size calculator was used to derive 278. A systematic sampling technique was employed in the study. Questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection, and the data was analysed using simple percentages. The findings revealed that the development of community radio is being stifled by discriminatory and exorbitant licence fees charged by the federal government of Nigeria. In the light of this, this discourse recommends a far-reaching reduction of the licence fee for community broadcasting, as well as the end of licence renewal as currently practised in the country, to enable rural dwellers to actively participate in deciding issues that concern them.

Commercial Format FM Radio Stations for the Young in Croatia from the Perspective of the Education of Journalists

Commercial Format FM Radio Stations for the Young in Croatia from the Perspective of the Education of Journalists

The Social Spaces of Music Traditions in Baghdad before and after Destruction

The Social Spaces of Music Traditions in Baghdad before and after Destruction

Joseph F. Zelle (1912–2009)

Zelle was best known for his electrical engineering work, particularly in field strength measurements for commercial radio stations. He reported the detection of signals from the Soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957.

Content Structure of University Radio Stations in Turkey As Part of Their Broadcast Policy

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent university radio stations in Turkey are an alternative to popular, commercial radio stations by analyzing the program content and general approaches within the framework of their music and program policies. Using the qualitative research method, in-depth interviews were carried out with the employees and representatives of 25 public and 9 foundation university radio stations across various regions and different cities of Turkey. Twenty university radio stations were examined on site by direct observations and face-to-face interviews, and we interviewed the representatives of 14 university radio stations via telephone or video communication. All interviewees were asked the same semistructured questions. Furthermore, the supervisors of the 11 sample radio stations who archive their programs regularly selected some of the programs and shared their archives with the researchers. These selected programs were analyzed in terms of the duration of talk and music, and categorized according to the production elements. It was found that university radio stations in Turkey have problems with content production for various reasons and are exposed to certain restrictions. Therefore, in contrast to international practices and the existing literature, they have content similar to that of commercial radio stations, rather than broadcasting alternative content.

Discrimination and Media Diversity: Historical Evidence from U.S. Radio Stations

This paper examines the role racial discrimination plays in the positioning of radio stations in the post-war Jim Crow era. I construct a novel, comprehensive dataset of all commercial radio stations across the U.S., including station-level financial information and black-oriented programming hours, at the start of minority programming in broadcast media. By comparing profitability of black-oriented and other radio stations, I show that black-oriented stations were significantly more profitable than other stations in the same market. In addition, higher profits are correlated with higher levels of black-oriented programming. The profitability of this new format is shown to be correlated with local measures of racism. Using a theoretical framework with endogenous product choice, I show that the empirical results provide evidence for firm owner discrimination, consistent with an underprovision of content for minorities.

In Tune with the Listener: How Local Radio in Ireland has Maintained Audience Attention and Loyalty

Local radio has remained relevant and ever-present in Ireland owing to the relationship stations have built with their audiences over time. These strong connections combined with adherence to public service duties and supplying locally relevant content – which the national stations cannot offer – helped local stations repel the double threat of a global recession and the influx of new media. This paper argues that by building on its core strengths while embracing change and adopting the potential offered by digital and social media, local Irish commercial radio stations have managed to survive and remain relevant. Using case studies of two prominent stations Radio Kerry and Beat, and one public service station RTÉ 2fm, this paper will illustrate that by being in tune with the audience’s unique social, cultural and political interests, radio stations have been able to endear their audiences to the brand and compete for their attention in an increasingly competitive mediascape. These stations were able to achieve this partly through the formation of online communities on Facebook, by having a presence in the local community and by actively engaging with the audience. This paper posits that local radio holds an important place in the lives of the people it serves and therefore must be preserved as not only an invaluable public service but as a beacon of culture and heritage.

False and misleading health-related claims in food supplements on Spanish radio: an analysis from a European Regulatory Framework.

The excessive growth of the food supplements' industry highlights the need to focus attention on all aspects involved in their proper consumption; one that takes centre stage is advertising. The aim of this research is to analyse the presence of false and misleading claims in food supplements advertising. To this end, a relationship is established between the different types of health-related claims and the substances on which they are based, whether authorised or not by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This empirical work conducts a content analysis of all radio mentions broadcast throughout 2017 on news/talk radio stations. Spain. All radio mentions broadcast on news/talk commercial radio stations in Spain with the highest audience levels. The corpus is composed of 437 advertisements. Results indicate that 80·3 % of function claims included in the analysed advertisements are not authorised by EFSA, while 20·4 % of disease claims are not allowed by EU regulation. Likewise, almost half of the substances referred to (43·7 %) are illicit: 54·1 % in function claims, 57·3 % in disease claims and 73·7 % in the case of reduction of disease risk claims. This work reveals consistent failures to comply with European regulation on food supplements advertising. The widespread use of unauthorised health claims and substances is aggravated by the indirect recourse of illness as a persuasive argument, descriptions of alleged benefits as product attributes and the omission of essential information. This leads to dangerous misinformation and can pose serious health risks. Stronger legal mechanisms are needed for effective consumer protection.

Implementasi Algoritma Genetika Dalam Penjadwalan Jeda Iklan Pada Stasiun Radio 99.1 Most FM

The screening of advertisements on a commercial radio station is done every day from Sunday to Saturday. In commercial radio stations, in general, making ad schedules is still manually which results in delays in the presentation of the weekly ad schedule. Playback time consists of two types, namely prime time and regular time. Radio Ad Scheduling that will be discussed in this study is the ad screening that is carried out on the radio broadcast schedule, which is between 5 am to 24 pm in which with the rules every 15 minutes are provided 3 ad playback slots with a maximum duration of 1 minute per ad. So if the radio broadcast time per day is 19 hours, then the maximum number of ads per day that can be displayed is 76 ads. Another rule is the implementation of prime time, the hours at which the general public (listeners) have the greatest opportunity to listen to the radio, which is between 6:00 and 10:00 in the morning and 16: 00-20: 00 at night. The number of screenings of the same advertisement on one day is limited to prime time which is 5 times, while for regular time is 8 times. The radio scheduling process is carried out using genetic algorithms consisting of chromosome initialization, selection, crossover and mutation processes. The chromosomes in this study consist of 3 genes, each chromosome will be evaluated based on its fitness value which is calculated based on the number of violations of rules that occur on each chromosome in an individual. Where rule 1 is the number of plays per advertisement that cannot be more than 5 times in a day and rule 2 is that there cannot be two or more ad scheduling shows on the same day and time. After that the fitness value of each chromosome is obtained, then the selection, crossover and mutation are carried out. From this research an optimal ad schedule is produced by scheduling overall ad data, day and time of ad playback

Behind the Transmitter: Differences in Archival Practices Between Nonprofit and Commercial Radio Stations

Many radio collections within the United States are maintained in more informal program libraries and archives in hundreds of geographically dispersed broadcasting stations throughout the country. To assess the full extent of this problem and real risk posed to station-owned radio collections, this article assesses the results of a survey administered across twenty-seven nonprofit and commercial stations or corporate parent companies. Nonprofit stations, its findings suggest, are more likely to actively maintain their archives and do so in a manner that shows awareness of current archival standards, whereas commercial stations are less likely to exert active stewardship over their collections.

Radio station “Mayak” for 55 years: stages of development

This article is devoted to the 55th anniversary of the beginning of broadcasting radio “Mayak”. Due to a number of circumstances, among which the format of the radio station and the professional staff of its employees played a decisive role, “Mayak”, successfully working and having a large audience in the Soviet period, remained in the post-Soviet period, without losing its importance and weight. Having received in 2000 FM frequency, he was able to compete in the air and became an integral part of the new broadcasting system. The author identifies and analyzes the main innovations that have arisen in the air of this station, subsequently perceived by private commercial radio stations that have appeared in the post-Soviet space. The relevance of the article in determining the role of radio “Mayak” in the development and activities of domestic broadcasting, as well as in increasing the prestige and importance of the work of radio journalists. When writing the article, the author, who worked on the air of “Mayak” for more than ten years, who was both a witness and a participant in a number of innovative projects, used both conversations with veterans of the station and his personal experience, and the empirical method of research of the radio station “Mayak”.

New Arenas or More of the Same? Public and Commercial Radio Stations on Facebook

This study investigates traditional radio station use of social media, focusing on the analysis of content published on Israeli radio station Facebook pages and the differences between public and commercial stations’ pages. The findings suggest that public and commercial radio station posts differ in a number of factors: Public station posts proved to be more informative than those of their commercial counterparts, discussing mostly current events and news. Commercial station content is more promotional, privileging internal station events and calls for action. It can therefore be concluded that radio stations have leveraged Facebook’s potential in achieving their traditional goals.

Possible models of local news provision by radio in Scotland: A mixed-methods study

Scotland does not have any public service radio on a local level, except for a few bulletins or programmes offered by BBC Radio Scotland on an opt-out basis. Scottish commercial radio stations do cover local issues but within brief hourly news bulletins, without any in-depth coverage, while community radio by and large lacks resources for any news coverage of its own. Through a review of the existing literature on the role of media in democracy, and in particular the role of local radio, interviews with stakeholders and experts and history, and focus groups with ordinary people, this study formulates several possible solutions for future local news provision by radio in Scotland.

The Value Gap in Music Markets in Canada and the Role of Copyright Law

The Value Gap in Music Markets in Canada and the Role of Copyright Law

Перші комерційні радіостанції в Україні: від експериментів до бізнесу

The article concerns the first two years (1992-1993) of the formation of commercial broadcasting in Ukraine. It studies the factors that influenced the creation of the first commercial radio stations, which gradually attempted to switch from a “game mode” to the broadcasting business and business entrepreneurship. The activity of the first ten commercial radio companies is studied by means of systematization, content analysis, generalization and other methods. The authors of the article offer the documented time of the first airwaves of each company mentioned (from the authors‟ personal archives). The role that these stations played in the formation of commercial private broadcasting in Ukraine is analyzed. Additional information is given about the creation of the Association of Private Radio Stations in Ukraine which was intended to unite commercial radio stations. The minute of the seminar “Local Radio” is published for the first time. The meeting with the head officers of the radio stations present was organized by the public organization International Media Center – Internews (Ukraine) and by the training center British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC, England) from May 20 to June 3, 1994 in Pushcha-Vodytsia near Kyiv. It was there where they decided to create the association. One of the radio projects of MMC-Internews “Interview from Internews” is examined. It may be considered as the first radio project unifying commercial radio stations, and also the first student radio project at the private radio station in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study facts and documents (from the authors‟ personal archive) certifying the dialectic progress of Ukrainian commercial broadcasting from the so-called “musical patchwork” to the transformation into a profitable means of mass communication.

Analysis of the development terms of the radio market in The Slovak Republic

The radio market in the Slovak Republic is characterized by the introduction of a dual system that brings the market environment of supply and demand after the change of social conditions after 1989. Since the main source of funding for commercial radio stations and partial revenues of public radio stations is revenue from the sale of advertising space, their main objective is to maximize their share of the results achieved (the number of listeners and the total market share) from advertising within the ad. The main objective of the presented research study is to analyze the development trends of selected Slovak broadcasters in the monitored period 2011-2015, focusing on the analysis of the listening volume and the amount of financial resources spent on advertising for selected Slovak radios in the Slovak Republic.

Justicia Restaurativa. Una visión de resolución de conflictos vecinales en Venezuela

El estudio asumió el paradigma socio crítico con la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa, por tanto se apreció la interacción y vinculación comunitaria en cada uno de los momentos, se mostró la acción y la participación de los agentes locales en el esfuerzo conjunto por resolver el fenómeno conflictual. El propósito de la investigación se evidenció en la organización de la Justicia de Paz Comunal, el cual dejó como resultado un significativo comité multidisciplinario de la justicia de paz en la comunidad las Eugenias cuarta etapa, Coro estado Falcón, al mismo tiempo se implementó una estrategia comunicacional en 10 emisoras de radios comerciales y comunitarias, en tanto que se consolidó el periódico comunitario “el Vocero” para mantener una cultura informativa de la justicia de paz comunal. El estudio concluyó con la conformación de una brigada jurídica en la comunidad.