Commercial Pasteurized Milk Research Articles

Total plate count of commercial pasteurized milk sold by street vendors in Mulyorejo sub-district Surabaya

Food and nutritional quality of society is one of mine focuses of the government. Milk have complete nutrients but also can be the source food borne disease. The Veterinary Public Health itself has the responsibility to provide guarantees of food safety from animal resources which is called ASUH (safe, healthy, wholesome and halal) to be consumed by society. This study aimed to know the Total Plate Count of commercial pasteurized milk sold by street vendors in Mulyorejo Sub-district Surabaya. The study was conducted from January until February 2018 at the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Thirty samples of commercial pasteurized milk were bought from three street vendors then examined using Pour Plate Method of Total Plate Count. Total Plate Count result showed that the number of bacteria in commercial pasteurized milk sold by street vendors in Mulyorejo Sub-district Surabaya was 1.0 x 104 CFU/ml, that met the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) 01-3951-1995.

Evaluation of physicochemical composition and labeling information of commercial pasteurized milk and their Mexican official regulatory compliance

Currently, there is a wide variety of pasteurized milk brands sold in supermarkets and grocery stores. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and nutritional information of commercial pasteurized milk commercial and their compliance with the official Mexican standards. In general, all milk brands comply with the commercial information required by the regulations. Likewise, the different pasteurized milk brands showed statistical differences between production batches of the same brand (p < 0.05) and milk brands (p < 0.05) in terms of physicochemical composition. On the other hand, any milk brands did not comply with the protein, fat, and lactose content reported in its labeling (p < 0.05) and the NOM-151-SCFI-2012 stipulations. Additionally, the cluster analysis permits the aggrupation of milk brand quality in four groups. The first group is formed by the A sample, group 2 by the B sample, while, in the third group, the B and C samples, and the fourth group is characterized by the E, F, G, and H samples. In this context, greater vigilance by the corresponding authorities is required to ensure compliance with the parameters established by the official regulations and allow consumers to obtain good quality dairy products.

Evaluation of physicochemical composition and labeling information of commercial pasteurized milk and their Mexican official regulatory compliance

Currently, there is a wide variety of pasteurized milk brands sold in supermarkets and grocery stores. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and nutritional information of commercial pasteurized milk commercial and their compliance with the official Mexican standards. In general, all milk brands comply with the commercial information required by the regulations. Likewise, the different pasteurized milk brands showed statistical differences between production batches of the same brand (p < 0.05) and milk brands (p < 0.05) in terms of physicochemical composition. On the other hand, any milk brands did not comply with the protein, fat, and lactose content reported in its labeling (p < 0.05) and the NOM-151-SCFI-2012 stipulations. Additionally, the cluster analysis permits the aggrupation of milk brand quality in four groups. The first group is formed by the A sample, group 2 by the B sample, while, in the third group, the B and C samples, and the fourth group is characterized by the E, F, G, and H samples. In this context, greater vigilance by the corresponding authorities is required to ensure compliance with the parameters established by the official regulations and allow consumers to obtain good quality dairy products.

Spontaneous aggregation of bovine milk casein micelles: Ultra-small angle x-ray scattering and mathematical modeling

We have used Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) and mathematical models to study seemingly-spontaneous aggregation structures in two pasteurized bovine milks. Although extensive studies of casein micelles and their aggregation have been carried out, few have been done to numerically characterize submicron structures to micron-scale structures. We measured the USAXS intensity, I(q), as a function of the scattering vector magnitude, q, for commercial pasteurized skim milk and nonhomogenized whole milk at two temperatures, 7 °C and 45 °C. We observed broad peaks, reported previously to be related to casein micelles, centered at q ≈ 2 × 10−2 Å−1 and at q ≈ 9 × 10−2 Å−1. At lower q values, log I(q) displayed a behavior characteristic of aggregation manifested for a slope in the region 3–7 × 10−4 Å−1 < q < 4 × 10−3 Å−1. This behavior appeared in the absence of (a) chymosin, (b) any change in pH or CaCl2 concentration, and (c) temperature changes. We introduced a model of milk and used computer simulations to investigate consequences of casein micelles possessing surface areas lacking the water-soluble components of κ-casein proteins. These components exist to provide stability against aggregation to the casein micelles. We propose that bovine casein micelles spontaneously formed 1-dimensional aggregates.

Design of a redox-active surface for ultrasensitive redox capacitive aptasensing of aflatoxin M1 in milk

Herein, we report the design of a novel label-free aptasensor based on ferrocene and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. Given that silicon nanomaterials stand out by their high capacitive power, we used them to develop a novel capacitive transduction system based on electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS). This strategy relies on the changes of the redox capacitance signal owed to the surface-tethered ferrocene film, by performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements without using an external redox probe. The redox capacitance variation was found to correlate well with the increasing concentrations of AFM1 in the linear range from 10 to 500 fmol⋅L-1 with a sensitivity of 0.46 μF*fM-1*cm − 2. Furthermore, the aptasensor allowed to reach very low limits of detection and quantification equal to 4.53 fM and 14.95 fM, respectively. The platform revealed a high selectivity toward the target analyte, and it was applied to quantify very low concentrations of AFM1 in commercial pasteurized milk. Finally, the results of real sample analysis were successfully gauged against those obtained using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits.

Industrial Applications of Selected JFS Articles

Industrial Applications of Selected <i>JFS</i> Articles

Monitoring Shelf Life of Pasteurized Whole Milk Under Refrigerated Storage Conditions: Predictive Models for Quality Loss.

Findings of this research are useful for monitoring the quality of commercial pasteurized milk, particularly in locations where environmental conditions make longer storage difficult. The study also provides valuable information for development of colorimetric shelf life indicators.

Effects of seasonal and geographical variations on the physicochemical properties of commercial pasteurized milk in the northwest of Iran

PurposeThe composition and properties of milk are considerably important for dairy farmers, manufacturers and consumers. Despite the significant role of bovine milk in Iranian dairy products, there is little information about the effect of production season and location on the physicochemical properties of pasteurized milk as a final product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seasonal, geographical and product brand variations on the chemical components and physical properties of Iranian pasteurized bovine milk.Design/methodology/approachA total of 400 samples of pasteurized milk were obtained during a 12-month period, from April 2014 to March 2015, using random sampling. Chemical components (protein, fat, lactose, dry matter and solids-not-fat) and physical properties (freezing point, extraneous water content, titratable acidity, density and pH) of the collected samples were analyzed. A one-way ANOVA was used to perform the statistical analysis of data, and results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation.FindingsIt was found that the biochemical constituents and physical properties of pasteurized milk samples were linked to seasonal and geographical variation parameters. The milk sampled during spring and summer contained significantly less fat, protein and solids-not-fat (p < 0.05) than samples in autumn and winter. Also, samples in spring had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) extraneous water (0.8 per cent) compared to milk sampled in winter (−0.4 per cent). Samples in Maragheh and Mianeh contained the highest level of fat (2.82 per cent) and protein (3.09 per cent) content in the province. The sampled milk from the south (Mianeh and Hashtrud) and the northwest (Marand) had also significantly higher (p < 0.01) freezing points than the other areas. No significant differences (p > 0.01) were found in physicochemical properties in different product brands of the milk samples.Originality/valueSeasonal and geographical parameters are crucial factors in the diversity of physicochemical parameters of commercial pasteurized milk. In this study, unlike the other studies, differences in milk product brand were not significant. Further research will be needed to assess other factors such as the effect of management practices and feeding strategies on farms.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M₁ in commercial pasteurized milk samples in Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran.

The frequency and levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in pasteurized milk samples in Sari, located in Mazandaran province, Iran, were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Seventy-six samples of pasteurized milk from different retail stores were randomly collected over four seasons during the year 2015. AFM1 contamination was detected in all milk samples. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 was 65.8 ng/l, with a range of 11.7-106.6 ng/l. The highest AFM1 level was detected in milk samples collected during spring. Forty-six (60.53 %) samples had AFM1 levels that exceeded the maximum acceptable levels (50 ng/l) recommended by the European Union (EU). Comparison of these results with previously published data for AFM1 in milk in Iran shows that the percentage of samples exceeding the EU maximum level is consistently high over the years, indicating a general problem related to AFB1 contamination in dairy feedingstuff.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Pasteurized and Raw Milk Distributed in the South of Khorasan-e Razavi Province, Iran.

The presence of antibiotic residues in milk and other products livestock is a health problem which can endanger public health. Antibiotics are used widely in animal husbandry to treat diseases related to bacterial infections. Antimicrobial drugs have been in use for decades in industry. They are commonly used in livestock facilities to treat mastitis. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk distributed in schools, in milk collection centers, and in milk production factories in Gonabad city. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 251 samples of commercial pasteurized milk packet distributed in schools (code A), raw milk collection centers in Gonabad city (code B), and pasteurized milk production factories (code C) in Gonabad city. The Copan test kit of Denmark Christian Hansen Company was used to monitor antibiotic residues in milk. The data were analysed employing Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences using SPSS software version 20. The significant level was considered at p<0.05. In total, 251 milk samples were collected out of which 143 (57%) were code A, 84 (33.5%) code B and 24 (9.6%) code C. Total number of 189 samples (75.2%) were negative and 62 (24.8%) were positive. From the three types of milk samples, 41 samples (28.7%) of the code A, 18 samples (21.4%) of the code B and 3 samples (12.5%) of the code C were positive. In general, from the milk samples most contaminated with antibiotics, 17 samples were positive in January and regarding code A, 13 samples were positive in the same month. There was not a significant difference among the three types of milk (p>0.05). The highest number of milk samples (n=7) contaminated with antibiotics were related to code B (38.5%). Most positive cases were related to code A in winter. Also, there was no significant difference among the three types of contaminated milk regarding the year and month (p=0.164 and p=0.917, respectively). Pasteurized milk supplied in the studied city has high level of contamination due to high use of antibiotics. A standard limit needs to be set for the right level of residue of antibiotics in milk to avoid the harmful effects.

Kualitas Susu Pasteurisasi Komersil

(The quality of commercial pasteurized milk)ABSTRACT. Pasteurized milk is processed milk through heating process at temperatures below its boiling point, therefore it still has the form and flavor of fresh milk. The quality of pasteurized milk is depend on the condition of processing and post pasteurization. Staphylococcus aureus is an indicator of milk hygiene. Ninety eight pasteurized milk samples from seven brands were collected in Jakarta and Bogor. Parameters observed were milk composition and the amount of Staphylococcus aureus in milk. The results showed that the pasteurized milk compositions (fat, protein and dry matter) were in accordance with the composition attached of the products label in SNI No.01-3951-1995 Moreover, we found that 71.4% of the samples containing Staphylococcus aureus above the milk quality standard ( 1.2 x 101 cfu/ml) according to SNI No. 01-6366-2000.

Aflatoxin M1 contamination in commercial pasteurized milk from local markets in Fariman, Iran

Contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) presents a risk for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of AFM1 in pasteurized milk samples in Fariman, located in the province of Khorasan Razavi, Iran, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Forty-five samples of pasteurized milk from different supermarkets were collected during 3 months in summer (July to September, 2012). AFM1 contamination was detected in all of milk samples. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 was 27.2ng/l. The range of AFM1 content was 8.8-64ng/l. Thirteen (28.8%) of the samples had AFM1 levels exceeding the maximum levels (50ng/l) accepted by the European Union. Due to the fact that milk is used by all the age groups including infants and children in Fariman city, it is necessary to minimize the health risk from AFM1 contamination in milk. For this reason, the level of its precursor, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), in dairy feeds must be reduced, requiring constant aflatoxin monitoring of relevant agricultural commodities.

First isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from commercial pasteurized milk in Argentina

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis was isolated from two out of seventy samples (2.86 %) of pasteurized and ultra-pasteurized milk. The isolates were positives to IS900 PCR and showed a C17 RFLP pattern, the most prevalent in Argentina. The present study is the first report of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis culture from pasteurized milk in Argentina.

Pilot survey of commercial pasteurized milk consumed in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for tetracyclines residues, including the 4-epimers of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline

This pilot survey aimed to assess the occurrence of tetracyclines and the 4-epimers of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline in commercial pasteurized milks sold in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between October 2009 and March 2010. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method, developed and validated in our laboratory, was used. All 100 analyzed samples were compliant, but 14 contained oxytetracycline in concentrations ranging from the method limit of detection (3.7 µg l–1) to the method limit of quantification (12.2 µg l–1). One sample contained oxytetracycline and tetracycline simultaneously (at a concentration slightly higher than method limit of quantification, 7.0 µg l–1). The presence of 4-epioxytetracycline and 4-epitetracycline in contaminated samples with the parent drugs could not be confirmed as traces were detected only in the quantification MRM transition. No other tetracyclines were detected.

Survey of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial pasteurized milk in Iran

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, dieldrin, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in pasteurized and sterilized milk containing 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3% fat from Tehran province (Iran). Considering the importance of milk and dairy products for human nutrition and the toxicity of these compounds, their daily intake (DI) through milk was also determined. The compounds γ-HCH (13.49 ng g(-1) fat), β-HCH (11.7 ng g(-1) fat), and PCB180 (7.56 ng g(-1) fat) were found at highest concentrations. The DI for all compounds was less than the acceptable daily intake established by FAO/WHO except for Σ PCBs which was more than the minimal risk level.

Presence, characterization, and genotype profiles of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from unpasteurized individual and pooled milk, commercial pasteurized milk, and milk products in India by culture, PCR, and PCR-REA methods

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteritis evocative of human inflammatory bowel disease. In industrialized countries MAP has been cultured from pasteurized milk, compounding the increasing concern that MAP may be zoonotic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate commercially available unpasteurized and pasteurized milk and its products for the presence of viable MAP or MAP DNA from an area of northern India with a population of 150 million people. We studied 43 samples (16 unpasteurized, 27 pasteurized) purchased in Mathura, Agra, or New Delhi, for the presence of MAP by culture or by PCR for IS900 MAP DNA. Positives results were confirmed as MAP by restriction endonuclease analysis and/or DNA sequencing. Colonies appeared in 1.5-20 months post-inoculation. Of the unpasteurized samples, 44% (7/16) were MAP culture-positive and 6% (1/16) were positive for IS900 MAP DNA. Of the pasteurized samples, 67% (18/27) were MAP culture-positive and 33% (9/27) were IS900-positive. Subsequently, 100% (25/25) of the cultured colonies were IS900 and IS1311 MAP DNA-positive. This is the first report from a developing country of MAP cultured from both pasteurized and unpasteurized milk and milk products. Thus we corroborate the presence of viable MAP in the food chain reported from industrialized countries. With the increasing concern that MAP may be zoonotic, these findings have major implications for healthcare in India. The decreased sensitivity in detecting MAP DNA by PCR directly from milk should be ascribed to our employing only one set of PCR primers.

Transforming growth factor‐β1 is elevated in unpasteurized cow’s milk

Unpasteurized milk consumption was associated with less atopy prevalence. Not only microbial load but also fatty acids and cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) may play a role on the effect of unpasteurized milk. Levels of TGF-beta(1) in different cow's milk samples were evaluated: we consider raw unpasteurized milk before and after boiling, commercial pasteurized and micro-filtrated cow's milk and different commercially available cow's milk formulas. TGF-beta(1) concentration in raw unpasteurized cow's milk was 642.0 +/- 52.9 pg/ml before boiling and decreased significantly after boiling (302.7 +/- 50.59 pg/ml) (p < 0.05). TGF-beta(1) concentrations were also significantly lower in commercial pasteurized milk (246.2 +/- 43.15 pg/ml) and in commercial micro-filtrated milk (213.0 +/- 31.6 pg/ml) in comparison to unpasteurized unboiled milk (p = 0.002). The levels of TGF-beta(1) in all formula samples were below the threshold of detectability for the assays. As TGF-beta(1) in the milk may contribute to the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract by influencing IgA production and oral tolerance induction, we suggest to consider not only the microbial compounds but also the cytokine patterns to explain the protective effect of unpasteurized cow's milk on allergic disorders.

Effects of fat, casein and lactose on high-pressure destruction of Escherichia coli K12 (ATCC-29055) in milk

High-pressure (HP) destruction of Escherichia coli K12 suspended in commercial pasteurized milk (0, 3.25 and 5% fat), peptone water (0.1%), and phosphate buffer (0.2 mol/l Na 2HPO 4 and 0.2 mol/l NaH 2PO 4) supplemented with different amounts of casein or lactose (1–4%) was investigated. HP treatment resulted in the highest level of E. coli destruction in the buffer (possibly because it contained no nutrients), followed by those in peptone water and least in milk. Therefore, milk and peptone provided some baro-protection to the destruction of E. coli during the HP treatment. Fat content in milk between 0, 3.25 and 5% had no significant ( P > 0.05) influence on the HP destruction of E. coli. The supplement of either casein or lactose to milk did not influence the level of HP destruction of E. coli. However, the baro-protection became significant during HP treatment when casein or lactose was added the buffer. The buffer solution supplemented with 1–4% casein showed a baro-protective effect equivalent to that in milk. Lactose supplement to buffer also caused baro-protection, though the effect was relatively less pronounced. However, no significant difference in the baro-protection effect was observed among the buffer samples supplemented with different levels (1, 2 and 4%) of lactose or casein. Therefore the major contributors for baro-protection of E. coli in milk during HP treatment appear to be casein and lactose, rather than the fat content.

Inhibition of Key Aroma Compound Generated during Ultrahigh-Temperature Processing of Bovine Milk via Epicatechin Addition

The ability of epicatechin (EC) to inhibit the thermal development of aroma compounds (i.e., Maillard reaction products) formed during ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) processing of bovine milk was evaluated. Volatile extracts were prepared for two UHT-processed milk samples made from (1) raw milk and (2) raw milk containing 0.1% EC by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and subsequently analyzed by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Sensory evaluation was also conducted by a trained panel on the intensity of cooked flavor and bitterness in four UHT-processed milk samples (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, and 0.20% EC added prior to processing), as well as a commercial pasteurized milk sample for comparison. AEDA indicated that addition of EC to raw fluid milk prior to UHT processing reduced the overall thermal formation of key aroma-active compounds in comparison to the traditional UHT milk sample. The largest changes in FD values were reported for methional, furfural, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline (Maillard-type aroma compounds) with 32-, 8-, 8-, 4-, and 4-fold reductions in formation, respectively. Sensory evaluation also revealed that all EC-containing UHT milk samples had statistically (P < 0.05) lower cooked flavor intensity in comparison to the control, whereas the 0.2% EC sample was statistically similar to a pasteurized milk sample. Furthermore, addition of EC at or below 0.1% in UHT fluid milk did not significantly increase the bitterness intensity.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season

A total of 208 samples of commercial pasteurized milk gathered from retail outlets across Japan during the winter season were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Japan was divided into 11 regions from north to south, and nine to 45 milk samples from each region were randomly purchased between December 2001 and February 2002. Each milk sample was cleaned up by an immunoaffinity column, and AFM1 was quantified by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in four independent laboratories. The limit of detection of the method was 0.001 μg kg−1. The identity of the putative AFM1 in milk sample was confirmed by the formation of AFM1 hemi-acetal with trifluoroacetic acid. Based on the results obtained with spiked samples (0.05 μg AFM1 kg−1), the mean recovery was 91.4%, the relative standard deviation for repeatability was 4.6%, and the relative standard deviation for reproducibility was 8.0% among four independent laboratories. AFM1 was detected in 207 (99.5%) of 208 milk samples at 0.001–0.029 μg kg−1, with a mean of 0.009 μg kg−1 and a 90th percentile of 0.014 μg kg−1. No significant difference of the level of AFM1 contamination was observed among the regions.