Commercial Modeling Software Research Articles

A Web‐Based Architecture to Operationalize Geospatial Simulation Environments

AbstractLarge scale geospatial simulation projects require multidisciplinary efforts by actors with highly variable skills and domains of expertise. Subject matter experts, modelers, developers, analysts, and decision makers must collaborate closely to model a real‐world system, simulate it, analyze its results and disseminate them. Simulation environments, tailored to business scenarios, can provide the necessary support to facilitate their collaboration throughout the simulation lifecycle. Commercial modeling and simulation software can provide an environment to facilitate simulation studies for users but, they tend to be narrowly scoped. This research focuses on the different categories of users and introduces four business processes that carry those users across the simulation lifecycle. These concepts are translated into an architecture that facilitates the operationalization of geospatial simulation environments using modeling and simulation as a service and Discrete Event Systems Specification.

Linear solvent strength model on porous graphitic carbon stationary phase using high temperature liquid chromatographic method for allopurinol related substances analysis

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of Allopurinol and its Ph.Eur. impurities using a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase. Retention behavior of solutes was studied across a wide temperature range (30–90 °C) and various gradient times (5–20 min). Analysis of the data revealed distinct retention mechanisms between reversed-phase and PGC phases. However, it was proved that the retention of Allopurinol and its Ph.Eur. impurities on PGC stationary phase can be effectively modeled using the linear solvent strength (LSS) theory. This allows for the utilization of LSS-based method development software to optimize methods under these conditions. By using commercial chromatographic modeling software, separation of Allopurinol and Ph.Eur. impurities was optimized within a large design space. At the optimized operating conditions (pH = 2.0, tG = 6 min, T = 60 °C), all solutes were separated within 6 min with baseline resolution. Comparison between predicted and experimentally measured chromatograms further confirmed the applicability of LSS theory in developing analytical methods for PGC-based HPLC systems. The presented approach offers a general framework for method development on PGC phases.

Development of a New Vertical Dynamic Model of a Rail Vehicle for the Analysis of Ride Comfort

The rail vehicle industry wants to produce vehicles with higher speeds, to maintain and increase its market share. However, when the speed of the vehicle increases, it may have an undesirable effect on ride comfort, in terms of ride dynamics. Recent developments towards lighter and faster vehicles make the problem of ride comfort at higher speeds increasingly important. Focusing on the behavior of flexible rather than rigid body behavior should not be neglected when designing long and light car bodies. There are several approaches to incorporate body flexibility in multibody simulations and they have some superiorities and weaknesses. In this study, an efficient and accurate vertical dynamic model for the ride comfort analysis is developed and implemented in a commercial object-oriented modeling (OOM) software Dymola (2015 FD01) which uses the open-source code Modelica. This model includes car body flexibility with the assembling of a rigid body approach. The developed model is compared to a three-dimensional vehicle model in the commercial Vampire software (Pro V5.50) at different velocities. For the vertical ride comfort analysis, the ISO 2631-1 standard was used for both the developed model and the three-dimensional model. The results are presented as acceleration history and awrms—weighted r.m.s (root mean square) of accelerations—as required by the standard. The developed model has shown its feasibility in terms of its efficiency and accuracy for the vertical ride comfort analysis. The accuracy of the model is evidenced by the fact that the car body vibration level at high speeds shows minor differences compared to the results of the Vampire, which is a validated commercial software in the area of rail vehicle dynamics. The approach involving the assembly of rigid bodies is applied for the first time for high-speed trains in dynamical modelling, with flexible car bodies for ride comfort analysis. Furthermore, it can be used for parametrical studies focusing on ride comfort, thereby offering a quite beneficial framework for addressing the challenges of ride comfort analysis in high-speed rail vehicles. Improvements for and analyses of other aspects are also possible, since the optimization and other useful libraries are readily available in Dymola/Modelica.

A coupled DEM-CFD analysis of asphaltene particles agglomeration in turbulent pipe flow

We performed numerical investigations of the agglomeration behaviour of asphaltene particles in a turbulent pipe flow by using a commercial discrete element modelling (DEM) software, EDEM, coupled with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, FLUENT, in four-way coupling. We describe the particle–particle and particle–wall interactions to the Hertz–Mindlin approach extended with the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts contact force model. The very small size of asphaltene particles, however, requires minor time steps resulting in excessively long computing times. To reduce the latter, we developed a novel scaling method in which (a) the value of the shear modulus is reduced while the non-dimensional Cohesion number is kept constant by also reducing the value of the interfacial energy, and (b) the values of the friction parameters are adapted. We calibrated our scaling method by means of two tests, viz. the stop distance of a single particle sliding and rolling over a flat surface, and a common angle of repose test, both for particles 100 and 60 µm in size. As a result, we were able to increase both the Rayleigh time step and the DEM time step by a factor of 25. The eventual DEM/CFD simulations for 5 µm particles in a turbulent pipe flow still took almost 4 months on a 48 cores workstation. They resulted in visualisations and in quantitative data on, among other things, number and size (gyration radius) of agglomerates, their fractal dimension, and a coordination number, all as a function of time.

Research on the effect of various tongue types on large volute pumps

In order to analyze the effect of different tongue type on large volute pump, this paper takes a large volute pump as the research object, and analyzes the calculation results of three different types of volute models. The commercial modeling software UG is used to construct the small tongue angle, partitioned and large tongue angle volute based on the volute of the model pump. The ANSYS CFX is used to complete the numerical calculations. Comparative analysis of the hydraulic performance and pressure pulsation near the tongue of the three large volute pumps with different types of volutes are carried out. The results show that the efficiency of the partitioned volute plan decreases significantly under the over-load condition, and the pressure pulsation near the tongue is melted under the design condition. The small tongue angle plan is more suitable for large volute pumps.

Port-Hamiltonian fluid–structure interaction modelling and structure-preserving model order reduction of a classical guitar

ABSTRACT A fluid–structure interaction model in a port-Hamiltonian representation is derived for a classical guitar. After discretization, we combine the laws of continuum mechanics for solids and fluids within a unified port-Hamiltonian (pH) modelling approach by adapting the equations through an appropriate coordinate transformation on the second-order level. The high-dimensionality of the resulting system is reduced by model order reduction. The article focuses on pH-systems in different state transformations, a variety of basis generation techniques as well as structure-preserving model order reduction approaches that are independent from the projection basis. As main contribution, a thorough comparison of these method combinations is conducted. In contrast to typical frequency-based simulations in acoustics, transient time simulations of the system are presented. The approach is embedded into a straightforward workflow of sophisticated commercial software modelling and flexible in-house software for multi-physics coupling and model order reduction.

Effect of Nanofluids as Coolant in Automotive Radiator - A Numerical Approach

By using the commercial modelling software, a 3D model of the automotive radiator has been designed. A commercial CFD tool has been used for the numerical study of the radiator. The nanofluids are used as coolant with water to increase the cooling efficiency. Nanofluids such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO) and silicon carbide (SiC) are mixed with ethylene glycol and water to improve the cooling efficiency in this study. At constant temperature, the air velocity is varied from 20 m/s to 30 m/s. An average heat transfer coefficient of various nanofluids for the varied air velocity at constant temperature has increased when the nanofluids are added in the water/ ethylene glycol based on the experimental data. As a coolant, silicon carbide nanofluid was shown to transfer the heat better than aluminium oxide, copper oxide, silver nitrate, iron oxide and ethylene glycol. Nusselt and Reynolds numbers have been shown to be higher. To achieve cooling efficiency, an increase in heat transfer with a change in air velocity is required. The cooling efficiency of the silicon carbide was increased up to 15% when compared to Al2O3 nanofluids.

Analytical quality by design-compliant retention modeling for exploring column interchangeabilities in separating ezetimibe and its related substances

There are several potential advantages of using experimental design-based retention modeling for chromatographic method development. Most importantly, through the model-delivered systematic understanding (Design Spaces), users can benefit from increased method consistency, flexibility and robustness that can efficiently be achieved at lesser amount of development time. As a result, modeling tools have always been great supplementary assets and welcomed by both the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory authorities. Most recently published chapters of ICH however – Q2(R2) and Q14 (both currently drafts) – evidence a further paradigm shift, specifying the elements of model-based development strategies in the so-called “enhanced approach”.The main aim of this study was to investigate the impact of stationary phase chemistries on chromatographic method performance in the application example of ezetimibe and its related substances. A commercial modeling software package (DryLab®) was used to outline three-dimensional experimental design frameworks and acquire model Design Spaces (DSs) of 9 tested columns. This was done by performing 12 input calibration experiments per column, systematically changing critical method parameters (CMPs) as variables such as the gradient time (tG), temperature (T) and the ternary composition (tC) of the mobile phase. The constructed models allowed studying retention behaviors of selected analytes within each separation systems.In the first part of our work, we performed single optimizations for all nine stationary phases with substantially different surface modifications based on their highest achievable critical resolution values. For these optimum points in silico robustness testing was performed, clearly showing a change of CMPs, depending on the column, and specified optimum setpoint.In the second part of our work, we simultaneously compared the three-dimensional virtual separation models to identify all method parameter combinations that could provide at least baseline separation (Rs, crit.>1.50). These overlapping areas between the models described a common method operational design region (MODR) where columns were considered completely interchangeable – in terms of their baseline resolving capability – regardless of their exact physicochemical properties. A final optimized, column-independent working point within the common MODR was selected for verification. Indeed, experimental chromatograms showed excellent agreement with the model; all columns in the common condition were able to yield critical resolution values higher than 2.0, only their retentivity (elution window of peaks) was found different in some cases.Our results underline that a profound understanding of the separation process is of utmost importance andthat in some cases, adequate selectivity is achievable on various stationary phases.

Comparison of Three 3D Segmentation Software Tools for Hip Surgical Planning.

In hip arthroplasty, preoperative planning is fundamental to reaching a successful surgery. Nowadays, several software tools for computed tomography (CT) image processing are available. However, research studies comparing segmentation tools for hip surgery planning for patients affected by osteoarthritic diseases or osteoporotic fractures are still lacking. The present work compares three different software from the geometric, dimensional, and usability perspectives to identify the best three-dimensional (3D) modelling tool for the reconstruction of pathological femoral heads. Syngo.via Frontier (by Siemens Healthcare) is a medical image reading and post-processing software that allows low-skilled operators to produce prototypes. Materialise (by Mimics) is a commercial medical modelling software. 3D Slicer (by slicer.org) is an open-source development platform used in medical and biomedical fields. The 3D models reconstructed starting from the in vivo CT images of the pathological femoral head are compared with the geometries obtained from the laser scan of the in vitro bony specimens. The results show that Mimics and 3D Slicer are better for dimensional and geometric accuracy in the 3D reconstruction, while syngo.via Frontier is the easiest to use in the hospital setting.

Time-phased geospatial siting analysis for renewable hydrogen production facilities under a billion-kilogram-scale build-out using California as an example

For renewable hydrogen to be a significant part of the future decarbonized energy and transportation sectors, a rapid and massive build-out of hydrogen production facilities will be needed. This paper describes a geospatial modeling approach to identifying the optimal locations for renewable hydrogen fuel production throughout the state of California, based on least-cost generation and transport. This is accomplished by (1) estimating and projecting California renewable hydrogen demand scenarios through the year 2050, (2) identifying feedstock locations, (3) excluding areas not suitable for development, and (4) selecting optimal site locations using commercial geospatial modeling software. The findings indicate that there is a need for hundreds of new renewable hydrogen production facilities in the decades preceding the year 2050. In selecting sites for development, feedstock availability by technology type is the driving factor.

Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with UHM CFRP composite Material

Abstract: Structural materials are used in a machine tool have a key role in defining the productivity, accuracy and Size proportions of the part manufactured by machine tool. The conventional structural materials like cast iron and Stainless or carbon steel at high operating speeds but used in precision machine tools grow positional errors due to the vibrations transferred into the Machine tool structure. Faster cutting speeds can be achieve only by structure which has good damping characteristics and high stiffness. Clearly the life of a machine tool is proportional to the levels of vibration Produce by machine. The further Work is carried out to Study the deformation and natural frequency using Static analysis and Modal analysis respectively. The bed in machine tool Took Major role in the precision in components. It is one of the greatest vital tool structures which is absorb the vibrations resultant from the cutting operation. To analyse the bed for possible material changes and Structure changes that could increase stiffness, decrease weight, expand damping characteristics and segregate natural frequency at the operating range. So main enthusiasm behind the impression to go for a composite Material in model involving ultra-High Modulus Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Material (UHM CFRP). In a carbon has good stiffness and strength properties but its absences in damping requirements. On the other hand, polymers, though its deficiencies in strength but, good damping in characteristics and it is easily holding the carbon fibres. So, this is makes greatest combination of materials in an appropriate manner. In this work, a machine tool’s bed is selected for the analysis static loads. Then study is carried out to decrease the weight of the machine tool’s bed without affecting its structural rigidity. The 3D CAD model of the bed has been created by using commercial 3D modelling software and analyses were carried out using ANSYS 2021 R2. Keywords: Composite material, hybrid structures, Milling machine bed, UHM CFRP.

Structural analysis of bending soft pneumatic network actuators for various designs using the finite element method

PurposeThis paper aims to present the numerical analysis of displacements, forces and bend angles of three different structural designs of a soft actuator using the finite element method. The results of this analysis help understand the physical behavior of the soft pneumatic actuator.Design/methodology/approachThe soft actuator is designed using commercial modeling software, and the design of the actuator is analyzed using ABAQUS 19.0 with a standard implicit nonlinear analysis. There are three types of structural designs for actuators, namely, rectangular-base model, trapezoidal-base model and the trapezoidal model considered in the present study.FindingsMaximum displacement, force and bend angle are observed in the rectangular-base model at various pressure levels.Originality/valueThe development of novel designs of the soft pneumatic actuator to undertake a comparative analysis of displacement, force and bend angle.

A simple mathematical treatment for predicting linear solvent strength behavior in gradient elution: Application to biomolecules.

This paper describes an approach to rapidly and easily calculate the linear solvent strength parameters, namely log k 0 and S, under reversed‐phase liquid chromatography conditions. This approach, which requires two preliminary gradient experiments to determine the retention parameters, was applied to various representative compounds including small molecules, peptides, and proteins. The retention time prediction errors were compared to the ones obtained with a commercial HPLC modeling software, and a good correlation was found between the values. However, two important constraints have to be accounted for to maintain good predictions with this new approach: i) the retention factor at the initial composition of the preliminary gradient series have to be large enough (i.e., log k i above 2.1) and ii) the retention models have to be sufficiently linear. While these two conditions are not always met with small molecules or even peptides, the situation is different with large biomolecules. This is why our simple calculation method should be preferentially applied to calculate the linear solvent strength parameters of protein samples.

MoHydroLib: An HMU Library for Gas Turbine Control System with Modelica

Modelica is an open-source, object-oriented equation-based modeling language. It is suitable for describing sophisticated dynamic systems (symmetry/asymmetry) as it uses mathematical acausal equations to express physical characteristics. The hydraulic mechanical units (HMU) of gas turbine engine control systems couple the contents of mechanical, hydraulic, symmetry, and other multidisciplinary fields. This paper focuses on the Modelica description method of those HMU models. The content of this work is threefold: firstly, the division form of basic elements in HMU is defined, and the method for describing these element models with Modelica is proposed; secondly, the organization of the element models is defined by using the inheritance characteristics of Modelica, and a lightweight (small code scale) component model is designed; and finally, the causal/acausal connections are designed according to bond graph theory, and the elements and components are integrated into a prototype modeling library. In this paper, the modeling library is verified by comparing simulation results of five typical HMU subsystem models with commercial modeling and simulation software.

Modeling of filament level plain woven Kevlar 49 fabric for accurate prediction of yarn pull-out behavior

This paper proposes two numerical and one analytical yarn pull-out models to investigate pull-out behavior and its energy transfer mechanism. First, the microgeometry of a two-dimensional woven fabric is generated with 112 fibers per yarn mesh implementing the digital element approach. In this approach, one yarn consists of a bundle of fibers and one fiber is made of a chain of rod elements. As such, the realistic yarn surface and yarn cross-section shapes are derived from fiber alignment. Meanwhile, a yarn-level fabric model with constant yarn cross-sectional shape is built on commercial textile modeling software TexGen. Then, both numerical and analytical yarn pull-out models are proposed to investigate the fabric performance. Results show the pull-out force and transferred energy of the digital element approach model is higher than the other two models and closer to the experimental data. This indicates that the realistic yarn surface introduces more contact points and the period of the pull-out force is determined by material properties rather than detailed fabric geometric configuration. Second, a detailed parametric study is carried out with a broad range of friction coefficient and tensile preload. The simulation results find out, when the tensile pre-load is between 50 N and 300 N, the transverse force drops immediately after the pull-out process begins. When the tensile pre-load reaches 400 N, the transverse force increases instead. This phenomenon indicates that the transverse force is sensitive to tensile pre-load and can be used as an indicator to detect residual stress in fabric.

A GIS-based Screening Workflow for Coastal Storm Surge Impact Assessments and Mitigation Action Consideration

Balstrøm, T. and Kirby, J., 2022. A GIS-based screening workflow for coastal storm surge impact assessments and mitigation action consideration. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(4), 712–724. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A GIS-based screening workflow is presented, providing first overviews of storm surge–induced inundation impacts along coastlines and where to consider mitigative action. The modeling is based on analysis of a hydro-conditioned digital terrain model (DTM) in Esri's ArcGIS Pro environment targeting undergraduate students, professional municipality planners, federal agencies, and more. Unlike existing commercial inundation modeling software, this application works in a simplified timeless setting on steady-state surge levels. This is accomplished only at the cost of not predicting when a specific targeted location is inundated. In return, fast computations are obtained. First, it is demonstrated how the DTM is turned into a hydro-conditioned terrain model, DHyMSea, protecting surges from entering land where sluices, high-water flaps, etc., are present. Second, the inundation screening is initiated for a user-defined number of sea levels. The outputs are individual raster layers for each level showing inundation extents and depths. Also, outputs are produced for each modeled level to back trace where the inundation came from. Third, a combined raster shows the minimum surge level to inundate any cell in the DHyMSea. Fourth, when considered where to raise protecting dikes, they can be digitized and have their elevation values stamped onto the DHyMSea. Finally, the inundation scenarios can be re-executed to evaluate the mitigation impact; if necessary, the dikes' locations and elevation properties can be reconsidered, and the workflow re-executed once more. The workflow has proven successful in first assessments of inundation threats where sea levels are expected to rise significantly over the coming decades. Additionally, the workflow has proven successful in quality assessments of a DTM. To demonstrate the workflow's capabilities, storm surge consequences for the greater Copenhagen region's coastline in Denmark are discussed for inundation scenarios ranging from 1.0 m to 3.9 m above sea level in steps of 0.1 m.

Development of a 3-D confinement-dependent dilation model for brittle rocks; part 2, formulation and parameterization based on the Cartesian plastic strain increments ratios approach

Experiences from deep mining have seen an increase in operational and safety challenges related to excessive rock mass bulking due to brittle fracturing and spalling. These have exposed limitations in available constitutive models used to assess post-peak deformation potential, as required for excavation support design. Despite the spalling process being driven by extensional fracturing in the low-confined rock near the excavation boundary, the yield and dilation models available in commercial numerical modelling software are dominated by shear-based models (e.g., Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown, etc.) more suitable for shear fracturing under intermediate to high confinement. In the context of plasticity theory , this corresponds to important limitations that arise from the assumptions inherent in the development of dilation models (also referred to as flow rules). Flow rules determine the relative incremental plastic straining of the yielding rock under a specific stress state and at a specific plastic straining history. The commonly-used flow rules in rock engineering have been shaped by experiences in soil mechanics and weak rock, and consequently, ignore the fact that stress-induced brittle fracturing has a strong directional component and is sensitive to 3-D confinement. In particular, the influence of the intermediate principal stress , σ 2 , on the directionality and magnitude of dilation is not accounted for. Another limitation is that many advanced dilation models require numerous empirical parameters that do not have clear physical meaning. This conflicts with the of practitioners being able to intuitively understand the influence and sensitivity of important controlling parameters on modelled deformation response . In the Part 1 companion paper to this, we presented the theoretical framework for deriving a non-potential flow rule using the concept of Cartesian-based Plastic Strain Increments Ratios (PSIRs). We demonstrated the advantages of using PSIRs for understanding the 3-D dilation/contraction behaviour of rock in relation to the underlying 3-D confinement-dependent fracturing processes. In this Part 2 paper, we first conduct a thorough review of existing dilation models and their formulation to investigate mathematical models that can be used to effectively represent both pre- and post-peak dilative behaviour in brittle rocks. We then further investigate the true dilative characteristics of brittle rock using triaxial compression test data for Lac du Bonnet Pink Granite . This data and analysis are further used to validate and parameterize the model developed. Next, we derive a σ 2 -independent dilation model based on the PSIR concept and use this to then develop a 3-D σ 2 -dependent dilation model, both of which are first-of-their-kind. The derivations also outline how the PSIR approach allows for optimization of the number of input parameters required for the dilation model, each with physical meaning. Finally, the advantages over existing dilation models used in practice is demonstrated and discussed with respect to the importance of σ 2 - and strain history-dependency in relation to 3-D brittle fracturing and bulking processes.

Development of a 3-D confinement-dependent dilation model for brittle rocks; Part 1, derivation of a Cartesian plastic strain increments ratios approach for non-potential flow rules

The viability and success of a deep mining or tunnelling project is dependent on a safe, reliable support design. In highly-stressed brittle rock, this design must properly account for the excessive deformations and bulking that can occur due to stress-induced extensional fracturing (referred to as spalling or slabbing) near the excavation boundary. Important is the recognition that stress-induced brittle fracturing is dominated by an extensional fracture mode with a directional dilation component that is highly sensitive to 3-D confinement. This behaviour differs from that represented by popular elastoplastic yield and dilation models used in commercial numerical modelling software (e.g., Mohr-Coulomb) that have been developed based on experiences involving ductile behaviour and shear in soils and weak rocks. Recent experiences suggest that these are inappropriate for robust design in brittle rock and can be dangerously misleading. The importance of the dilation model and its implementation through a flow rule – which determines the relative incremental plastic straining under a specific stress state and at a specific plastic straining history – has particularly been overlooked. Numerical analyses in most cases adopt the oversimplifying assumption of a uniform dilation model (that is independent of confinement and plastic strain history), using as input a constant dilation angle ψ. This imposes significant limitations in modelling the extent of the yielding zone and the resulting displacements. More advanced dilation models exist. However, they suffer from two key deficiencies: i) most do not account for the influence of the intermediate principal stress, σ2, on the directionality and magnitude of dilation; and ii) many require numerous empirical parameters or variables that do not have physical meaning (neither phenomenologically, nor micro-mechanically), making it difficult for practitioners to intuitively understand the influence and sensitivity of each parameter on the modelled response. This paper, presented in two parts, reviews the mathematical expression of the flow rule and its physical meaning in relation to brittle fracturing, and addresses the deficiencies in current dilation models by developing a new non-potential flow rule that accounts for the directionality and 3-D confinement-dependency of dilation (i.e., both σ3- and σ2-dependency), and uses parameters/variables that have physical meaning. In Part 1, we present a new framework for understanding and modelling the 3-D directionality of plastic deformations in Cartesian coordinates using what we call Plastic Strain Increments Ratios (PSIRs). The 3-D PSIRs are phenomenologically meaningful as they describe relative plastic straining. More importantly, we show that they are micro-mechanically meaningful as they associate the 3-D directionality of dilation with the different 3-D fracturing modes observed in intact brittle rock under various polyaxial stress states. In the Part 2 companion paper, we use these PSIRs to develop and derive the formulation of a new dilation model involving a non-potential 3-D confinement-dependent flow rule.

Application of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics to Particular Flow Cases Solved by Saint-Venant Equations

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian mesh free particle method which has been developed and widely applied to different areas in engineering. Recently, the SPH method has also been used to solve the shallow water equations, resulting in (SPH-SWEs) formulations. With the significant developments made, SPH-SWEs provide an accurate computational tool for solving problems of wave propagation, flood inundation, and wet-dry interfaces. Capabilities of the SPH method to solve Saint-Venant equations have been tested using a SPH-SWE code to simulate different hydraulic test cases. Results were compared to other established and commercial hydraulic modelling packages that use Eulerian approaches. The test cases cover non-uniform steady state profiles, wave propagation, and flood inundation cases. The SPH-SWEs simulations provided results that compared well with other established and commercial hydraulic modeling packages. Nevertheless, SPH-SWEs simulations experienced some drawbacks such as loss of inflow water volume of up to 2%, for 2D flood propagation. Simulations were carried out using an open source solver, named SWE-SPHysics.

Study case: evaluation of pallets manufactured by structural foam with polietilene from analysis by the finite element method and mechanical tests

This document presents the implementation of the methodology for the evaluation of non-metallic materials, through the modeling, simulation and diagnosis of components manufactured by the high-density polyethylene injection method called structural foam, where a mixture is made between an inert gas and polyethylene of two origins: a part of recycled material and the other part of new material. This type of manufacturing is carried out for the shaping of stowage-type components, for the transport of containers of liquid substances. For the evaluation of the Stowage, a simulation was carried out from a commercial modeling software, Autodesk Inventor, based on the geometry, the mixture of materials, the attachment points and border parameters, the location and type of loads to simulate, and the different ways in which the loaded stowage would be used. After this, mechanical tests were carried out to determine the properties of the materials in their different mixtures and a feedback process of the finite element model was carried out, thus obtaining results with a minimum error factor, and thus issuing a diagnosis, focused on which material mixing ratio was the most suitable, based on the critical points of the stowage, its stress and deformations, and its safety factor. Finally, the existence of imperfections (bubbles), typical of the manufacturing process, which tend to have an incidence as concentrators of intrinsic efforts, and as critical points, is considered.