Commercial Interior Research Articles

Commercial Space Interior Design Expression in Commercial Block

In the overall design of urban design, the design of commercial space is also a key project, with the rapid development of the economy, the living conditions of the people are gradually getting better, the progress of science and technology and the development of the Internet make the content of the commercial space become particularly rich, in the fast-paced tired life, people's desire for shopping and entertainment is becoming stronger and stronger, how to attract the attention of customers in the commercial space, how to make the design of the commercial space satisfy the customer, how to meet the aesthetic and other requirements in the case of practicality, this is the current commercial space design should be considered, in the context of low-carbon life, the harmony between man and nature is a popular topic. This design is to create an atmosphere with the theme of "symbiosis" through the rational use of design elements related to "ecology" through the interior design of the commercial space, and strive to achieve the feeling of harmony between man and nature.

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Commercial Aircraft Interior Surfaces with Implications for Effective Control Measures.

The COVID-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2022 devastated many aspects of life and the economy, with the commercial aviation industry being no exception. One of the major concerns during the pandemic was the degree to which the internal aircraft environment contributed to virus transmission between humans and, in particular, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on contact surfaces in the aircraft cabin interior. In this study, the stability of various major strains of SARS-CoV-2 on interior aircraft surfaces was evaluated using the TCID50 assessment. In contrast to terrestrial materials, SARS-CoV-2 was naturally less stable on common contact points in the aircraft interior, and, over a 4 h time period, there was a 90% reduction in culturable virus. Antiviral and surface coatings were extremely effective at mitigating the persistence of the virus on surfaces; however, their benefit was diminished by regular cleaning and were ineffective after 56 days of regular use and cleaning. Finally, successive strains of SARS-CoV-2 have not evolved to be more resilient to survival on aircraft surfaces. We conclude that the mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 on interior aircraft surfaces are more than sufficient, and epidemiological evidence over the past three years has not found that surface spread is a major route of transmission.

Treatment of Potted Zebra Plant and Inch Plant with Antigibberellin Plant Growth Regulators Slows Stem Elongation in an Interior Green Wall

In commercial interior green walls, plant trimming and replacement necessitated by stem elongation under low interior light levels is labor intensive and costly. Antigibberellin plant growth regulators (PGRs) may slow stem elongation and thus reduce maintenance costs in this environment. In Expt. 1, two PGRs were applied as foliar spray or drench to three spiderwort selections [two of zebra plant (Tradescantia zebrina) and one of inch plant (Tradescantia fluminensis)] immediately before installation in a green wall, each at three rates: ancymidol (ANC) foliar spray at 25, 100, and 200 mg·L−1; paclobutrazol (PBZ) foliar spray at 20, 80, and 160 mg·L−1; and PBZ drench at 1, 4, and 8 mg·L−1, along with an untreated control. In Expt. 2, 80 mg·L−1 PBZ foliar spray, 1 mg·L−1 PBZ applied via subirrigation four times, and the combination of these two treatments, was evaluated on ‘Burgundy’ zebra plant. In both experiments, plants were placed in a vertical modular tray interior green wall. Change in total stem and specific internode length were measured every 14 days after installation for 3 months to calculate growth per month. Antigibberellin application slowed internode elongation of spiderwort selections during the first month after installation. Antigibberellins were more effective in zebra plant at reducing overall stem growth rate and less so on inch plant. Across the three spiderwort selections, 25 mg·L−1 foliar spray of ANC resulted in no difference in growth rate when compared with the control, although 100 to 200 mg·L−1 foliar spray was effective. Based on the results of both experiments, moderate and high rates of PBZ, applied both as a foliar spray and drench, resulted in similar reduction in stem elongation. PBZ applied as 20 to 80 mg·L−1 foliar spray, 4 mg·L−1 drench before installation in the wall, or a combination of an 80 mg·L−1 PBZ pre-installation foliar spray and recurring 1 mg·L−1 via subirrigation (four times) were effective at growth suppression of spiderworts for at least 3 months. Even rates of PBZ of 160 mg·L−1 foliar spray or 8 mg·L−1 drench did not show phytotoxicity in treated plants and could be considered for use. We recommend a pre-installation application of 80 mg·L−1 foliar spray or 4 mg·L−1 drench for controlling stem growth across spiderwort selections. Application of antigibberellin PGRs to plants before installation in green walls slows stem growth and can contribute to reduced maintenance costs.

Colorized visual aesthetics of interior design based on the VAR model

Abstract Color matching is an extremely critical aspect of interior design, and the development of the times has put forward higher requirements for the science of color matching. In this paper, the framework of the structural vector autoregressive model is established by introducing a structural equation in the vector autoregressive model, associating the equation for the lagged value of each endogenous variable and the deterministic time trend term, and solving the equation according to the contemporaneous relationship between data variables. Meanwhile, the structural equation is transformed into the induced form, and the parameters of the SVAR model are estimated using the perturbation terms of the induced form. Then, the underlying principle of color matching effect is analyzed in terms of hue, lightness, and purity based on the SVAR model, and the design is optimized by combining the needs in different scenes. For the home’s interior design, the color matching based on the SVAR model improved the spatial sense effect by 24.05% on average. For office interior design, the SVAR approach improved the emotional expression effect by an average of 18.96%. For commercial interior design, SVAR-based color matching effectively improved coordination by 11.25%. This study helps to break the traditional interior design color application, emphasizes the role of ambiance played by color, and provides an effective addition to the theory of color application in interior design.

Study on the application of reuse and recyclable materials in designing the regional commercial interior spaces

The environmental crisis experienced by the world today has created an awareness about the need for sustainability in building industry. Both materials and the technology, used by the designer, affect the environment directly or indirectly. Hence, it is the responsibility of a designer to choose and use the materials that tend to leave a smaller carbon footprint. The objective of the current study is to explore the potentials of using the reusable and recyclable materials and how these can be incorporated in designing the interior spaces. The methodology of the study is in two folds, firstly the types, sources and applications of reuse and recycled materials, issues and limitations in using the reuse and recyclable materials is studied through secondary data. Secondly, the net cases and live cases of the interior projects that adopted the application of reuse and recycled materials are studied and analysed to understand the potentials of using these materials and how it is incorporated in designing the interior spaces. This study is limited only to commercial interiors. The outcome of the study will help the research community to understand about the application of these materials in commercial interiors. This way, the design can be developed in a sustainable manner in terms of cost and aesthetic appeal for a sustainable future.

Risk Assessment for Fast Tracked Commercial Interior Fit-Out IT/ITES Projects in India

This paper is about risk management in fast-track commercial interior fit out projects. The aim of the study is to identify risk in interior fit out projects such as in offices of IT/ITES, also to understand how to manage those risk and to propose a framework to mitigate risk in interior fit out projects. An effort has been made to study and identify the factors which includes overall risks and delivery risk in an interior fit out. Various Strategy such as delay management, Resource Management and technological choice has also been taken into consideration. Factors based on available literatures were taken and a questionnaire survey was floated having total 25 questions and factors are selected based on ranking based on Relative importance index.

Diversifying Anatomical Models

To increase diversity in health and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, it is imperative to create inclusive laboratory tools and environments for students. Unfortunately, most human anatomical models depict white males who are young and lean. This limited representation may discourage students who are considering careers in STEM fields and medicine. Therefore, we painted anatomical models to represent more diverse skin tones. First, the models (3B Deluxe Human Torso) were taped with painters' tape to cover areas that did not need to be painted. Then, the models were cleaned using alcohol prep pads to remove any excess dirt or dust. Commercial grade interior paint (Valspar Satin Interior Paint in colors Cordovan and Cowboy Hat) was applied to the anatomical models with paint brushes (Master’s Touch soft nylon). To create more realistic skin tones, we mixed red and blue acrylic paints (Master’s Touch in Permanent Red and Phthalocyanine Blue) into each paint shade to achieve unique colors. Three layers of paint were applied to each model and each layer dried within one hour. Details such as lip and eye color and hair texture were also added to the models. To maintain the longevity of the paint, clear varnish (Liquitex Finishing Varnish in Satin) was applied. The total process (preparation, paint, and dry time) for one model took a total of five hours. One of the primary goals of our work is that our painting process can be used as a blueprint for other educators and medical professionals to increase inclusivity in their learning spaces and labs and further diversify their anatomical education tools. Creating an inclusive education experience may encourage more students of color and underrepresented minorities to pursue health and STEM graduate degrees. This will increase healthcare quality for patient populations and move the field towards greater health equity. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Post Occupancy Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in Green Rated Commercial Interiors

Good indoor air quality is crucial for the health, happiness, and satisfaction of the occupants. Since we spend so much time indoors, it is essential to maintain a reasonable level of indoor air quality. One of the elements contributing to the decline in indoor air quality was the interior materials. Having acknowledged this, green building rating systems have incorporated the use of low-emitting materials as a credit that may be gained. A system for assessing commercial interiors with a focus on interior materials exists and has been used by several commercial offices. This study aimed to understand the indoor air quality in green-rated commercial interior spaces that have won points for the use of low-emitting materials and indoor air quality. A post-occupancy review was conducted on an IGBC rated green commercial interior office space, in which various pollutant concentrations were measured and observations were made regarding space usage, cleaning processes, and maintenance. Almost 41.9% of the areas that were studied had CO2 values that exceeded the threshold. Additionally, the concentration of PM 2.5 was elevated in all locations, particularly during partial occupancy. The findings indicate that the use of low-emitting materials and finishes in office interiors helped to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the indoor environment. However, the concentrations of these various pollutants also depended on several other factors, such as the ventilation system, the use of electronic equipment, the frequency of cleaning practises, etc.

Investigation of the fastening behavior of self-tapping plastic joints with various supporting ribs

This work aimed at investigating the fastening behavior of self-tapping screw joints installed on a tubular-shaped plastic boss with supporting ribs using finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments. For joining the commercial vehicle interior components, most plastic plates are mounted on the ribs of the boss for easier assembly unlike conventional plastic joints, so the ribs endure the preload of the screw rather than the boss itself. Because of this distinctive structural characteristic, different fastening behaviors were observed for the shape of the rib. For a boss with relatively weak ribs, the clamping force did not increase above a specific value, even when the tightening torque gradually increased during the fastening process. The relationships among the tightening torque, clamping force, and rotating angle of the screw were investigated using FEA, for nine different bosses with ribs of various shapes. Tightening experiments on the two types of bosses were also conducted to validate the FEA results. Finally, the joint performance, the maximum clamping force, of the nine bosses was compared on a basis of the normalized stiffness of the rib.

Comparative Study of Non-Rare-Earth and Rare-Earth PM Motors for EV Applications

Recently, non-rare-earth motors are attracting more and more attention due to the booming of the electric vehicle (EV) market and, more importantly, the increasing price of the rare-earth magnet material. This paper focuses on the performance comparison among a commercial interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor and two non-rare-earth motors, including a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and a permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM). The design procedure to develop a high-torque-density, low-torque-ripple and high-efficiency SynRM is presented. Combined with a developed automatic modeling and simulation procedure, the finite element analysis (FEA)-based differential evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced for the SynRM rotor optimization. In order to fully inspire the potential of the SynRM, a novel method to optimize the motor split ratio is proposed under the constraint of the copper loss. In addition, different slot–pole combinations are investigated to maximize the motor torque, and the rotor structure is also dealt with towards the centrifugal stress at the maximum operating speed. Finally, the motor performance comparison is carried out, and the results show that although the SynRM achieves almost 61% cost savings, its poor torque capability, power factor and flux weakening (FW) capability are non-negligible defects. On the contrary, the PMaSynRM exhibits excellent features for the EV applications in terms of cost, torque density, efficiency and FW capability. This paper presents a novel split ratio optimization method for the optimal SynRM/PMaSynRM design and demonstrates the characteristics of the IPM motors, SynRMs and PMaSynRMs for EV applications.

Implementation of Service Learning Method Approach in Commercial Space Interior Design Case Study: UMKM Tiara Handicraft in Surabaya, Indonesia

The learning methods is a systemic and organized process carried out by lecturers in delivering material to students. There are plenty learning methods that are used in a study process, one of which is Service Learning. Service Learning is a form of constructive learning method that connects between material and theory obtained in the classroom to apply it into a concrete and useful actions for the surrounding community. Creative and innovative idea is needed in commercial space interior design. This is very appropriate with the purpose of Service Learning, where the highs and lows of learning outcomes can be influenced by internal and external factors. Keywords: Service Learning Methods, Interior Design, Commercial Space

Meaning of Gaze Behaviors in Individuals' Perception and Interpretation of Commercial Interior Environments: An Experimental Phenomenology Approach Involving Eye-Tracking.

A critical question in interior design is how multisensory information is integrated into occupant perception and interpretation of the environmental contexts and meanings. Although there have been efforts to identify and theorize visual perception of interior factors or features (e.g., colors, fixtures, and signs), the hidden meanings behind visual attention and behaviors have been neglected in interior design research. This experimental phenomenological study investigates the impact of auditory stimuli on the gaze behaviors of individuals and the hidden meanings of their audio-visual perceptions of commercial interiors. Implementing eye-tracking and open-ended interviews, this study explored how the neurophysiological and phenomenological methods in complementary can serve for interior design research on the meaning of gaze behaviors. The study used a convenience sample of 26 participants, three coffee shop interior images, and two musical stimuli. Essential to this study is the interpretive analysis of corresponding eye-tracking and interview data. The results show that visual perception is affected by auditory stimuli and other interior elements and factors associated with personal experiences; however, no distinct gaze pattern is identified by the type of auditory stimuli. The fixation patterns showed mixed reflections of the participants' perceptions, e.g., a single fixation pattern reflecting participants' likes and dislikes. Findings included six essential meanings of participants' gaze behaviors. This study suggested that auditory and visual stimuli are reciprocal in individuals' perceptions. Rather than one affects the other, the interaction between sensory stimuli contributes to the complexity and intensity of multisensory stimuli people associate with their experiences and conceptualize with meanings they establish.

THE LEED-COMMERCIAL INTERIORS (V4) PROJECTS IN CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Commercial Interior Certified, Silver, and Gold projects version 4.0 (LEED-CIv4) in California for the period 2015‒2020. Nonparametric tests were used to assess category and credit achievement, i.e., the difference between possible and achieved points and the correlation between associated credits. The results show that most of the credits in the location and transportation category and the indoor environmental quality categories had a high level of achievement, a few credits in the energy and atmosphere and materials and resources categories had a high level of achievement, and all of the credits in the water efficiency category had a low level of achievement. Some associated credits, such as surrounding density and quality transit, had a high level of achievement and a positive correlation, whereas other associated credits, such as life-cycle impact reduction and environmental product declarations, had a low level of achievement and a positive correlation. If LEED-CIv4 credits meet the requirements of the California Green Building Standards Code 2016 (CGBSC 2016), then these credits typically have a medium/high level of achievement. If LEED-CIv4 credits exceed the requirements of CGBSC 2016, then these credits have a low level of achievement. Therefore, to improve the next version of LEED-CI, it is necessary to improve the local green codes.

Exploring Informed–Design Services during the Project–Defining Phases in Commercial Interior Design

Given the growing recognition of design's influence on a range of performative outcomes, interior designers stand to capitalize on new opportunities—if they adeptly respond to new responsibilities. These responsibilities often begin by formulating well–defined problems, which, in turn, serve as the basis for informed–design solutions. However, the extent to which commercial interior designers offer informed–design services has yet to be identified. This study sought to understand the knowledge acquisition and knowledge application practices of commercial interior designers during the project–defining phases of the design process. It investigated these tactics by first identifying designers’ perceptions of their clients’ priorities and then comparing the delivery of informed–design services across contextual factors and individual characteristics. Finally, the study examined the communication processes involved in providing these services. Survey results from 165 commercial interior designers suggest that the provision of informed–design services is influenced by client priorities, market sector, and firm characteristics. Differences were also revealed among individual factors of professional preparation, title, and experience level, with senior–level staff more inclined to perform informed–design services. Moreover, while designers seemingly value services that employ dynamic, diachronic communication processes, they most often perform those involving two–way communication. Findings point to disparities between the most frequently provided services and those designers perceive to offer the most project insight. Taken together, results suggest that designers value a range of voices, but may not always invite these voices to the table.

Design and implementation of a modular interior-point solver for linear optimization

This paper introduces the algorithmic design and implementation of Tulip, an open-source interior-point solver for linear optimization. It implements a regularized homogeneous interior-point algorithm with multiple centrality corrections, and therefore handles unbounded and infeasible problems. The solver is written in Julia, thus allowing for a flexible and efficient implementation: Tulip’s algorithmic framework is fully disentangled from linear algebra implementations and from a model’s arithmetic. In particular, this allows to seamlessly integrate specialized routines for structured problems. Extensive computational results are reported. We find that Tulip is competitive with open-source interior-point solvers on the H. Mittelmann’s benchmark of barrier linear programming solvers. Furthermore, we design specialized linear algebra routines for structured master problems in the context of Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition. These routines yield a tenfold speedup on large and dense instances that arise in power systems operation and two-stage stochastic programming, thereby outperforming state-of-the-art commercial interior point method solvers. Finally, we illustrate Tulip’s ability to use different levels of arithmetic precision by solving problems in extended precision.

Evaluating LEED commercial interior (LEED-CI) projects under the LEED transition from v3 to v4: the differences between China and the US

This study aims to assess the difference between projects from versions 3 (v3) and 4 (v4) of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interiors (LEED-CI) rating system in China and the US at the Silver and Gold certificate levels. Non-parametric statistics are used to estimate these differences. We analyze the Sustainable Sites (SS), Location and Transportation (LT), Water Efficiency (WE), Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR), and Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) categories for the LEED-CI Silver and Gold projects. The results show that the WE and EA categories in v3 and the WE, EA, LT, and MR categories in v4 are implemented differently in China and the US. For the LEED-CI Silver and Gold projects, the MR and EQ categories in v3 and the EQ category in v4 show similar implementation in China and the US. The LEED-CIv3 SS category shows a different result at the Gold level but the same at the Silver level when comparing China and the US. Thus, at the Silver and Gold levels of the LEED-CI projects, v4, rather than v3, provides more opportunities to highlight the environmental priorities of China and the US.

LEED-CIv4 Commercial Interiors: United States (2014–2019)

This paper analyzes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Interior Design and Construction: Commercial Interior (LEED-CIv4) projects, thereby presenting the first empirical evidence of these projects. The aim of the study was to reveal trends in Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum LEED-CIv4 US projects, certified in 2014–2019. The effect size between possible and achieved points in categories and credits was measured using Cliff’s δ. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) the Integrative Process, Innovation, and Regional Priority categories showed high achievements only in Platinum projects, so it is necessary to reconsider these categories toward increasing their acceptance at all certification levels; (ii) the Location and Transportation and Indoor Environmental Quality categories were quite well-designed because most credits in these categories showed varying levels of achievement (low/medium/high/very high) at all four certification levels; and (iii) the Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, and Material and Resources categories were badly designed because most credits there similarly showed low achievements at all four certification levels, thus needing more attention toward their improvement in the next LEED-CI version.

Comparing employability priorities of emerging and experienced interior designers

Abstract While design scholars have long explored the design process and its underlining decision-making tactics, few empirical studies have examined other judgements that may also influence design practice, such as the skills and contributions of new hires and their fit with their firms’ management style, culture and values. To probe employability priorities, this study first explored broad-based and discipline-specific literature, accreditation standards, and recent position announcements from interior design practice. Next, in order to define those skills and traits most highly valued in commercial interior design, new quantitative survey data was collected from emerging interior designers, and, in turn, was compared to extant research findings on the hiring priorities of experienced management practitioners within the interior design consultancy industry. Survey responses support earlier findings emphasizing soft skills while contributing to the literature by highlighting differing priorities between experienced interior designers and those whom they are likely to hire (i.e. emerging design professionals). Such differing priorities may have resonance in allied design disciplines, which is discussed with implications for design management hiring practice, emerging design professionals’ employability efforts, and practices of educators aiming to enhance the employability of design graduates.

Green interior walls and their use in sustainable commercial spaces

The environmental, economic and social dimensions represent the basic pillars of sustainable development - and the environmental dimension aims at achieving ecological balance, preserving the natural and constructed environment from the negative effects and its repercussions on human health and productivity. One of the most important pillars of sustainable architecture is to achieve a healthy internal environment where it must be ensured The system of materials and buildings does not cause the emission of toxic gases in the internal environment, and to ensure the quality of the indoor air through continuous purification, and to take advantage of the properties of plants used in the indoor spaces. Green interior walls are one of the solutions of contemporary interior architecture, which began to be used mainly in architectural facades, and moved to the interior spaces to realize its multiple benefits - which include environmental, psychological and economic aspects, and green interior walls require adequate awareness of the structural and design style of it, and Drainage and feeding operations, taking into account the insulation system, and its construction loads. The research studies green interior walls, and the most important design and technical considerations for them Its multiple benefits in contemporary commercial interior spaces, which include the environmental aspect such as indoor air purification, the design aspect in which the properties of these plants are employed in terms of the external line, color and texture of the selected plants, and the commercial side, where they can be used as central attractions that achieve advertising goals for institutions Commercial.

Reducing Torque Ripple Using Axial Pole Shaping in Interior Permanent Magnet Machines

This article compares various design techniques for torque ripple reduction using a commercial industrial interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM). These design techniques include the traditional skewing, radial pole shaping, and the proposed axial pole shaping. The new axial pole shaping technique achieves a particular flux concentration pattern on the rotor surface along the axial direction through shaping the pole arc radially and axially. The flux concentration pattern was optimized using the differential evolution algorithm. All three design techniques are implemented individually in the same commercial IPMM design. The performance of all the techniques was simulated using finite element method. The comparative study shows that the proposed axial pole shaping can reduce the torque ripple effectively with minimum torque reduction compared to the other two traditional techniques. The predicted results were validated experimentally through a variety of tests in which the measurements show reasonably good agreement with the predicted performance.