Commercial Ideology Research Articles

Nigeria’s Female Educational Development Crises under Recessive Economy; The Way Forward

In any case, it is of relevance and worthy to note that for a proper understanding of the study entitled “Nigeria’s Female Educational Development Crises Under Recessive Economy; The way forward” it would be interesting to note that it is an intellectual attempt to highlight the meaning and examine the concept of “female education from gender point of view, purely for the liberation of women against the bondage of gender inequality. The subject matter of the write – up largely centers on the explored and examined obstacles militating against Girl-Child Education with reference to its situation in some Northern states in the 21stCentury.Both oral, published and unpublished sources were used in conducting the study. However, among the major causes of low level of enrolment and other impediments include, socio-economic, political and religious factors such as evolution of religious, economic and commercial ideologies of kidnapping, bargaining, ransom, activities of insurgencies, bandits, moral decadence, poverty, unemployment, failure of the parents and governments to reciprocate the gestures and unfortunate state of the parents and the Nigerian economies. The study found that it is very disheartening to highlight that fifteen Northern states are below average regarding the ratio of their girls in schools. The states are: Bauchi, Katsina, Benue, Jigawa, Adamawa, Niger, Sokoto and others, However, the study further shows that Katsina, Sokoto and Zamafara are as 23.6% of female enrolment. The international agencies, UK, Department for International Development in its commitment to support female education has as a result donated the sum of E25 million, Katsina, Sokoto, Benue, Borno, Niger and Jigawa are the beneficiaries, at the tail end, the study proffers the way forward

The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought, ed. Frans De Bruyn

<i>The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought</i>, ed. Frans De Bruyn

A Study on the Discourse of Korean New Middle Age’s Appearance: Focusing on the Semantic Analysis in Newspaper Articles

This study analyzed the significance and the sociocultural meaning of the appearance of the new middle age as a rising generation caused by the ageing population. For this purpose, the contents analysis of the newspaper articles related to the new middle age’s appearance and the semantic analysis of the appearance discourse in the contextual meaning were both used. The process in which significance arose were as follows. First, the new middle age were differentiated from the previous middle aged people by appearance and appearance management behavior. The new middle age have a higher level of education and a wider sociocultural experiences than those of the previous generation, but they emphasized the differentiation of the appearance in the discourse. Second, the new middle age were categorized as a new consumption group of the appearance-oriented lifestyle. So, appearance-seeking behavior is required in the new middle age. Third, the appearance discourse was idealizing the appearance of a successful middle aged star and have been persuaded that the pursuit of the ideal values is due to appearance-related consumption. So, the discourse of new middle age’s appearance was socially reconstructed through the differentiation of appearance with the previous middle age generation, categorization into the appearance&#8211;oriented lifestyle group, and idealization of the successful middle aged star appearance. Next, the implications of the discourses of the new middle age appearance were in the sociocultural context analyzed as follows. First, the new middle age have emerged as an important consumers of appearance-related consumption. There were shifting to the main consumer and the commercial ideology was maximized. Second, the young and charmingly symbolized appearance was a strategy for success and survival as acquired capital. In fact, appearance capital against aging can only be acquired by continuous effort and investment, so that the efforts to acquire it can be as a social oppression mechanism at aging age. Third, the appearance without heterogeneity with younger generations is used as a communication tool. And the new middle age operated it voluntarily. It can be interpreted as a generational characteristic with rationality and adaptability to change. However, it implied the function of the cultural mechanism.

“My” Hero or Epic Fail? Torchwood as Transnational Telefantasy

Telefantasy series Torchwood (2006–2011, multiple production partners) was industrially and paratextually positioned as being Welsh, despite its frequent status as an international co-production. When, for series 4 (subtitled Miracle Day, much as the miniseries produced as series 3 was subtitled Children of Earth), the production (and diegesis) moved primarily to the United States as a co-production between BBC Worldwide and American premium cable broadcaster Starz, fan response was negative from the announcement, with the series being termed Americanised in popular and academic discourse. This study, drawn from my doctoral research, which interrogates all of these assumptions via textual, industrial/contextual and audience analysis focusing upon ideological, aesthetic and interpretations of national identity representation, focuses upon the interactions between fan cultural capital and national cultural capital and how those interactions impact others of the myriad of reasons why the (re)glocalisation failed. It finds that, in part due to the competing public service and commercial ideologies of the BBC, Torchwood was a glocalised text from the beginning, despite its positioning as Welsh, which then became glocalised again in series 4. Audience response often expressed the contradictory historical and contemporary discourses associated with British and American “quality TV.” Therefore, this study qualitatively investigates the various readings produced by audience members in the US, UK and Canada, as well as transnational fans who are long-term residents of one of those nations with a focus upon the interactions between fan and national cultural capital. The study finds that the audience is pseudo-reflexive when it comes to interpretation; though all express an awareness and acceptance that national identity is constructed and fluid, they still express an underlying essentialism when discussing national identity in the context of the series.doi: 10.5294/pacla.2017.20.3.7

The Last Night of Freedom: Consumerism, Deviance and the “Stag Party”

ABSTRACTThis article offers an ethnographic examination of the stag party phenomenon in the United Kingdom. Stag parties have become socially expected as a rite of passage, pre-marriage celebration for men that usually involves excessive alcohol consumption and engagement in deviant, potentially harmful, behavior. These events produce a shift in time and space, and together with group expectations for celebration, increase the impetus for excessive consumption. Our contention is that excessive consumption of alcohol and deviant behavior that often takes place are partially rooted in commercial ideology, which has become firmly embedded in the attitudes of young British men.

‘So one would notice the good navigability’: economic decline and the cartographic conception of urban space in late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Bruges

ABSTRACTDuring most of the late medieval period, the Flemish city of Bruges acted as the main commercial hub of north-western Europe. In the course of the fifteenth century, however, Bruges lost much of its allure as an economic metropolis. One of the most urgent challenges the urban authorities were facing was the navigability of the waterways in and around the city. While the city government made structural investments to remedy the problems, written sources constantly emphasized how important it was that Bruges remained accessible from the sea. During the same period, the earliest preserved maps of the city and its environment emerged. Drawing on the work of Henri Lefebvre, this article argues that these visual representations were informed by the same commercial ideology. Despite, or exactly because of, the city's decreasing maritime accessibility, they conceived Bruges as a place that could easily be reached by trading ships and where merchants could trade in the best possible circumstances.

Screen Wise, Screen Play: Jacques de Lajoue and the Ruses of Rococo

Technologically simple but operationally comlpex, the folding screen prospered as a new item of furniture in the first decades of the eighteenth century, its surfaces colonized as supports for visual elaboration as sophisticated as the social functions it served. This essay analyses a screen painted by Jacques de Lajoue in the mid-1730s that stood in the Paris print shop of Gabriel Huquier. Drawing upon Alfred Gell's reading of traps as works of art, I interpret the ornamental tactics deployed in and on Lajoue's trap-like screen even as it functioned as a mercantile aid and articulated a commercial ideology. I make these arguments by modelling my essay on the form of the screen itself. Like the twelve faces of the screen, my essay has twelve sections of equal word length; the rhythms created by movement between front and back, the seen and the screened, the public and the private, and the manifest and the latent are fundamental to my historical analysis. More broadly, the essay presses on the conceptual tensions between standard concerns within the social history of art and an analysis that embraces dialectics of repetition and variation -that creates a narrative which inevitably hides as well as reveals- through formal experimentation.

Flight of the Bumblebee: The Columbia River Packers Association and a Century in the Pursuit of Fish by Irene Martin and Roger Tetlow

 OHQ vol. 113, no. 2 political and commercial ideologies. General readers will delight in the sophisticated graphics of birds-eye views and promotional maps. These volumes hold something for everyone. James V. Walker Eugene, Oregon Flight of the Bumblebee: The Columbia River Packers Association and a Century in the Pursuit of Fish by Irene Martin and Roger Tetlow The Chinook Observer Publishing Company, Long Beach, Washington, 2011. Illustrations, photographs, notes, index. 224 pages, $22.95 paper. In 1899, seven small salmon canneries operating around the mouth of the Columbia River joined forces to create the Columbia River Packers Association (CRPA). The Combine, as it was known locally,became the most powerful cannery on the West Coast. It began operating in Alaska in 1902. By 1980, when the company shut its doors and moved to San Diego, it was the largest employer in Astoria. Today, its old Hanthorn Cannery on the waterfront in east Astoria is Pier 39, an upscale boutique hotel. This story of the glory years of CRPA has been a long labor of love. Astoria historian Roger Tetlow began the book before his death in 1999. Irene Martin, who has written several books about the history of gillnetting on the Columbia, picked up the manuscript and carried it to completion.As Martin notes,she had a prodigious amount of information available. The big attraction is the pictures, many of them drawn from the company files, now held by the Columbia River Maritime Museum. There is a rich collection of engravings, promotional material, maps, cartoons, boat plans, ads for canning equipment, labels from cans of salmon, and pictures of beautiful little boats, bobbing at anchor, from the Columbia River to Bristol Bay in Alaska. There are facsimiles of letters (a company director in 1906 warns againsttheAlaskaventure)andwaybills(salmon sold for pennies).There are beautifully detailed black–and–whitephotographsof icemachinery and engines and of the company bowling team and regatta floats featuring girls posing as mermaids .Itisabeguilingportrayalof lifeinasmall fishing town during the boom years. Most of all,there are pictures of fish,salmon strewn across the beach after seining, burying the ankles of the Chinese work crew, bulging in purse seine nets, fish taller than small children , held by girls in bathing suits and men in oilskins, and fish in cans.And not just salmon: during the 1930s, trollers increasingly were catching albacore tuna. At first the company shipped the tuna to southern California for processing. Later, company president W.L. Thompson decided he could do it himself and, in 1937, began converting the half-pound line in his salmon cannery to pack tuna. Tuna brought Astoria an economic boom, but it also laid the roots for the company to leave the river.Its fortunes increasingly lay elsewhere . As the great Columbia runs declined, the CRPA packed most of its salmon in Alaska. Albacore caught in the fall off Oregon could not keep up with the huge post-war demand for canned tuna. The company imported tuna from Japan in 1952. It bought Hawaiian Tuna Packers,Ltd.,in 1956,and it merged with Castle and Cook, Inc., in 1961, changing the company name to Bumble Bee Seafoods, Inc. In 1979, Bumble Bee bought a cannery in San Diego, closer to the Latin American fishery. There is much to savor in this book, but there are also some significant omissions. As Martin makes clear, the book is a tribute. The company’sruthlessnessisacknowledgedbriefly, but downplayed, replaced by stories of how the CRPApromotedfromwithinandtheleadership it showed in battling against the building of the ColumbiaRiverdams.Thisisallinteresting,but it is a very small lens through which to view a company that was as important as the CRPA.  OHQ vol. 113, no. 2 The company played a significant role in turning salmon, a fish that had sustained life at the river for thousands of years,into a global commodity,with unlimited demand,as biologist Jim Lichatowich has written.After 1945,the CRPA was increasingly involved in the modern industrialization of the fishing industry. But that is material for a different book. This one celebrates the glory days, when salmon was king on the river, there were plenty of fish, and Astoria was a company town. Carmel Finley...

Historical Atlas of the North American Railroad by Derek HayesHistorical Atlas of the American West by Derek Hayes

 Reviews Historical Atlas of the North American Railroad by Derek Hayes University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010. Illustrations , maps, bibliography, index. 224 pages. Historical Atlas of the American West by Derek Hayes University of California Press, Berkeley, 2009. Illustrations , maps, bibliography, index. 288 pages. $39.95 cloth. Both the content and popularity of Derek Hayes’s books are testimony to how embedded map consciousness is in our society. Since 1999,in a remarkable series of twelve historical atlases, Hayes has illustrated how mapmakers have always used maps to guide, educate, and persuade us. Hayes’s interest is to illustrate the didactic function of maps as a“supplement to conventional histories” (Historical Atlas of the American West, p. 6). These two historical atlases continue the same format of previous publications;chapters are arranged thematically and chronologically with page design and text arranged and written by Hayes. High-resolution images on each page often include several detailed views of one map. Informative captions for most images supplement the text. Hayes also provides a useful bibliography accompanied by a valuable map catalog that cites the source of each image, including the call number from institutional archives. The Historical Atlas of the American West includes more than six hundred images of maps and illustrations and is prefaced with an acknowledgement of the imperial nature of Euro-American expansion in the American West at the expense of Native populations. Hayes then takes readers on a journey from sixteenth-century pre-exploration cartographic conceptions of the West to a West increasingly articulated on maps by explorations of the Spanish, British, Russians, French, and Americans.Maps representing the politics and problems of transportation and resource utilization associated with urban development accompanied eventual settlement during the nineteenth century. The book’s last image is a 2009 map, Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. Highlights of the book include a stunning colored example of Alexander Humboldt’s 1811 map of the Spanish southwest and a well-designed two-page layout of twelve maps illustrating the cartographic evolution of political boundaries in the West from 1814 to 1851. I might quibble with Hayes’s selection of maps in his discussion of the expansion of the American Republic to the West. The exclusion of John Melish’s map of 1816 and Henry Tanner’s map of 1822 are noticeable, but the inclusion of many other superbly reproduced maps compensate for their absence. Hayes’s passion for the history of theAmerican railroad is evident in Historical Atlas of the North American Railroad; many of the nearly four hundred map images are drawn from his personal collection. From an 1809 map of the first proposed commercial railroad in the United States to a 2009 Department of Transportation map envisioning high speed rail in America, maps played an important role in understanding the origins, expansion, and development of the North American railroad system. Many of the most aesthetically appealing maps in this volume were designed to promote investment or commercial use of the railroad. An 1821 railroad map, the first to accompany a prospectus for investors, and a beautifully designed 1882 advertising page issued by the Illinois Central Railroad are striking examples. In all his atlases, Hayes draws on examples of the rich diversity of graphic representation and spatial perspective that define the genre of mapping. This diversity is why his books have such appeal to a broad audience. The scholar may discover a unique manuscript that relates to a specific area of inquiry. History buffs will appreciate how published maps articulated  OHQ vol. 113, no. 2 political and commercial ideologies. General readers will delight in the sophisticated graphics of birds-eye views and promotional maps. These volumes hold something for everyone. James V. Walker Eugene, Oregon Flight of the Bumblebee: The Columbia River Packers Association and a Century in the Pursuit of Fish by Irene Martin and Roger Tetlow The Chinook Observer Publishing Company, Long Beach, Washington, 2011. Illustrations, photographs, notes, index. 224 pages, $22.95 paper. In 1899, seven small salmon canneries operating around the mouth of the Columbia River joined forces to create the Columbia River Packers Association (CRPA). The Combine, as it was known locally,became the most powerful cannery on...

Commercialism and the Convergence of Alternative and Mainstream Media

Copyright: © 2012 Kenix LJ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Media scholarship has spent a great deal of time and energy exploring the differences between what have been labelled alternative and mainstream media. The research in this area has generally been thought provoking and has illustrated the importance of a diverse media system to democracy. However, future scholarship must question and investigate the complexities that now exist in categorizing and understanding our present media system within an omnipresent commercial ideology. While very important differences remain between generalized conceptions of alternative and mainstream media, the convergence of communicative technologies, coupled with changing economic mandates, commercialism, and a rising consumer culture, as well as a raft of other factors, have made the task of differentiating much mainstream and alternative media more problematic. These forces have continued to converge over recent years resulting in a far more homogenized spectrum of what has previously been conceptualized as distinctively mainstream and alternative media [1]. Future research must attempt to better understand what this convergence means for governments around the world, and if there are any potential avenues of interdependent growth that might continue to support democratic governmental systems.

The Market, Values and Coordination of Actions

The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussion about the social functions of the market. I am interested in the special kind of social order the social interaction in the market produces, which has been mostly ignored in sociology. In the first part I look for historical reasons for the peripheral role of the market in sociological analysis. My argument in this regard is that this omission of the economic realm becomes more understandable if one takes into consideration not only the prerequisite of entrance into the academic field, namely not to step on the toes of older and more established fields of research, but also the very ambivalent and, in some strands of social thought, even openly hostile attitude to the market. The second part of the paper presents two paradigmatic but problematic cases of a sociological analysis of the economic realm: Émile Durkheim's views and Talcott Parsons' early conception of a society—economy relationship. In the third part I figure out another way to think about the role of the market in society from a standpoint that accepts the centrality of aspects such as values and norms in social life. I do not, however, postulate a societal value consensus at large, but see the economic sphere itself to be the source of those stabilizing mechanisms. As a starting point I use Talcott Parsons' theory of communication media and the concept of social order it implicitly contains. It offers possibilities for finding connections to earlier discussions of the social functions of the market, labelled `commercial ideology', referring to eighteenth-century social thought. With my discussion I hope to show that interactions in the market have wider ramifications for social order, while the market produces its own distinct kind of order not captured by the dichotomy of value vs. interest-based actions and orders so common in sociology.

Levantines and Marseille: The Politics of Naturalization and Neutralization in Early Modern France, 1660–1720

AbstractThis study examines the connections between fluctuations in French policies directed at Levantine migrations into the kingdom, and depictions of Ottoman Levantine peoples in French travel literature during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. French characterizations of the Levantine and Turkish other were not consistently negative. On the contrary, during the height of Colbertiste mercantilist expansion, from 1660 to 1683, the French favourably assessed Levantine lands and peoples in travel literature, and initiated an open-door policy in the French Mediterranean port of Marseille that encouraged Levantine Armenian and Jewish migrations into France. French and Levantine peoples, the argument went, shared common characteristics, histories and mores. By the end of Colbert's tenure, however, such inclusive ideas became increasingly incompatible with the Crown's shifting commercial interests and religious ideologies and its ambivalence towards Turkish expansionism. Writers therefore opted for ne...

Fair's Unfair: Simulations of Consumption and Career in Indian Advertising

This essay looks at how a recent television commercial simulates and plays on the dominant aesthetic, careerist, consumerist, nationalist and entertainment/leisure desires of consuming female subjects in India. The product advertised here is a fairness (bleaching) face cream, ‘Fair & Lovely’. The advertisement appeals to a set of prevalent gender and colour prejudices by ‘seducing’ the careerist and consumerist desires of educated young Indian women. Depicting the life of an ‘ordinary’ consuming subject from an unknown city neighbourhood to the globalized information highways of satellite television, the advertisement projects a hyperreal world in which gendered occupational barriers have apparently withered away, courtesy of commodity consumption. The advertisement is critically analysed as a pastiche of seductive simulacra concerning the desire for ‘fairness’ in the midst of ‘unfair’ cultural prejudices, social contradictions and apolitical commercial ideologies.

애니메이션 캐릭터의 젠더 정체성

The image calls forth the curiosity of the children. children experience the many thing through the image and it makes children to study naturally. Specially, the animation socializes children and it plays an important role in form of a self-identity. The gender-identity reappearance of the animation character is important. Gender-identity reappearance type of the animation character is able to classify with the reappearance type of visual information and the narrative. The narrative reappearance type does more clearly visual information reappearance type. Also classifying the gender-identity of animation character aspects into each type, they are; gender stereotype that character reflects the conservative and commercial ideology; gender non-stereotype that character doesn`t reflect gender stereotype. But reappearance of the gender non-stereotype character as well, it is stopping in the exaggeration or the caricature of gender role of the character. Consequently the animation characters must be reappeared with the character which have the future oriented gender identity-as one human being that forms a value subjectively. The animation which reappears the future oriented gender-identity plants a proper self-perception and gender role in children and relaxes the traditional gender-identity which is already acquired.

The Commercial Ideology of Colonization in Jacobean England: Robert Johnson, Giovanni Botero, and the Pursuit of Greatness

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.

국내 교복브랜드 TV 광고에 나타난 상징적 의미 분석 -2000년 이후 광고를 중심으로-

The purpose of this study is to analyze the various signs seen on TV commercials for school uniforms since year 2000, thus uncovering the connotative meanings in them. For this study, the semiotic approach has been used. The signs seen on the TV commercials are separated into linguistic and visual signs. They are found to have symbolic connotations. The results are as follows: First, there are plenty of signs expressing the sense of belonging to the student group and sense of conformity to his or her peer group. They are intended to garner their collective identity in the peer group of teenagers. Second, the TV commercials express the self that is realizing one`s value dynamically. The frequent designation of `I`, `me` and `myself` represents that I am at the center of the world. Furthermore, the suggestion of diverse student roles beyond mere academic pursuits symbolically shows the ideal self that most teenagers wish to have. Third, the TV commercials implied a commercial ideology. That is expressed in the emphasis on aesthetic value that teenagers can realize their self only by consuming expensive school uniform brands. Forth, there are many signs related to appearance and appearance care. They are expressed with very specific signs such as 3 : 7 proportion, long legs, small face, and so on. Repeating or emphasizing the importance of looks and a certain brand name as the tool to accomplish better looks indicates that it contains the ideology of appearance management.

The Triumphes of Golde: Economic Authority in the Jacobean Lord Mayor's Show

The Triumphes of Golde: Economic Authority in the Jacobean Lord Mayor’s Show Sergei Lobanov-Rostovsky In 1613, Thomas Middleton prefaced the published record of his Lord Mayor’s Show, The Triumphs of Truth, with an attack upon a rival city poet, Anthony Munday. Middleton declared his pageant to have been “directed, written and redeem’d into forme, from the ignorance of some former times, and their common writer.” 1 Not satisfied with distinguishing his own efforts from those of this yet unnamed “common writer,” Middleton insisted that the art and knowledge displayed in these annual pageants should be worthy of the magnificence with which the Lord Mayor is received into office. He resumed his attack by noting the miserable want of both which in the impudent common writer hath often forced from me much pity and sorrow: and it would heartily grieve any understanding spirit to behold, many times, so glorious a fire in bounty and goodnesse offering to match itselfe with freezing art, sitting in darkeness with the candle out, looking like the picture of Blacke Monday. (TM, 5:219) Middleton’s allusion to his rival contains an implicit warning to his patrons, the twelve dominant trade guilds that elected the Lord Mayor and financed the pageants in his honor. The uninspired pageants of this “common writer,” Middleton suggests, reflect poorly upon the majesty of the new Lord Mayor (“so glorious a fire... offering to match itself with freezing art”); the guilds risked compromising this spectacular celebration of their civic authority by employing a poet who was the object of universal derision among his literary contemporaries. 2 In disparaging Munday’s formulaic “Triumphs,” Middleton was advocating the stylistic reform of civic pageantry. Middleton’s 1613 show adopted formal innovations imposed upon the mayoralty pageants by Thomas Dekker in 1612. Both shows dramatized the moral themes that were the traditional subject of the mayoralty pageants; unlike the static tableaux of earlier pageants, the 1612 and 1613 shows brought the dramatic structure and thematic unity of the private theaters into the London streets. In the terms of Middleton’s critique, these shows brought to the pageants a standard of theatrical “art and knowledge” appropriate to the glorification of mayoralty and guild. [End Page 879] While modern critics have praised the stylistic innovations of the 1612 and 1613 shows, the guilds did not share Middleton’s distaste for the “freezing art” of Munday’s pageants. Munday’s fellow Drapers chose him to conceive the pageants the following two years, and their choice was ratified by the Fishmongers in 1616. Indeed, when Dekker and Middleton were chosen to create the shows in subsequent years, both poets abandoned the morality structures of their first shows in favor of the emblematic tableaux perfected by Munday, reducing the shows of 1612 and 1613 to aberrations in the stylistic history of the mayoralty shows. 3 Like all civic pageantry, the Jacobean Lord Mayor’s Show was an artistic medium shaped by an explicitly political context. The guilds’ rejection of the reforms urged in Middleton’s aesthetic manifesto reflects an unease with the introduction of theatrical mimesis into their annual affirmations of civic power. The dramatic form proposed by Dekker and Middleton makes the Lord Mayor an actor, implicating the magistrate in the “duplicitous” structure of theatrical artifice. Rather than enhancing the guilds’ authority by their stylistic innovations, the 1612 and 1613 pageants offered an implicit critique of the commercial ideology they purported to celebrate, drawing the spectator’s eye to the potential for abuse of office in this metaphoric transformation of merchant into civic magistrate. I The structure of the Lord Mayor’s Show evolved from its origins in the Midsummer Show, the pageantry accompanying the setting of the watch on the night of Saint John and Saint Peter. The mayoral “ridings,” dating to 1236, became the occasion for pageantry after 1535, when the Mercers’ Company adapted the tableaux from the Midsummer Show to honor their newly elected Mayor. The Lord Mayor’s Show, in its mature form, began early on the morning of October 29th, when the new Lord Mayor, the Aldermen of the city, and the liveried members of the mayor’s company boarded...

Moral Panic at the English Bar: Paternal vs. Commercial Ideologies of Legal Practice in the 1860s

This article examines a period of profound crisis about the English bar. The metaphor of “moral panic” is invoked in assessing the impact of five notorious cases of barristers’ misconduct which riveted public attention between 1859 and 1863. Four of the barristers involved were subjected to “professional discipline” in what was the first spate of disciplinary proceedings for breaches of bar “etiquette.” Professional “ethics” were applied in remarkably selective ways and amounted to a “shutting down” of laissez-faire professional practices. This was a crucial turning point in the English legd profession, and the effect was to transform the bar from a relatively open, unregulated status group into something akin to a rule-bound disciplinary regime.

Moral Panic at the English Bar: Paternal vs. Commercial Ideologies of Legal Practice in the 1860s

Moral Panic at the English Bar: Paternal vs. Commercial Ideologies of Legal Practice in the 1860s

The Ideological Origins of Canadian Confederation

AbstractThis article discusses the ideological origins of Canadian Confederation. As such it directly challenges a belief commonly held by Canadian political scientists and historians that Canadian Confederation was the product of a purely pragmatic exercise. The author argues instead that the ideological origins of the Canadian federal state may be traced to the debate that divided eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain, America and France—a debate between the defenders of classical republican values and the proponents of a rising commercial ideology formulated during the Enlightenment. Only by understanding how this debate unfolded in nineteenth-century Canada can we understand the particular configuration of the Canadian state that emerged triumphant in the 1860s. Furthermore, an understanding of this debate also offers political scientists a broader context for interpreting long-held Canadian attitudes toward authority, the uses of political patronage, the public debt, capitalism, and the state and economic development.