Commercial Fruit Juices Research Articles

A sensitive Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalyst designed for visual determination of total antioxidant capacity in fruit juice

Fruit juice is kind of popular beverage food worldwidely, and its total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is generally considered as an important index for people’s rational diet, thus accurate evaluation of its TAC is essential for human health guidance. Herein, we constructed a sensitive Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalyst that was delicately cored with magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and encapsulated with manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoshells for fast and accurate TAC colorimetric analysis in fruit juice. The data showed the fabricated Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalysts performed with remarkable oxidase mimetic activities and could catalyze oxidization of colorimetric substrate without additional H2O2, and the limit of detection (LOD) was about 0.39 μM for ascorbic acid (AA) evaluation. Applied in commercial fruit juice products, the fabricated Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalysts showed a reliable and visual assessment for the accurate TAC analysis. In addition, the fabricated Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalysts could be easily recycled due to their intrinsic superparamagnetic property. Together, an intellegent Fe3O4@MnO2 nanocatalyst was well developed for visual TAC analysis in fruit juice with convenient applications in future.

Investigation of the formation of furfural compounds in apple products treated with pasteurization and high pressure processing

The thermal treatment carried out in the processing of apple products is very likely to induce Maillard reaction to produce furfurals, which have raised toxicological concerns. This study aimed to elucidate the formation of furfural compounds in apple products treated with pasteurization and high pressure processing (HPP). The method for simultaneous determination of five furfural compounds including 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), furfural (F), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF), 2-acetylfuran (FMC), and 5-Methyl-2-furfural (MF) using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was successfully developed and validated. All five furfurals exhibited an increasing trend after the pasteurization treatment of apple clear juice, cloudy juice, and puree. 5-HMF, F, FMC, and MF were increased significantly during the precooking of apple puree. Whereas there was no significant change in the furfurals formation after apple products treated with high pressure processing (HPP) with 300 MPa and 15 min. Based on the variation of the fructose, glucose and sucrose detected in apple products after thermal treatment, it revealed that the saccharides and thermal treatment have great effect on the furfural compounds formation. The commercial fruit juice samples with different treatments and fruit puree samples treated with pasteurization were also analyzed. Five furfurals were detected more frequently in the fruit juice samples treated with pasteurization or ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization (UHT) than those treated with HPP. 5-HMF and FMC were detected in all fruit puree samples treated with pasteurization, followed by F, MF, and HDMF with the detection rate of 79.31 %, 72.41 %, and 51.72 %. The results could provide a reference for risk assessment of furfural compounds and dietary guidance of fruit products for human, especially for infants and young children. Moreover, moderate HPP treatment with 300 MPa and 15 min would be a worthwhile alternative processing technology in the fruit juice and puree production to reduce the formation of furfural compounds.

Complex choices: Pole selection for polarized projective mapping applied to a complex product set

AbstractPolarized projective mapping (PPM) employs reference samples called poles, positioned in the sensory space, to which samples are compared. This structure enables comparisons across sessions. Selecting the right poles is therefore critical for accurate and reliable comparisons. The current study examined whether simple poles (single fruit juices) or complex poles (fruit juice blends) better represented the sensory space in PPM using a trained panel (n = 12). Thirteen commercial fruit juices, including single juices and blends, were assessed using projective mapping to understand product diversity and select three simple and three complex poles. PPM was then conducted using simple poles in one session and complex poles in another. Six of the thirteen juices used in PPM and three new juices were evaluated to validate the results. Findings indicated that while both simple and complex poles described the product space, simple poles were more able to capture the diversity of the sensory space.Practical ApplicationsThe study's insights into appropriate pole selection in PPM for complex product sets contribute to the technique's usability and robustness. The guidance on pole selection ensures selected poles anchor the product space, enabling meaningful comparisons across sessions. The finding that simple poles are able to describe complex product sets may assist in minimizing fatigue, a common challenge in evaluating complex products like wine, spirits, and cider. By addressing the unique challenges of complex products, this research enhances the useability of PPM as a valuable tool for comprehensively evaluating sensory characteristics in product categories prone to fatigue and limited consumption.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and designing a new amperometric biosensor to determine glucose levels

The high-level of glucose in daily nutrition causes diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) and obesity. It is also important to determine glucose levels in food production processes for quality control methods. Biosensors are bio analytical devices that provides cheap, simple, analyses and have a fast response time. Silver nanoparticles are used to modify electrodes in bio-sensing glucose. The nanoparticles could be synthesized via the green synthesis technique. In this technique, plants could be used both reducing and stabilizing agents. Agricultural waste, an environmental problem, is increasing with the population. These wastes are a good natural source and have the potential for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles to use in biosensor applications. In this study, a new amperometric glucose biosensor was designed. For this purpose, carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified by green synthesized waste tea based silver nanoparticles (WT-AgNPs) and the glucose oxidase enzyme was immobilized on MCPE by the cross-linking. Glucose determination was performed based on the reduction of hydrogen peroxide at +0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The linear working range was determined as 0.10–1.0 µM. In addition, the designed biosensor was applied to detect the amount of glucose in a commercial fruit juice. The results showed that the designed biosensor has low detection limit, very good reproducibility, selectivity, and almost long shelf life.

Development of a continuous magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction of seven widely used pesticides from fruit juices

Generally, food safety monitoring is vital issue to preserve human health and guarantee a longer lifespan. In present study, a continuous mode of magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction method based on using magnetic covalent organic framework@metal organic framework nanocomposite as sorbent has been proposed. The developed method has been tested for the extraction of some pesticides (pirimicarb, terbutryn, fenthion, triticonazole, hexaconazole, diniconazole, and haloxyfop-R-methyl) from commercial fruit juices prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In the current research, the properties of nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier–transform infrared spectrophotometry and X–ray diffraction techniques. In the next step, the synthesized nanocomposite was employed as an efficient sorbent in the developed extraction procedure that was done in a narrow bore tube. Under optimum extraction conditions, extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 67–83 %. Moreover, the limits of detection and quantification of the selected analytes were in the ranges of 17–43 and 56–143 ng L−1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of the opted pesticides in sixty fruit juice samples.

Estimation of selected elemental impurities by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) in commercial and fresh fruit juices

Estimation of selected elemental impurities by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) in commercial and fresh fruit juices

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit Juices by Two Original Analytical Methods.

Two analytical methods previously developed by our groups were employed to estimate the antioxidant capacity of commercial fruit juices. The electrochemical method, which measures the scavenging activity of antioxidants towards OH radicals generated by both hydrogen peroxide photolysis and Fenton's reaction, is based on the recovery of the cyclic voltametric response of the redox probe Ru(NH3)63+ at a Glassy Carbon electrode modified with a thin film of an insulating polyphenol, in the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties. The values of the antioxidant capacity of the fruit juices are expressed as vitamin C equivalents/L. The chromatographic method is based on the generation of OH radicals via Fenton's reaction in order to test the inhibition of their formation in the presence of antioxidant compounds by monitoring salicylate aromatic hydroxylation derivatives as markers of •OH production, by means of HPLC coupled to coulometric detection. The results are expressed as the percentage of inhibition of •OH production in the presence of the tested juice compared to the control sample. When OH radicals are produced by Fenton's reaction, the antioxidant capacity of the juices, estimated by both methods, displays an analogous trend, confirming that they can be considered an alternative for measuring the ability of antioxidants to block OH radical formation.

Study on stability of antioxidant activity of fresh, pasteurized, and commercial fruit juice during refrigerated storage

Fruit juice is growing in popularity worldwide due to its excellent wellness properties, and most people usually like to store the juice in the refrigerator to drink it later. The current study was undertaken to compare the stability of antioxidant activity of selected samples (apple, orange, and pineapple) of juice that were fresh (untreated), pasteurized at 70 °C for 30 min, and commercially available in Bangladesh at 4 °C in refrigerated storage conditions for up to 21 days. The fresh juice was prepared by crushing and pressing the fruits using an electric mixer, and the pasteurized juice was prepared by running the fruits through a pasteurization procedure at 70 °C for 30 min in a water bath. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), beta-carotene content, and vitamin C content throughout 21 days of refrigerated storage were studied by using standard methods. The study found that TPC and TFC of the fresh juices (apple, orange, and pineapple) were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 0 and 7 days, whereas pasteurized and commercial juices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 0, 7, and 14 days. As for TAA, orange and pineapple juices, except fresh pineapple juice, were statistically significant (p < 0.05) up to 21 days. In the case of beta-carotene content, only fresh and pasteurized orange juices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 14 days. Apart from apple, all the juice samples had vitamin C content up to 21 days, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. In addition, most of the samples showed drastic degradation after 7 days for both bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. It is concluded that the stored fruit juice at 4 °C in refrigerated storage conditions should be consumed within 7 days to get the desired properties of the juice.

Effect of different probiotics on the growth performance of broiler chicken

The study was conducted from December 15, 2019 to January 26, 2020 at College of Agriculture and Forestry, Apayao State College, Cubet-Malama, Conner, Apayao, Philippines aimed to evaluate the effect of different probiotics on the growth performance of broiler chicken, specifically on the initial and weekly body weight, gain in weight, percentage rate of growth, feed consumption, dressing percentage and feed conversion ratio and efficiency, using T1- pure Water, T2 – commercial probiotics, T3 – effective microorganism, and T4 – fermented fruit juice as water additive. The experiment was laid out using the Completely Randomized Design. The probiotics and the fermented fruit juice did not show any significant effect on the growth performance of broiler chicken on body weight, gain in weight, percentage rate of growth, feed consumption, water consumption and feed conversion ratio and efficiency. The percentage livability of Treatments 1, 3, and 4 was still impressive since the standard of 5% mortality rate was not reached, which implies that the used of commercial probiotics and fermented fruit Juice or organic acids affects immunity. On the income over feed, additive and chick cost, the use of fermented fruit juice had the potential to improve the growth performance of broiler chicken in the sense that it was comparable with the effective microorganism and commercial probiotics as exhibited in the body weights, feed and water consumption, gain in weight, percentage rate of growth and feed conversion ratio and efficiency. Therefore, the use of probiotics and fermented fruit juice from banana are safe in raising broiler chicken for table meat, and it is recommended to use in the chicken production as it increases the income over feed, additive and chick cost. Further study is recommended using other ingredients of fermented fruit juice to validate the concept of probiotics as a viable modality in poultry production.

One-step pre-column derivatization method for HPLC-UV determination of organic acids in fruit juices

A simple and effective one-step pre-column derivatization method for reversed-phase HPLC-UV determination of the major organic acids (citric, malic, tartaric, and succinic acids) in fruit juices has been developed. The method is based on the coupling reaction of organic acids with 1-naphthylamine in the presence of N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide. The resulting organic acid amide derivatives were successfully separated on an AQ-C18 column and detected by a UV detector at 222 nm. Isocratic elution was performed using an acetonitrile-methanol-tetrahydrofuran-water (37:4:1:58; v/v) mixture as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. Validation studies showed good recoveries ranging from 88.97 to 92.52% with RSD % between 2.95 and 4.56%. The detection limits obtained were 0.18, 0.48, 0.14, and 0.69 µg/mL for tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, respectively. The method was successfully applied to three different commercial fruit juice and nectar samples with little or no clean-up procedures.

Short-Term Effects of Fruit Juice Enriched with Vitamin D3, n-3 PUFA, and Probiotics on Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults.

This study aimed to determine the glycemic index (GI) of a commercial mixed fruit juice (apple, orange, grape, and pomegranate; FJ) fortified with vitamin D3 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or probiotics, and their combination, and their effects on glycemic responses and salivary insulin concentrations. In a randomized controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 11 healthy participants (25 ± 2 years; five women; body mass index = 23 ± 1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive five types of FJs [vitD (with vitamin D3); n-3 (with n-3 PUFA); probiotics (with Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG); vitD-n-3-probiotics FJ (combination of vitD3-n-3-probiotics), control (regular FJ)], all containing 50 g available carbohydrate, and glucose as reference drink. All FJs provided low GI values (control: 54; vitD3: 52; n-3: 51; probiotics: 50; and vitD-n-3-probiotics combination: 52, on glucose scale). Compared to the FJ control, the enriched FJs produced different postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses and affected satiety scores. All FJ types, regardless of the added biofunctional ingredients, attenuated postprandial glycemic responses, which may offer advantages to glycemic control.

Analysis of antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetable juices available in Serbian markets.

Antioxidants in fruit and vegetable juices have become increasingly popular because of their potential health benefits. Nowadays, juice mixes made from berries present frequent consumer choices, due to their nutritive value and high content of bioactive compounds. Commercial fruit and vegetable juices available in Serbian markets (n = 32) were analyzed for the physicochemical properties, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity. Relative antioxidant capacity index was used for the ranking of the juices according to antioxidant capacity, while antioxidant effectiveness of phenolic compounds contained in juice samples was investigated depending on phenolic antioxidant coefficients. Principal component analysis was applied to study the data structure. In addition, a multi-layer perceptron model was used for modeling an artificial neural network model (ANN) for prediction antioxidant activity (DPPH, reducing power, and ABTS) based on total phenolic, total pigments, and vitamin C content. The obtained ANN showed good prediction capabilities (the r2 values during training cycle for output variables were 0.942). Phenolic, pigments, and vitamin C contents showed a positive correlation with the investigated antioxidant activity. The consumption of commercial berry fruit juices available in Serbian markets may deliver great health benefits through the supply of natural antioxidants.

Analyzing Citramalic Acid Enantiomers in Apples and Commercial Fruit Juice by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Pre-Column Derivatization.

Optically active citramalic acid (CMA) is naturally present as an acidic taste component in fruits, such as apples. The absolute configuration of CMA in such fruits was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following pre-column derivatization with a chiral reagent, benzyl 5-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate. The developed LC-MS/MS method successfully separated the enantiomers of CMA using an octadecylsilica column with a resolution and separation factor of 2.19 and 1.09, respectively. Consequently, the R-form of CMA was detected in the peel and fruit of three kinds of apple at concentrations in the 1.24-37.8 and 0.138-1.033 mg/wet 100 g ranges, respectively. In addition, R- CMA was present in commercial apple juice, whereas no quantity was detected in commercial blueberry, perilla, or Japanese apricot juice.

Dietary advice in diabetes mellitus.

Dietary advice in diabetes mellitus.

Sensitive detection of citric acid in real samples based on Nafion/ZnO–CuO nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical approach

In this approach, the citric acid (CA) in fruit juices was measured in enzyme-free buffer medium using a GCE (glassy carbon electrode) modified with ZnO/CuO nanocomposites (ZnO/CuO NCs) by DPV (differential pulse voltammetry) and CV (cyclic voltammetry) electrochemical methods respectively. The prepared ZnO/CuO NCs are characterized in detail with XRD (X-ray Diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis. (Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analyses. Both DPV and CV, these techniques were applied with ZnO/CuO NCs/Nafion/GCE to analyze CA in the commercial and natural fruit juices. The current data obtained from electrochemical analysis of CA was plotted against the corresponding concentration of CA and found to distribute on the straight-line in the concentration range of 0.15–1.05 mM of CA, which labeled as a linear dynamic range (LDR) for CA detection. The sensor analytical parameters were calculated by considering the active surface area of GCE (0.0316 cm2) of fabricated electrode over the slope of LDR in both cases (CV and DPV). It was found as 0.4358 μAμM−1cm−2 for DPV and 0.4357 μAμM−1cm−2 for CV respectively. Similarly, the lower limits of detection (DL) applying signal/noise (S/N) ratio 3 are also identical as 21.78 ± 1.09 μM for both electrochemical approaches. The sensor parameters (reproducibility, long-time stability in analyzing and response time) were obtained with good and satisfactory results. Besides this, the proposed sensor was performed trustfully in an analysis of the fruit samples. In this consequence, this electrochemical method with binary mixed metal oxide as sensing substrate to develop a portable sensor might be efficient in the sensor technology.

Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Micro-Extraction Method for the Simultaneous Derivatization, Extraction, and Pre-concentration of Organotin Compounds from Packed Fruit Juices

Organotin compounds are widely employed as pesticides and fungicides in agriculture and as stabilizers for the industrial manufacture of polyvinyl chloride and other polymers. Accordingly, these endocrine disruptors can be found in a variety of foods and beverages. In the present study, we describe the optimization of a hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction approach for the simultaneous derivatization, extraction, and pre-concentration of butyltin species from commercial fruit juices with the aim of investigating their migration from the packaging. The best extraction efficiencies were achieved by using hexane as the acceptor solvent and a polypropylene fiber length of 2 cm, whereas the agitation speed, extraction temperature, and total extraction time were set at 1100 rpm, 25 ºC, and 10 min, respectively. Using these optimal conditions, the method was satisfactorily validated in terms of linearity (5–1000 µg L−1), limits of detection (0.8–1.8 µg L−1), recovery (80.5–92.1%), intraday precision (10.2–13.1%), inter-day precision (11.0–15.5%), matrix effect (83.2–91.8%), accuracy (85.2–95.2%), specificity, and carryover. The application of this technique to commercial samples obtained from a local market demonstrated that levels of organotin species in packed fruit juices are negligible, in agreement with the limits established by the European Food Safety Authority (0.14 mg of total organotin compounds per kg of food).

Determination Of Vitamin C And Antioxidant Activity In Fresh Red Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) And Red Guava Commercial Fruit Juices

Red guava (Psidium guajava L.) has various benefits such as overcoming digestive disorders, thrush and dengue fever and can be used for anticancer herbal therapy. Red guava fruit is a fruit with the highest levels of vitamin C compared to other fruits. It contains carotenoid compounds and phenolic compounds that act as antioxidants. Red guava fruit is often processed into fruit juice drinks that are packaged in various types of packaging and distributed commercially so that people can consume red guava fruit more efficiently. Determination of vitamin C levels using the UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the results obtained that the vitamin C content of red guava commercial fruit juice is higher than fresh red guava juice. Measurement of antioxidant activity of red guava fruit and its commercial fruit juice using ABTS methods. The results obtained in the ABTS method, fresh red guava juice and its commercial fruit juice have very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 &lt; 50 µg/mL).

Applications of Innovative Non-Thermal Pulsed Electric Field Technology in Developing Safer and Healthier Fruit Juices.

The deactivation of degrading and pectinolytic enzymes is crucial in the fruit juice industry. In commercial fruit juice production, a variety of approaches are applied to inactivate degradative enzymes. One of the most extensively utilized traditional procedures for improving the general acceptability of juice is thermal heat treatment. The utilization of a non-thermal pulsed electric field (PEF) as a promising technology for retaining the fresh-like qualities of juice by efficiently inactivating enzymes and bacteria will be discussed in this review. Induced structural alteration provides for energy savings, reduced raw material waste, and the development of new products. PEF alters the α-helix conformation and changes the active site of enzymes. Furthermore, PEF-treated juices restore enzymatic activity during storage due to either partial enzyme inactivation or the presence of PEF-resistant isozymes. The increase in activity sites caused by structural changes causes the enzymes to be hyperactivated. PEF pretreatments or their combination with other nonthermal techniques improve enzyme activation. For endogenous enzyme inactivation, a clean-label hurdle technology based on PEF and mild temperature could be utilized instead of harsh heat treatments. Furthermore, by substituting or combining conventional pasteurization with PEF technology for improved preservation of both fruit and vegetable juices, PEF technology has enormous economic potential. PEF treatment has advantages not only in terms of product quality but also in terms of manufacturing. Extending the shelf life simplifies production planning and broadens the product range significantly. Supermarkets can be served from the warehouse by increasing storage stability. As storage stability improves, set-up and cleaning durations decrease, and flexibility increases, with only minor product adjustments required throughout the manufacturing process.

Synergistic Action of Mild Heat and Essential Oil Treatments on Culturability and Viability of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Tested In Vitro and in Fruit Juice.

The strengthening effect of a mild temperature treatment on the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils has been widely reported, often leading to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product’s microbial status. In the present study, both a traditional culture-based method and Flow Cytometry (FCM) were applied to monitor the individual or combined effect of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO) and mild heat treatment on the culturability and viability of Escherichia coli in a conventional culture medium and in a fruit juice challenge test. The results obtained in the culture medium showed bacterial inactivation with an increasing treatment temperature (55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C), highlighting an overestimation of the dead population using the culture-based method; in fact, when the FCM method was applied, the prevalence of injured bacterial cells in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state was observed. When commercial fruit juice with a pH of 3.8 and buffered at pH 7.0 was inoculated with E. coli ATCC 25922, a bactericidal action of OEO and a higher efficiency of the mild heat at 65 °C for 5′ combined with OEO were found. Overall, the combination of mild heat and OEO treatment represents a promising antimicrobial alternative to improve the safety of fruit juice.

High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of patulin and ochratoxin a in commercial fruit juices after their extraction with a green synthesized metal organic framework-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction procedure

Herein, for the first time, a vitamin-based metal organic framework is synthesized from vitamin B3 (as a bio linker) and cobalt ions (as a metallic center) and employed as an efficient sorbent in dispersive micro solid phase extraction of patulin and ochratoxin A from fruit juice samples. The extracted analytes are quantitatively analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In this work, after synthesizing the sorbent, it was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the following, it was used as an efficient sorbent in the offered microextraction method and numerous parameters that could affect extraction efficiency of the method were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology. Based on the method validation results, limits of detection and quantification were 39.6 and 131.7 ng L−1 for patulin, and 24.8 and 82.6 ng L−1 for ochratoxin A, respectively. The extraction recoveries for patulin and ochratoxin A were 75 and 87%, respectively. Repeatability of the suggested approach, expressed as relative standard deviations, were equal to or<5% (at a concentration of 250 ng L−1 of each analyte). Also, environmentally friendly synthesis of the metal organic framework (using vitamin B3 as a linker, water as the reaction solvent, and mild conditions) and usage low amount or volumes of the sorbent and organic solvents in the microextraction procedure were other advantages of the current work.