Commercial Competence Research Articles

Analysing Social Entrepreneurship's Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Using Collaborative Innovation

Objective: The concept of social entrepreneurship, which combines commercial competence with social impact, has recently emerged as a major driving force in the effort to overcome intractable societal problems. This research takes a deep dive into a critical analysis of legal and regulatory frameworks and how they affect the field of social entrepreneurship. Knowing these frameworks is crucial because of their impact on social enterprise development and performance. However, there are a number of difficulties created by the interplay of social entrepreneurship and legal norms. These include things like generic legal frameworks, vague terminology, competing requirements, and insufficient resources. Creating conditions that allow social companies to thrive over the long term requires overcoming these obstacles.
 
 Method: Combining comparative legal research with stakeholder engagements and impact evaluations, the paper proposes an Adaptable Regulatory Legal Design Using Collaborative Innovation (ARLD-CI). The objective of this method is to create flexible legal frameworks that can accommodate the wide range of social enterprise business models while still meeting the requirements of existing laws. The research conducted proves that specialized legal frameworks (SLF) can increase creativity, funding possibilities, and social impact.
 
 Result: Potential changes in the law and regulation are modelled using hypothetical situations to see how they might affect social businesses, stakeholders, and the ecosystem as a whole. Using this ARLD-CI method, policymakers and stakeholders can better anticipate and prepare for the consequences of proposed regulatory changes when compared to SLF.
 
 Conclusion: Based on the Sensitivity Factor, Long-Term Sustainability, Social Entrepreneurship Performance Metrics, a simulation research investigation is conducted.

Application of School Teacher Literacy Culture in Efforts to Improve Education Quality in the Digitalization 4.0 Era

In the industrial era 4.0, especially in the world of education, the teacher is an educator who is obliged to educate his students in learning skills, by: First, Educational competence, internet-based educational competence or learning of things as a basic skill. Second, Technology commercialization competence, has the competence to bring students to have a technology-based entrepreneurial attitude and student innovation work. Third, competence in globalization, a world without barriers, not stuttering about various cultures, hybrid competencies and problem solving competencies. Fourth, Competence in future strategy, the world changes easily and moves quickly, so that you have the competence to predict exactly what will happen in the future and its strategy. Fifth, the competence of the counselor, considering that in the future the child's problems are not difficulties in understanding teaching material, but are more related to psychological problems, stress due to increasingly complex and severe pressure conditions, a teacher who is able to behave is needed. as a counselor/psychologist. Why are they called teachers because some people think that all areas of the teacher must be mastered even though sometimes we cannot lie to ourselves, if we have to master all fields we may not be able to, but there is nothing wrong if these deficiencies must be covered with lifelong learning. And continue to accompany these students to continue learning and learning.
 Keywords: Teacher and Student Literacy Culture, Education, Digitalization age 4.0

Organizational Competencies in the Development of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria in the Industrial Sector

Sustainability has been discussed as a constant market concern, and to make it effectively an organizational practice, specific skills are needed. In that sense, the objective of this study is to analyze the relation between organizational competencies and the development of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria in the industrial sector. A scientometric methodology was used to analyze the production of scientific research on the topic. To define the portfolio, a search was performed using the Methodi Ordinatio technique in the Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the terms “organizational competencies” or “environment, social and governance*” or “ESG” and “industry”. The study period was from the beginning of the database indexing until May 2021. The results indicate that the topic is relevant to the area of study due to the continuous growth of publications and global concern with ESG issues. In this sense, the industrial organizational competencies highlighted in the development of ESG include corporate social responsibility (CSR), and technical, managerial, and commercial competencies. The analysis demonstrates the positive relationship between organizational competencies and sustainable development, and the discussion is directed at the competencies that fortify ESG criteria and practices in industry.

Paper Based Chipless RFID Leaf Wetness Detector for Plant Health Monitoring

This paper presents the design and analysis of a paper-based chipless RFID sensor for wetness content measurement in plant leaves. The sensor is designed using a passive microwave resonator to measure the ambient physical parameter. The resonator is designed with a rectangular loop inductively coupled with an interdigital capacitor. The experimental analysis of the designed sensor is illustrated here to prove its efficacy. The resonator provides adequate backscattered signal for wireless measurement in the microwave frequency band. When interrogated with a couple of UWB antennas and a VNA, it yields accurate leaf wetness response of the plant. The commercial competence of this sensing device is validated through its experimental analysis on three different types of leaf samples. This sensor is suitable for plant health monitoring in any small-scale gardening applications such as nurseries and greenhouses.

НАУЧНО-ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ СФЕРА В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ КЛАСТЕРНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The implementation of the cluster policy of the region is closely connected with the level of development of the scientific and innovation infrastructure and the activity of the subjects of innovation activity in the region. The article assesses the level of activity of the scientific and innovation sphere in the context of the life cycle phases of innovative enterprises in the region. In Omsk region, the key tool of financial support for innovations at the seed stage is the UMNIC program of the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere. Over the whole history of the contest, more than 16 000 projects of young scientists worth more than 5 billion rubles have been supported at the federal level, over 1 000 small innovative enterprises have been created, more than 2 000 jobs. In the Omsk region from 2007 to 2018, 260 program winners were given the opportunity to grant their research and innovation projects for the amount of 106.4 million rubles. The distribution of competitive applications in the directions and years is not uniform: the greatest number of applications fell on the direction “New devices and hardware complexes”, the smallest – “Modern materials and technologies for their creation”. At the stage of establishment of the enterprise, from 2014 to 20017. in the Omsk region, 72 applications were submitted for the START program of the Innovation Support Fund, of which 12 were supported by the Fund. The main problem in the Omsk region, as in Russia as a whole, at this stage is the lack of commercial competencies and presentation skills of scientists and inventors. The paper describes and defines key principles for the development of innovative infrastructure in the region, identifies the factors that impede the development of innovation in the region, gives recommendations on the activities of scientific and technical policies that stimulate the creation of innovative infrastructure elements in the region.

A study on influencing factors of technology commercialization competence of small-and Medium-Sized companies

The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the mediating effect of level of companies’ involvement in consulting on relationship between consultant competence, an external condition, and companies’ competence to commercialize technology and on paths among variables and to provide implications. The research model and hypothesis were developed based on previous studies and questionnaire survey was performed on consultant competence, company’s involvement level, technology commercialization competence, technology commercialization performance with SMCs that used or is using external consulting in process of technology commercialization and tested research model and hypotheses using statistical analysis. The result of empirical analysis showed positive effects among variables, consistently with previous studies, partial mediating effect of company’s involvement on relationship between consultant competence and company’s technology commercialization. It is important for SMCs to achieve successful performance in technology commercialization process, company’s internal involvement to consulting as well as consultant performance of external expert should be developed and, especially, involvement of senior executives is important factor. It is expected that this study provide useful information for SMCs to develop successful technology commercialization competence.

Rasional Instrumental dan Komersial Petani

The objective of this research is to improve the competence of farmers innovation and to commercially work. Specific targets to be achieved are analyzing the process of trying to improve people's welfare. The goal achievement method is to implement intensification, extensification, diversification, agricultural rehabilitation and cooperation with agricultural extension and to analyze the result of intstrumental rational action and commercial action. The results of this study describe the innovations developed by farmers and the innovations gained from agriculture. This research is conducted in Pallime Kabupaten Bone. The findings of this research can illustrate the techniques of innovating, intensifying and diversifying in order to produce export quality agricultural products. While other findings, farmers can increase the commercial competence of farming. Moreover, the results of research can be used as reference for the development of science and technology in the field of agriculture. This research can have implication to the improvement of people's prosperity which is in Pallime of Bone Regency. The conclusion of this research is farmer try farmer which suitable agriculture extension advocate and experience of farming. Farmers choose farming activities that can be commercially profitable from their rational actions. Farmers prioritize commercial benefits and optimal added value.

Commercial competence: comparing test results of paper-and-pencil versus computer-based assessments

BackgroundVocational education and training (VET) aims to enable young adults or trainees to participate in the workplace, and to promote their vocational capacities. In order to examine trainees’ competencies at the end of VET, appropriate instruments are needed. This contribution aims: (1) to give an outline of such an instrument, one that has been designed to evaluate vocational competencies in the field of economics, and (2) to present the results of an empirical comparison of two possible test modes: computer-based assessment (CBA) versus paper-based assessment (PBA). The use of new technologies offers various opportunities for competence measurement: in particular, the computer as an assessment tool presents an authentic work tool drawn from professional life and promises novel ways of designing assessments. However, the current assessment practice in Germany is dominated by the use of traditional PBA, and there is less evidence about the possible effects of CBA. This study addresses the question of whether there are significant differences in the various ways of representing and measuring commercial competence with respect to specific content, item format, and, finally, motivational aspects.MethodsA sample of 387 trainees from the German VET system was used to compare these two kinds of assessment. The analyses were realized using Item Response Theory and, particularly, Differential Item Functioning to detect differences between PBA and CBA at the item level. In addition to the performance data, motivational aspects, such as emotional state and test attractiveness, were also taken into account by a pre-/post-questionnaire.ResultsThe study demonstrates that both test formats (CBA and PBA) can represent commercial competence in a valid and reliable way, but differences were found for certain items in the number of correct responses. The PBA shows a slight advantage in respect of overall item and model fit. Another key finding of our comparative study, at item level, is important from an instructive viewpoint: (domain) specific items are easier to solve in CBA than in PBA, whereas more general items are answered correctly more frequently in the latter. Contrary to expectations, we could not confirm the overall dominance of CBA against PBA on the basis of test takers’ motivation, but values from CBA were more stable over time.ConclusionsThe study facilitated making the strengths and weaknesses of both test formats evident, and this implies the possibility of identifying opportunities for further development in assessment practice and in designing tests. Selected design criteria and aspects of test administration are discussed, with the aim of seeking to optimize test development in order to create the best possible estimates for young adults’ competence and capacity to participate in the world of work.

Challenges of a cross-national computer-based test adaptation

In an increasingly globalized world, the call for internationally comparable competence measurements has emerged. After several international studies on pre-college education, the focus has shifted to international assessments of vocational education and training (VET). VET researchers in Germany developed a computer-based test (ALUSIM) that measures the competence of German apprentices in internationally defined core commercial areas. Our own study deals with the adaptation of this test to Switzerland and a discussion of the challenges involved, with the aim of providing guidance for future adaptations. More specifically, despite commonalities between the German and Swiss VET systems, it is necessary to examine whether the contents and technical aspects of ALUSIM are appropriate for Swiss conditions in order to ensure validity and evidence based on test content. Several methods were used to examine the criteria context, construct, and IT components of the German computer-based test ALUSIM in order to successfully adapt it for Swiss commercial VET. To this end we first analyzed and compared the German and Swiss commercial VET systems and commercial curricula (context) to assess whether the tasks of the test were also embedded in the Swiss curriculum and whether any specific Swiss commercial contents were not represented by the test. Second, we interviewed experts in the commercial area to learn more about representative commercial job requirements (construct). Finally, we interviewed apprentices and tested our initial adaptation of ALUSIM to the Swiss context in order to assess the test’s IT requirements. The analysis revealed similarities between the German and Swiss VET and the construct ‘commercial competence’. However, commercial work conditions and cultural characteristics differ between these countries and lead to different job requirements. Therefore, only a subset of ALUSIM tasks is valid for the construct ‘commercial competence’ in Switzerland. Thus, the addition of further tasks for Switzerland would more validly represent the construct ‘commercial competence’. Moreover, IT components need to be adjusted because the technical implementation represents the measured construct. The proceedings and findings of our adaptation study imply that context, construct, and IT components need to be analyzed before doing adaptations. Even when dealing with countries with a similar context such as comparable educational system and language, it is necessary to carefully examine and test an adaptation in advance. Therefore, creating a successful and internationally comparable adaptation is admittedly possible but challenging, costly and time-consuming.

Economic competencies and situation-specific commercial competencies: Reflections on conceptualization and measurement

From a societal perspective, vocational education and training must enable young adults to meet the challenges of the labour market in a globalized world, reduce the mismatch of supply and demand of qualifications (e.g. youth unemployment leading to disadvantages for individuals, society and national economies) and improve social cohesion. From an individual perspective, vocational education and training should develop young adults’ vocational competencies, support their individual personality development and their integration into the labour market and society, help secure their livelihood and enable them to lead self-determined lives as citizens. Therefore, the assessment of competencies obtained in vocational education and training programmes has emerged as a critical issue to develop workforces and the capacity for life-long learning and to foster civic participation as a responsible citizen. This article provides some insights into the modelling and measurement of competencies in vocational education and training, where occupational and cross-occupational competencies are necessary to cope with the requirements of workplaces, as a responsible citizen and in private life. In this article, cross-occupational economic competencies and occupation-specific commercial competencies in the area of business and administration are discussed. Both constructs are based on economic theories, concepts and central terms; nevertheless, the situation-specific context and requirements may vary substantially. Thus, different approaches to define and measure both constructs seem to be necessary.

Micro-Turbine Design, Production and Testing

Large scale utilization of electricity started at the end of 19th century with the construction first power plant and there phase current was introduced. Power plant technology evolved rapidly and electricity use has increased rapidly since then. Outbreak of energy crisis in 1970s and threat of the global warming has forced the people to search clean energy resources. Among the renewable energy sources, wind energy has become the most popular case. Development of the necessary technology for wind turbines reached a commercial competence In the 1990s. Turning to wind energy in Turkey began after 2006 and has shown a rapid increase until 2015. When considering the country's wind potential it tends to stay in rapid growth. In this study, 2 kW micro-turbines is designed, manufactured and tested by using local facility. The aim of this study is to design a micro-turbine for use in low wind speed area, create industrial infrastructure related to the production of micro-turbine, and develop different production technologies for local industry.

Oncotyrol – Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine: Methods and Applications of Health Technology Assessment and Outcomes Research

The Oncotyrol - Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine is an international and interdisciplinary alliance combining research and commercial competencies to accelerate the development, evaluation and translation of personalized healthcare strategies in cancer. The philosophy of Oncotyrol is to collaborate with relevant stakeholders and advance knowledge "from bench to bedside to population and back". Oncotyrol is funded through the COMET Excellence Program by the Austrian government via the national Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG). This article focuses on the role of health technology assessment (HTA) and outcomes research in personalized cancer medicine in the context of Oncotyrol. Oncotyrol, which currently comprises approximately 20 individual projects, has four research areas: Area 1: Biomarker and Drug Target Identification; Area 2: Assay Development and Drug Screening; Area 3: Innovative Therapies; Area 4: Health Technology Assessment and Bioinformatics. Area 4 translates the results from Areas 1 to 3 to populations and society and reports them back to Area 3 to inform clinical studies and guidelines, and to Areas 1 and 2 to guide further research and development. In a series of international expert workshops, the Oncotyrol International Expert Task Force for Personalized Cancer Medicine developed the Methodological Framework for Early Health Technology Assessment and Decision Modeling in Cancer and practical guidelines in this field. Further projects included applications in the fields of sequential treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), benefit-harm and cost-effectiveness evaluation of prostate cancer screening, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of multiple cervical cancer screening strategies, and benefits and cost-effectiveness of genomic test-based treatment strategies in breast cancer. An interdisciplinary setting as generated in Oncotyrol provides unique opportunities such as systematically coordinating lab and bench research, product development, clinical studies and decision science/HTA and transparent joint planning of research and development with a partnership of researchers, manufacturers and health policy decision makers. However, generating a joint research and legal framework with numerous partners from different sectors can be challenging, particularly in the starting period of such an endeavor. The journey to translational personalized medicine through multidisciplinary collaborations may still be long and difficult, but it is evident that it must be continued to turn vision into reality.

EDA-EMERGE: an FP7 initial training network to equip the next generation of young scientists with the skills to address the complexity of environmental contamination with emerging pollutants

The initial training network consortium novel tools in effect-directed analysis to support the identification and monitoring of emerging toxicants on a European scale (EDA-EMERGE) was formed in response to the seventh EU framework program call to train a new generation of young scientists (13 PhD fellows and 1 postdoctoral fellow) in the interdisciplinary techniques required to meet the major challenges in the monitoring, assessment, and management of toxic pollution in European river basins. This 4-year project is of particular relevance considering the multidisciplinary analytical chemistry and biology skills required to investigate the enormous complexity of contamination, effects, and cause-effect relationships. By integrating innovative mode-of-action-based biodiagnostic tools including in vitro and in vivo tests, transgenic organisms, and ‘omics’ techniques with powerful fractionation and cutting edge, analytical, and computational structure elucidation tools, powerful new EDA approaches are being developed for the identification of toxicants in European surface and drinking waters. Innovative method development by young researchers at major European universities, research centers, and private companies has been closely interlinked with a joint European demonstration program, higher-tier EDA, and specialized training courses and secondments. Using a simplified protocol based on existing EDA tools, EDA-EMERGE fellows are also being trained to organize and run international and interdisciplinary sampling and monitoring campaigns within selected European river basin sites. Strong networking between academia, the private sector, and leading regulators in the field of river basin management and pollution management ensures the relevance of the research for practice and excellent employment opportunities for the fellows. Additionally, an internationally composed advisory board has been tasked to introduce new perspectives on monitoring, assessment, and management of emerging pollutants within and outside of Europe. The combination of cutting edge science with specialized training in complimentary soft skills is being offered with a strong emphasis on commercial exploitation and media competence which further enhances the employability of the fellows in research, academia, and beyond.

Sustainability of Health Information Systems in Developing Countries: The Case of Fiji

This paper examines the future sustainability of the Fijian Ministry of Health's (MoH) information and communication technology (ITC) system for patient management (PATIS). PATIS was developed with AusAID funding and, as the owner of the system, AusAID has no commercial competence or interest in further development of the system. Thus, the question that arises is: should Fiji adopt a commercially available patient administration system or retain the existing PATIS? In-depth consultations with senior executives and line managers of units that were major users of PATIS were undertaken. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion approaches were utilised. The consensus or majority views of the users were that the existing PATIS performed more than adequately. The future sustainability of the system is threatened by the lack of investment in resources (e.g. hardware maintenance and human resources) required to keep the system operating at its optimum. It was found that PATIS provides Fiji with a satisfactory patient administration system. The identified problems with the system are not related to the application per se but rather to an under-investment in resources for its utilisation.

From new-product development to commercialization through networks

The research on research and development (R&D) networks is plentiful but network relations in commercialization of innovations attract surprisingly little attention. This study analyzes how firms combine resources and utilize their relations in order to ensure the success of their innovations. The theoretical basis combines literature on innovation, industrial networks, and innovation networks. The study includes two cases on commercialization networks. The results indicate that an innovating firm needs resources to engage in customer education, distribution, marketing communication, relationship mediation, and credibility building when moving from R&D tasks to commercialization tasks. To acquire these resources, the firm needs to experience changes in network relations. Accordingly, the innovating firm needs particular commercialization competence in terms of accessing, mobilizing, and organizing relational resources.

Technology absorptive capacity, knowledge transfer and commercialisation: traps and success factors

New knowledge as such has no value until it is applied. The objectives of this paper relate to the processes involved in the application of new knowledge for such value-adding applications. The constructs involved include knowledge itself, knowledge transfer, technology diffusion and technology absorptive capacity for existing companies and the critical factors in establishing viable and high growth new spin-off ventures. The key success factors that have been identified are few: careful selection of new business and commercialisation channel, adequacy of resources available initially, and effective planning supported by established commercial competence.

Coopération et innovation dans le secteur des agrumes : les réseaux socio-techniques à l'œuvre à la frontière entre l'Uruguay et l'Argentine

Dans cette contribution, nous proposons de nous interroger sur les conditions qui ont preside a l’emergence et a la constitution, au cours du temps, d’un espace transfrontalier technique et logistique. Son role majeur est confirme aujourd’hui par le positionnement concurrentiel de cet espace par rapport a d’autres dans le monde. Une de nos hypotheses est qu’il s’est construit des formes de complementarite entre, d’un cote, une competence technique construite autour du produit (Argentine) et, de l’autre, une competence commerciale (Uruguay) acquise anterieurement par certains acteurs dans des activites analogues (raisins, olives, agrumes). Si l’existence d’organismes techniques argentins et uruguayens, comme l’INTA et l’INIA, et leur volonte commune de faciliter l’echange transfrontalier de connaissances ont ete primordiaux dans la constitution de ce systeme productif localise, on ne saurait passer sous silence le role important joue par les echanges d’informations et de connaissances au sein de la communaute des producteurs. Tous les producteurs se connaissent et se voient regulierement, un reseau s’est constitue permettant l’adoption des techniques les plus adaptees meme si chacun garde jalousement son marche. Cependant, les reticences des producteurs a s’organiser davantage et a cooperer plus formellement pourraient, a terme, constituer des freins au developpement et a la perennite de ces entreprises.© 2007 Lavoisier, Paris. Tous droits reserves.

The Pharmacia story of entrepreneurship and as a creative technical university1 – an experiment in innovation, organizational break up and industrial renaissance

While innovative technology supply has been the focus of much neo-Schumpeterian modelling, few have addressed the critical and more resource-demanding commercializing of the same technologies. The result may have been a growth policy focused on the wrong problem. Using Competence Bloc Theory and a firm-based macro to macro approach we abandon the assumed linear relation between technology change and economic growth of such models, and demonstrate that lack of local commercialization competences is likely to block growth even though innovative technology supplies are abundant. The break up, reorganization and part withdrawal of Pharmacia from the local Uppsala (in Sweden) economy after a series of international mergers illustrate this. Pharmacia has ‘released’ a wealth of technologies in local markets. Local commercialization competence, notably industrially competent financing has, however, not been sufficient to fill in through indigenous entrepreneurship the vacuum left by Pharmacia. Only thanks to foreign investors, attracted by Pharmacia technologies that have opted to stay for the long term, the local Uppsala economy seems to be heading for a successful future. The Pharmacia case also demonstrates the role of advanced firms as ‘technical universities’ and the nature of an experimentally organized economy (EOE) in which business mistakes are a natural learning cost for economic development.

Businesswomen and financial management: Three eighteenth-century case studies

This article considers how three English businesswomen managed the financial aspects of their enterprises in the ‘long’ eighteenth century. The discussion focuses on two areas: their ability to keep adequate records and their management of trade credit. Whereas earlier studies of women's credit transactions have argued for its specifically ‘feminine’ nature, it will be demonstrated that men and women conducted business credit dealings on gender neutral lines. Three case studies are presented to show that the success or failure of a woman's business depended on her commercial competence, not her gender.

Does intercultural competence matter in intercultural business relationship development?

This paper examines issues concerning the development of cross-border buyer–seller relationships between China and the UK. It reports initial findings on the association between “intercultural competence” and the quality of business relationships between business partners from these two countries. The quality of relationship was taken as a composite measure of previously established areas, i.e. trust, co-operation, commitment, adaptation, satisfaction and long-term orientation. The notion of intercultural business competence was conceived as culture-specific knowledge and skills—the latter being tested via scenario generation. The concept was tested in a large-scale study involving UK managers, importing/exporting with China. Intercultural business competence is seen to be related to the quality of, in particular, long-term relationships. Conflict resolution competence was measured to be more important than both relational and commercial competence in the study.