Commercial Cigarette Brands Research Articles

Combined use of analyte protectants and precolumn backflushing for a robust, high-throughput quantitative determination of aroma compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Trace analysis of multi-targets in complex matrices such as cigarette smoke has always been a great challenge for analysts. In this paper, a high-throughput qualitative and quantitative method was developed and validated to determine 559 aroma compounds in mainstream smoke using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among four commonly used extraction solvents, dichloromethane showed obvious advantages in extracting the target aroma compounds with different polarity. An analyte protectant mixture consisting of 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol, 1,2-octandiol, 1,2-nonanediol, and 1,2-tetradecanediol was first presented to compensate for the matrix effect, which was suitable for solvents of a wide polarity range such as hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol. Moreover, the introduction of precolumn backflushing markedly improved the instrument robustness in analyzing complex cigarette smoke. The results showed that the system retained good stability after 30 days of injection. The proposed method performed well in terms of key validation parameters: accuracy (70.3–118.8% for 552 compounds), inter/intraday precision (0.1–10.7% and 0.2–18.2%), and sensitivity (limit of detection 0.12–102.54 ng/mL). Finally, this method was successfully applied to analyze 12 different commercial cigarette brands. The proposed method has good application prospects based on its robustness and may be used as a potential tool to transfer the cigarette design from an experience-dependent mode to a digital design mode. This method also shows potential in assaying aroma compounds in essentials, food or plant-based substrates.

Exposure to Commercial Cigarette Smoke Produces Psychomotor Sensitization Via Hyperstimulation of Glutamate Response in the Dorsal Striatum.

Cigarette smoke is a highly complex mixture of nicotine and non-nicotine constituents. Exposure to cigarette smoke enhances tobacco dependence by potentiating glutamatergic neurotransmission via stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We investigated the effects of nicotine and non-nicotine alkaloids in the cigarette smoke condensates extracted from two commercial cigarette brands in South Korea (KCSC A and KCSC B) on psychomotor behaviors and glutamate levels in the dorsal striatum. Repeated and challenge administration of KCSCs (nicotine content: 0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous) increased psychomotor behaviors (ambulatory, rearing, and rotational activities) and time spent in psychoactive behavioral states compared to exposure to nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) alone. The increase in psychomotor behaviors lasted longer when exposed to repeated and challenge administration of KCSCs compared to nicotine alone. In parallel with sustained increase in psychomotor behaviors, repeated administration of KCSCs also caused long-lasting glutamate release in the dorsal striatum compared to nicotine alone. KCSC-induced changes in psychomotor behaviors and glutamate levels in the dorsal striatum were found to be strongly correlated. These findings suggest that non-nicotine alkaloids in commercial cigarette smoke synergistically act with nicotine on nAChRs, thereby upregulating glutamatergic response in the dorsal striatum, which contributes to the hypersensitization of psychomotor behaviors.

Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Natural American Spirit Cigarettes.

Marketing of the Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes implies reduced risk of toxic exposures. We aimed to provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of these cigarettes. We analyzed 13 varieties of NAS for a range of tobacco- and combustion-derived constituents. Cigarettes were smoked by 2 standard regimens and analyzed using our routine analytical procedures. We also analyzed tobacco filler and physical cigarette characteristics. Under intense smoking conditions, nicotine in smoke of NAS cigarettes averaged 3.3(±0.7) mg/cigarette, compared to 2.4(±0.4) in other brands. The levels of carcinogenic nitrosamines NNN and NNK varied extensively across NAS varieties, their sum ranging from 71 to 443 ng/cigarette. Levels of volatile toxicants were generally similar to, or higher than those found in other commercial US cigarettes. High nicotine content suggests that NAS cigarettes may be more addictive than many other brands. Similarly low TSNA levels were measured in some NAS varieties, independent of whether or not they were labeled as organic. Levels of other toxicants were similar to other brands. Consumer education and additional regulatory measures are needed to address the misperceptions that NAS cigarettes are safer than other commercial cigarette brands.

Determination of Humectants in Tobacco Filler by High Performance Chromatography/Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

Glycerol, and 1,2-propylene glycol are the humectants most commonly used by the tobacco industry. They are found in a variety of tobacco products and are often present at high levels (~2-5 % w/w). While humectants are generally considered safe, they may serve as precursors in the formation of harmful carbonyl compounds. A selective, precise, and sensitive method for the quantification of several humectants in cigarette filler was developed. The method's sample clean-up is a two-step process consisting of a mechanical extraction, followed by solid phase extraction. Individual humectants are separated, identified, and measured using liquid chromatography coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometer as the detector (LC/MS). Detection limits were 0.105, 0.575, and 0.039 mg/cigarette for glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol and triethylene glycol, respectively. The quantification range for these analytes was 0.4-75.0 mg/cigarette. Twenty-seven brands of domestic commercial cigarettes were evaluated to assess typical levels of humectants in the tobacco filler.

Synthesis of a simply modified electrochemical nicotine sensor based on silver nanoparticles

An innovative electrochemical nicotine modified sensor was created by chemically mixing a carbon paste with silver nano powder to prepare an Ag nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode. Different electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in both aqueous and micellar media were used. The surface morphology was also detected using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis techniques. Nicotine measurements were investigated in Britton–Robinson buffer solutions with a pH range of 2.0–8.0 containing 1.0 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate. The electrode-based NIC sensor exhibited a high sensitivity in quantitative analysis, and its detection limit could be as low as 0.0036 μmol/L with linearity ranging from 0.8 μmol/L to 800 μmol/L. In addition, due to its good reproducibility, anti-interference performance, and long-term stability, the proposed sensor is capable of detecting trace levels of nicotine in urine samples and different brands of commercial cigarettes.

Determination of arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

In this work, arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates was systemically studied with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was utilized for analysis of the physical forms of arsenic, and no particle arsenic was observed in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates. The solvent extraction experiments proved that the water-soluble arsenic was the main species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates, which was consistent with the result of single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Furthermore, speciation of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid was investigated using high performance weak anion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. The developed high performance liquid chromatography coupled inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to the determination of arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates with satisfactory recoveries. Four arsenic species were detected in the mainstream cigarette smoke condensates from four brands of commercial available cigarettes, and there was a great difference between the arsenic content and composition among the different brands of cigarettes. It is found that arsenate was the main species in all tested cigarette samples.

Selected Constituent Yield Variation in the Smoke of Commercial Cigarette Brands on the Japanese Market

Summary This study focused on the variation in the yields of constituents in smoke from commercial cigarette brands available on the Japanese market. Nineteen commercial cigarette brands were sampled five times every two months from 2009 to 2010. The target constituents were benzo[a]-pyrene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), carbon monoxide, “tar”, and nicotine. The results of this study showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) values varied greatly by brands, constituents, and smoking regimes. The yields of NNN and NNK in the smoke were strongly correlated to their yields in the tobacco filler blend for most brands. The yields of benzo[a]pyrene under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regimes and 1,3-butadiene under the HCI smoking regime were found to be influenced by the measurement. It was shown that factors for variation were highly varied among constituents. The grand mean of CV values for NNN and formaldehyde associated with cigarette manufacturing over ten months and measurement at the JT laboratory under the HCI smoking regimes were 17.1% and 6.6% respectively. The grand mean of CV values for NNN and formaldehyde associated with both cigarette manufacturing over ten months and measurement at different laboratories under the HCI smoking regimes were 23.7% and 22.9% respectively. This is due to the fact that formaldehyde showed the highest CV values for reproducibility among the constituents. Thus, in order to set realistic and robust confidence intervals, it is very important to take into account the variations associated with cigarette manufacturing and measurement within and between laboratories.

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes.

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are N-nitroso-derivatives of pyridine-alkaloids (e.g., nicotine) present in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Two TSNAs, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are included on the Food and Drug Administration's list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products and tobacco. The amounts of four TSNAs (NNK, NNN, N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)) in the tobacco and mainstream smoke from 50 U.S. commercial cigarette brands were measured from November 15, 2011 to January 4, 2012 using a validated HPLC/MS/MS method. Smoke samples were generated using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) machine-smoking regimens. NNN and NAT were the most abundant TSNAs in tobacco filler and smoke across all cigarette brands, whereas NNK and NAB were present in lesser amounts. The average ratios for each TSNA in mainstream smoke to filler content is 29% by the CI smoking regimen and 13% for the ISO machine-smoking regimen. The reliability of individual TSNAs to predict total TSNA amounts in the filler and smoke was examined. NNN, NAT, and NAB have a moderate to high correlation (R2 = 0.61-0.98, p < 0.0001), and all three TSNAs individually predict total TSNAs with minimal difference between measured and predicted total TSNA amounts (error < 7.4%). NNK has weaker correlation (R2 = 0.56-0.82; p < 0.0001) and is a less reliable predictor of total TSNA quantities. Tobacco weight and levels of TSNAs in filler influence TSNA levels in smoke from the CI machine-smoking regimen. In contrast, filter ventilation is a major determinant of levels of TSNAs in smoke by the ISO machine-smoking regimen. Comparative analysis demonstrates substantial variability in TSNA amounts in tobacco filler and mainstream smoke yields under ISO and CI machine-smoking regimens among U.S. commercial cigarette brands.

Predicting the Cytotoxic Potency of Cigarette Smoke by Assessing the Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitory Capacity of Cigarette Smoke Extract.

The present study investigated the influence of the cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. TrxR is a selenoenzyme with a selenocysteine (Sec) residue exposed on the enzyme’s surface. This unique Sec residue is particularly susceptible to modification by numerous types of electrophiles, leading to inactivation of TrxR and consequent cytotoxicity. Cigarette smoke contains various electrophiles, and the present study showed that CSE could inhibit intracellular TrxR through causing crosslinking and alkylation of TrxR1. TrxR inhibitory capacities of various CSEs were evaluated by using mouse-liver homogenate. Among the CSEs prepared from 18 commercial cigarette brands, TrxR inhibitory capacities of the maximum and the minimum had a 2.5-fold difference. Importantly, CSE’s inhibitory capacity greatly paralleled its cytotoxic potency in all cell lines used. Compared to cytotoxic assays, which have been widely used for evaluating cigarette toxicity but are not suitable for simultaneously examining a large number of cigarette samples, the present method was simple and rapid with a high-throughput feature and thus could be used as an auxiliary means to predict the cytotoxicity of a large number of cigarette samples, making it possible to extensively screen numerous agricultural and industrial measures that potentially affect cigarette safety.

Determination of major tobacco alkaloids in mainstream cigarette smoking

The popularity of tobacco use worldwide has kicked off one of the greatest clinical debates on human toxicology and public health in general. Accordingly, this study investigates some of the alkaloids in tobacco believed not only to be addictive and carcinogenic but also as precursors for other related medical problems. The characteristic behaviour, identification and product evolution of β-nicotyrine and 3, 5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole in tobacco is reported extensively in this study for the first time. Two commercial cigarette brands coded SM1 and ES1 were explored for evolution of major alkaloids over a modest temperature range of 200–700° C for a total pyrolysis time of 3 minutes using a tubular quartz reactor, typically in increments of 100°C using nitrogen as the pyrolysis gas at a residence time of 2.0 seconds under 1 atmosphere pressure. The heating rate of the heater was ∼ 20°C s−1. The pyrolysate was passed over 10 mL analytical grade methanol and analyzed using a Gas-Chromatography hyphenated to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) with a mass selective detector (MSD). GC-MS results showed that nicotine was the major alkaloid in both cigarettes reaching a maximum at ∼ 400°C (8.0 x 108 GC-Area counts) for ES1 cigarette and 500°C (∼2.7 x 108 GC-Area counts for SM1 cigarette. Clearly, the ratio of nicotine for ES1 to SM1 is approximately 3 indicating that ES1 cigarette is rich in nicotine. Based on this data alone, ES1 cigarette was found to be more addictive.

Five-year yield variation in N-nitrosonornicotine and (4-methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone from the smoke of commercial cigarette brands on the Japanese market

This study reports on variation in the yields of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and (4-methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) from the mainstream smoke of cigarette brands and describes factors affecting this variation. Yields of NNN and NNK from smoke and tobacco filler, which is blended and cut tobacco filled in a cigarette tube, together with cigarette design parameters, were measured for 11 commercial cigarette brands, which were available in Japan from 2009 to 2013. The ranges of the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for NNN from the smoke of each brand were 5.0%–29.9% under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and 6.3%–26.3% under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime. When these RSDs were compared with those of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in each brand, they were found to be much higher for all of the brands under the HCI, and higher for most of the brands under the ISO smoking regime. In addition, the RSDs of NNN and NNK in smoke were mostly higher than those of KY3R4F which was manufactured in a single batch. It was identified that variation in NNN yields from tobacco filler mainly contribute to variation in NNN yields from smoke.

Reduction of tobacco smoke components yield in commercial cigarette brands by addition of HUSY, NaY and Al-MCM-41 to the cigarette rod

The effect of two zeolites, HUSY, NaY and a mesoporous synthesized Al-MCM-41 material on the smoke composition of ten commercial cigarettes brands has been studied. Cigarettes were prepared by mixing the tobacco with the three powdered materials, and the smoke obtained under the ISO conditions was analyzed. Up to 32 compounds were identified and quantified in the gas fraction and 80 in the total particulate matter (TPM) condensed in the cigarettes filters and in the traps located after the mouth end of the cigarettes. Al-MCM-41 is by far the best additive, providing the highest reductions of the yield for most compounds and brands analyzed. A positive correlation was observed among the TPM and nicotine yields with the reduction obtained in nicotine, CO, and most compounds with the three additives. The amount of ashes in additive free basis increases due to the coke deposited on the solids, especially with Al-MCM-41. Nicotine is reduced with Al-MCM-41 by an average of 34.4% for the brands studied (49.5% for the brand where the major reduction was obtained and 18.5 for the brand behaving the worst). CO is reduced by an average of 18.6% (ranging from 10.3 to 35.2% in the different brands).

Simple Determination of Sugars in Cigarettes

Simple sugars are an important constituent of tobacco, varying between almost 0 and 20% on weight of tobacco. Some manufacturers add sugars to the natural content in tobacco. In the present report, a simple and fast method is presented to analyze the concentrations of the sugars sucrose, glucose and fructose in cigarettes. After an extraction step, the diluted samples are applied to an isocratic HPLC system with detection by evaporated light scattering (ELSD). The method is very stable and sensitive with a good reproducibility. In one working day 80 samples of cigarettes can be processed and prepared for overnight HPLC analysis by one technician. The average total sugar content in 58 commercial cigarette brands is 17.4% (w/w) with a range of 1.9 to 18.3%.

Human health risk associated with exposure to toxic elements in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke

Toxic particulate elements present in cigarette smoke pose health threats to the life of smokers due to direct inhalation and at the same time increase health risks to non-smokers present in the vicinity of smokers because of their exposure. This study conducted a series of experiments using a controlled experimental chamber, equipped with simulated smoking conditions for characterization of particulate trace elements in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Four popular commercial cigarette brands available in Singapore market were used in this study. The target elements for extraction and analysis were Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sn, Sr, Te, Tl and Zn of both water-soluble and total constituents. The human health risk assessment results showed that the sidestream smoke had higher concentrations of toxic elements than those in the mainstream smoke. However, risk assessment analysis revealed that the sidestream smoke resulted in less human health risks compared to the mainstream smoke due to the influence of dilution of particulate emissions in sidestream smoke prior to inhalation exposure experienced by non-smokers. The cumulative non-cancer and cancer risks of toxic elements varied from 2.0 to 3.1 and from 398.4×10−6 to 626.1×10−6 due to inhalation of cigarette smoke by an active smoker. In the case of non-smokers, the risks were estimated under three possible cases of exposure. The cumulative cancer risks under three different cases were greater than the permissible limits. Therefore, it could be concluded that the toxic particulate elements present in cigarette smoke have significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects due to inhalation exposure in the environment.

Menthol Addition to Cigarettes Using Breakable Capsules in the Filter. Impact on the Mainstream Smoke Yields of the Health Canada List Constituents

Cigarettes with menthol capsules embedded in the filter have been introduced recently in many countries. At the same time, concerns have been expressed that filter performance could be affected by the crushing of the capsule therein, altering mainstream smoke constituent yields, ultimately with the potential to impact the toxicity of these products. The present study investigates the possible mechanisms underlying differences in smoke constituent deliveries following the crushing of a menthol capsule in a cigarette filter. It also includes results from a market survey of a selection of commercial cigarette brands with menthol capsules representing the different designs for this type of product available in different markets worldwide. The yields of 46 Health Canada smoke components were determined according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) machine-smoking regime. Data obtained from measurements using cigarettes with the capsule crushed and uncrushed were compared. Except for the intended presence of menthol flavors in smoke, no meaningful differences were identified in the yields of the remaining measured particulate-phase smoke constituents. Regarding the gas-phase smoke constituents, it was found that the delivery of lipophilic volatiles was reduced when the capsule was crushed. Delivery of the other measured gas-phase components remained unaffected. The results from investigations performed in this study did not show any meaningful increase in the yield of smoke constituents listed by Health Canada as a result of crushing the menthol capsule in the cigarette filter.

Voltammetric determination of nicotine in cigarette tobacco at electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode

The electrochemical behavior of nicotine was investigated using cyclic and square wave voltammetric techniques. Electrochemical activation of glassy carbon electrode significantly increased the oxidation peak current of nicotine compared to the bare glassy carbon. At the activated glassy carbon electrode, the square wave voltammetry of nicotine revealed an oxidation peak at +838 mV ( vs. SCE) in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7. Under optimized conditions, the linear range (R 2 = 0.998) and detection limit (3σ) for nicotine determination were found to be 1-200 µM and 0.7 µM, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of nicotine in two brands of commercial cigarettes and acceptable recovery values of 97-108% were found. KEY WORDS : Nicotine, Activated glassy carbon, Square wave voltammetry, Cigarette Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2013 , 27(3), 321-328. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v27i3.1

GC–MS Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, Methanethiol, Carbon Disulfide, Methyl Thiocyanate and Methyl Disulfide in Mainstream Vapor Phase Cigarette Smoke

A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methanethiol, carbon disulfide, methyl thiocyanate and methyl disulfide in mainstream vapor phase (MVP) cigarette smoke by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The fresh MVP smoke was collected in a gas bag, followed by injection of a 50 μL gas sample into the GC inlet via an automatic six-port valve. The separation was on a CP-PoraPLOT Q column and MS was operated in SIM mode. It was found that while carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are very stable in the gas bag, hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, methyl disulfide and methyl thiocyanate are extremely reactive and their levels increase or decrease drastically with the storage time in the gas bag. These results suggest that there is an absolute need to analyze the smoke sample as quickly as possible. Maintaining a precise time after the smoke collection is a key factor in order to obtain reproducible results. In this study, all the samples are injected within 2 min after MVP smoke was collected in the bag. Under smoke conditions of 60 mL puff of 2 s duration every 30 s, 12 brands of commercial cigarettes and Kentucky Reference 2R4F cigarettes were analyzed. Average values of three replicates of the 2R4F cigarettes were 31.6 μg cigt−1 hydrogen sulfide, 40.7 μg cigt−1 carbonyl sulfide, 25.6 μg cigt−1 methanethiol, 2.2 μg cigt−1 carbon disulfide, 23.7 μg cigt−1 methyl thiocyanate and 17.6 μg cigt−1 methyl disulfide. All other types of analyzed cigarettes show a similar quantitative distribution for these analytes.

Voltammetric behavior of nicotine at pencil graphite electrode and its enhancement determination in the presence of anionic surfactant

The electrochemical oxidation of nicotine was studied in aqueous as well as micellar media at a pencil graphite electrode using cyclic, differential pulse and square-wave voltammetric techniques. The compound was oxidized irreversibly at low positive potentials in one (in acidic and neutral media) or two (in alkaline media) oxidation steps. The response was evaluated with respect to pH, scan rate, addition of surfactant and other variables. For analytical purposes, very resolved voltammetric peaks at +0.84 V (versus Ag/AgCl) were obtained in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 containing 2 mM sodium dodecylsulfate using square-wave mode. The process could be used to determine nicotine concentrations in the range of 7.6–107.5 μM with a detection limit of 2.0 μM (0.33 mg L −1). The proposed method was applied to the determination of nicotine in different brands of commercial cigarettes.

Automated determination of seven phenolic compounds in mainstream tobacco smoke

Exposure to hydroxyl-substituted arenes, commonly referred to as phenols or phenolic compounds, can have serious health consequences. Select phenols present in tobacco smoke are cardiovascular toxins, act as tumor co-promoters and show genotoxic activity. To examine the mainstream smoke levels of these compounds, we developed and applied a method for quantitative analysis of seven phenols (phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone) in mainstream smoke. Total mainstream smoke particulate matter was collected on a Cambridge filter pad and spiked with an isotopically labeled internal standard solution. This pad underwent an automated phenol derivatization procedure to increase analyte volatility and enhance detection. Following the derivatization step, phenols from the particulate matter were sampled using solid-phase microextraction with subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection. Sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility were more than adequate for routine detection of phenols in mainstream smoke. Detection limits ranged from 0.04-0.57 microg, with a quantification range of 0.1-710 microg. Higher sensitivity and sample throughput were achieved compared with previously described methods. Mainstream smoke from 28 brands of domestic commercial cigarettes was evaluated to assess typical levels, and reference cigarettes containing single tobacco blends were examined to ascertain the phenolic profile from different types of tobaccos. As expected under machine smoking conditions using the Federal Trade Commission parameters, full-flavored cigarettes deliver more phenols than the light varieties, followed by the ultra light varieties. Differences were seen in relative levels of phenolic compounds in the mainstream smoke from unfiltered cigarettes made with a single type of tobacco.

Cigarette smoke chemistry market maps under Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions

This study extends the market mapping concept introduced by Counts et al. (Counts, M.E., Hsu, F.S., Tewes, F.J., 2006. Development of a commercial cigarette “market map” comparison methodology for evaluating new or non-conventional cigarettes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 46, 225–242) to include both temporal cigarette and testing variation and also machine smoking with more intense puffing parameters, as defined by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH). The study was conducted over a two year period and involved a total of 23 different commercial cigarette brands from the U.S. marketplace. Market mapping prediction intervals were developed for 40 mainstream cigarette smoke constituents and the potential utility of the market map as a comparison tool for new brands was demonstrated. The over-time character of the data allowed for the variance structure of the smoke constituents to be more completely characterized than is possible with one-time sample data. The variance was partitioned among brand-to-brand differences, temporal differences, and the remaining residual variation using a mixed random and fixed effects model. It was shown that a conventional weighted least squares model typically gave similar prediction intervals to those of the more complicated mixed model. For most constituents there was less difference in the prediction intervals calculated from over-time samples and those calculated from one-time samples than had been anticipated. One-time sample maps may be adequate for many purposes if the user is aware of their limitations. Cigarette tobacco fillers were analyzed for nitrate, nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, ammonia, chlorogenic acid, and reducing sugars. The filler information was used to improve predicting relationships for several of the smoke constituents, and it was concluded that the effects of filler chemistry on smoke chemistry were partial explanations of the observed brand-to-brand variation.