Design Of Commercial Buildings Research Articles

Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings through Advanced Building Strategies

The pressing issue of climate change and its correlation with greenhouse gas emissions has propelled a heightened emphasis on energy-efficient building practices, particularly within the commercial sector. This study delves into advanced design strategies aimed at maximizing energy efficiency while upholding quality and comfort standards. By scrutinizing a functioning commercial building in Gurugram, Haryana, data was gathered to construct an energy model using eQUEST. Analysis encompassed various building facets such as envelope components (e.g., walls, roofs, and windows), HVAC systems, lighting, and occupancy patterns. The outcomes furnish valuable insights into pivotal factors influencing energy efficiency and propose tailored strategies for integration into commercial building design. This methodical approach, informed by case evaluation, seeks to optimize energy performance and cost-effectiveness across diverse building types and climates.

Energy Performance and Optimization of Commercial Building under Composite Climate using BIM

Abstract: The use of BIM REVIT for Energy Performance and Optimisation of Buildings (EPOBs) has been shown in this research to be a sustainable and energy-efficient response to the problems posed by climate change and growing energy expenses. These buildings are made to produce as much energy as they consume, ensuring that their net energy consumption is zero. The paper explores the evolution of energy performance and optimisation of buildings and the latest emerging technologies that are enabling their development, comprising innovative sensors, lightweight insulation panels, energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, and smart building automation systems. The effectiveness of these strategies is analysed using Autodesk insights and Revit software. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of energy-efficient and renewable energy strategies, the article also compares energy use intensity (EUI) before and after implementation. The proposed building achieved a significant 44.3% reduction in energy consumption after implementing various energy performance and Optimization strategies for commercial building design, resulting in a mean EUI value of -33.1 kWh/sq. m/year. The analysis was conducted using Autodesk Insights and Revit software, utilising the Building Information Modelling (BIM) approach for building design. This paper concludes with a discussion on the future of energy performance and optimisation and how they are an important step towards achieving sustainable and efficient energy use in the building sector, resulting in cost savings and reducing carbon emissions.

Artificial neural network modeling of solar photovoltaic panel energy output

Solar panel energy output is an essential parameter for the design and operation of renewable energy systems. Previously, little was known about the precise relationship between the energy outputs of solar panels with various meteorological, radiometric, and weather conditions in the southern California region. Without precise modeling or prediction systems, solar energy can potentially be wasted due to grid energy fluctuation. Thus, it is intended to use an artificial neural network (ANN) to develop solar panel energy output prediction model with a high degree of accuracy. A self-developed feedforward ANN model utilizing the Rectified linear unit (ReLu) activation function was used in the present study. Meteorological, weather, and sun irradiation data collected throughout the last year from a residential location have been used to train the models. The model’s performance was identified based on the minimum mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) and maximum linear correlation coefficient (R2). Further, the present self-developed ANN model was consistent with other solar energy experimental results and theoretical analysis. The developed ANN model using the Python programming language achieved a high R2 of more than 85% which ascertains the accuracy and suitability of the model to predict the daily solar energy output in local southern California area. This ANN modeling approach can be extended to many other applications such as SCORE, commercial, and residential building design.

Impact of indoor environmental quality weighting schemes on office architectural design decisions

The importance of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) cannot be overstated, as it impacts the health and satisfaction of occupants. To evaluate overall indoor comfort, all four IEQ domains must be considered together. However, there is a lack of guidance on how to prioritize each domain and corresponding metrics, particularly during the early design stage. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of different weighting schemes on commercial building design elements to have high overall comfort. First, a parametric modeling approach for a shoe-box office building is developed to quantify IEQ domains using various design parameters. Subsequently, multiple weighting options are defined, resulting in an aggregated IEQ score. Next, high-performance designs are identified and compared based on each weighting scheme for two different climates. Results show that, as long as all four comfort domains are considered, the choice of weighting scheme does not significantly affect the selection of high-performance designs. Therefore, an equal weighting scheme is suggested for the early stage. This paper presents an original approach to support design decisions and the mutual weightings of IEQ factors.

Adaptasi Nuansa Lokal pada Proses Perancangan Bangunan Komersial di Bali

Title: The Adaptation of Local Architecture in the Commercial Building Design Process in Bali
 The local Balinese architecture is still being developed and maintained simultaneously in Bali, incorporating elements of history and space. Over time, modernization has impacted the existence of local Balinese architecture in its manifestation. The local government responded to the act of preserving culture by establishing a Bali Regional Regulation, which regulates the design of architectural buildings with local Balinese nuances. The existence of this culture has become the main attraction in Bali, and it requires support from the spaces or commercial buildings. Therefore, the image of commercial buildings is regarded as a manifestation of the existence of local Balinese architectural culture. This paper focuses on the building's appearance, with two object location points as the case study to determine how to adapt local nuances to different typologies, namely Pahdi Coffee Kintamani and Benoa Beach Club, as objects that can illustrate the process of design acculturation. The research evaluated the design against existing benchmarks to obtain the adaptation process used in commercial building design. The method used was qualitative descriptive. As a result, the design of Pahdi Coffee Kintamani and Benoa Beach Club can fit with the function needed and adapt the local Balinese architecture through the appropriate process.

A case study on flanking noise transmission through curtain wall in an office building

Curtain walls are a popular architectural element for the design of modern commercial building façade. With the advanced technologies and recent developments in building materials, curtain walls are developed with different lightweight materials, providing a spectacular visual identity of buildings and a number of functional design advantages to building interiors, including acoustic comfort, weather resistance, and thermal comfort. With the availability of high-performing glazed curtain walls these days, external noise in a commercial building adjacent to busy roads and railway lines is easily controlled, and acoustic comfort at internal space be achieved to suit the design intent. However, the lack of building design integration between building envelop, structural, and interior systems would often lead to airborne flanking noise transmission between different occupancies resulting in poor acoustic privacy. Such a post-design issue is often undesirable to the occupants and is an expensive exercise to retrofit. In this paper, a case study is conducted in a building where office workers in a three-story office building raised concerns about noise annoyance and acoustic privacy between two different tenancies on levels one above the other. This paper discusses the acoustic issues causing the compromised acoustic privacy, the method of acoustic investigations, the recommended noise control mechanisms, and finally the outcome of mitigation measures.

Alternatif Solusi Mengontrol Cahaya Alami pada Desain Bangunan Komersial

Title: Alternative Solutions to Control Heat Radiation in Commercial Building Design; Case Study: Commercial Buildings In Bukit Keminting, Palangka Raya City A building envelope is a component that protects against environmental influences outside the building that are not expected to be a solution in controlling heat radiation and sunlight. However, the shops in Bukit Keminting, Palangka Raya, have challenges. In addition to its function as a commercial building with essential criteria like visibility aspect, the position of the storefront along the road also directly faces the sunset. This causes the store to receive heat and glare from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Using web-based software development from AndrewMarsh.com. This study focuses on effective shading devices for stores in Bukit Keminting Palangka Raya in controlling heat radiation without eliminating the vital aspect of visibility for commercial buildings. The software analysis shows that a highly flexible device is the most suitable solution. The type of shading device with these properties is the type of external Venetian blind, which can be adjusted according to the direction of the incoming light, which changes every month.

Design and Analysis of G+5 Commercial Building by using Staad Pro

The main objective of this project to design and analysis of commercial building by using STAAD Pro.STAAD is the abbreviation for Structural Analysis and Design. STAAD Pro is one of the popular software that is used for analyzing & designing structures like – buildings, towers, bridges, industrial, transportation and utility structures. As the design includes the total load calculation and reinforcement details. In these project We have to analysis the G+5 Commercial building which is in C Shape and find out various parameters like Shear force,Bending moment,Deflection,Maximum absolute displacement and the various structural components (Reinforcement details of beam ,Column,Slab ).The loads are applied On the building are Dead load,Live load and the total height of the building is 24 m.

Mapping of residential double skin façade design

This paper aims to trace and map the variety of Double Skin Façade (DSF) in residential designs in Indonesia. This response to issues regarding technology development, design strategy, and the role of DSF in buildings related to aesthetic, environmental, and materiality issues in design practice. A qualitative approach with a descriptive observation case study method was conducted on various modern residential architectural designs buildings in Indonesia to illustrate how designers positioned this double skin facade in their design. The connection between the DSF with tectonic, aesthetic, sustainability, and environmental issues is shown in this study. This paper set the study boundaries for exploring residential designs' typology because the limited scale project allowed the designer to have considerable flexibility and exploration of creativity. The residential architectural design also allows the role of the DSF to be integrated with a passive design strategy, compared to commercial or public building design. The findings suggest various strategies and design exploration mapping related to DSF design. The results show that it can form a new character for contemporary Indonesian architecture and become a catalogue of exploratory, strategic, and responsive design elements in its practices.

A Study on the Optimization of Atrium Daylight and Energy Performance through Skylight and Shading Design in Commercial Buildings in Cold Zones

Atriums play an irreplaceable role within the plan of modern commercial buildings. However, the presence of skylights makes the atrium suffer from unfavorable conditions such as overheating, high energy consumption, and glare, which can be partially reduced by the sun-shading design of skylights. In this paper, we conducted a field test and questionnaire survey on the daylight quality of commercial buildings in cold zones in China to find out the current problems of daylight quality in atriums and to establish a model of commercial atrium. After the dynamic daylight and energy consumption simulation, the sensitivity analysis of daylight and energy performance is performed for the skylight and shading (SAS) design parameters under three shading types. Finally, the Pareto front solution set of optimized commercial atrium daylight, visual comfort, and energy performance for the three shading types has been obtained using a multi-objective search tool. The results show that SRR has the greatest effect on sDA, DGP, and EUI in all shading cases; while SGT has a greater effect on EUI than on daylight quality; FC has a greater effect on EUI than FV on EUI; and LS and LI have a more significant influence on daylight and visual comfort. The optimal SAS values of no shading, fabric shading and louvered shading were screened as SRR is 0.4–0.5, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass; SRR is 0.5–0.6, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, FV is 0.5–0.7, FC is 0.5–0.6; SRR is 0.6–0.7, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, LS is 100 mm/125 mm, and LI is 60–70°. It is expected that this study will provide some information and reference for the design of commercial atriums in cold zones in the future.

The Study of Virtual Reality Sensing Technology in the Form Design and Perception of Public Buildings

In order to explore the commercial building design method that meets the needs of contemporary consumer behavior, the author proposes a method of applying virtual reality, behavior simulation, and other technologies to commercial building design. First, through a questionnaire survey of commercial buildings in a city, the influencing factors of consumption behavior are explained with the help of SPSS correlation analysis. Then, applying virtual reality technology on this basis, three-dimensional presentation of the commercial building design scheme, taking the design of commercial space signage system as an example, the preset low-brightness color system, and the color and shape are single, the logo set A and the logo set B using high-brightness color system and changeable form are presented, expand 3D dynamic visual and behavioral simulations. At last, relying on ResNet image recognition technology, it analyzes the user’s visual experience and usage effect. Experimental results show: There is a significant correlation between plane layout, spatial identification, familiarity of indoor space, and frequency of use, and visual perception is the main driving factor for choosing commercial buildings; using the comparative analysis of commercial logos, it is found that the average value of the confidence of set B is less than that of set A; in terms of significance, the average time of identifying all categories of logo set A is 0.68 s, and the average identification time of all categories of identification set B is 0.46 s; in terms of discrimination, it takes 0.28 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set A and 0.11 s to correct the misrecognition of all categories of identification set B, indicating that the design of the identification system uses bright colors and changeable forms, which are easier to use. The results indicate that the elevation, slope, hydrology, transportation conditions, economic indexes and cultural factors are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of traditional villages in a city. The analysis shows that the distribution of traditional villages is affected by natural conditions, social economic conditions, cultural factors and other factors, and the optimal layout of traditional villages can be strengthened from these aspects.

A review of facilities management interventions to mitigate respiratory infections in existing buildings

The Covid-19 pandemic reveals that the hazard of the respiratory virus was a secondary consideration in the design, development, construction, and management of public and commercial buildings. Retrofitting such buildings poses a significant challenge for building owners and facilities managers. This article reviews current research and practices in building operations interventions for indoor respiratory infection control from the perspective of facilities managers to assess the effectiveness of available solutions. This review systematically selects and synthesises eighty-six articles identified through the PRISMA process plus supplementary articles identified as part of the review process, that deal with facilities' operations and maintenance (O&M) interventions. The paper reviewed the context, interventions, mechanisms, and outcomes discussed in these articles, concluding that interventions for respiratory virus transmission in existing buildings fall into three categories under the Facilities Management (FM) discipline: Hard services (HVAC and drainage system controls) to prevent aerosol transmissions, Soft Services (cleaning and disinfection) to prevent fomite transmissions, and space management (space planning and occupancy controls) to eliminate droplet transmissions. Additionally, the research emphasised the need for FM intervention studies that examine occupant behaviours with integrated intervention results and guide FM intervention decision-making. This review expands the knowledge of FM for infection control and highlights future research opportunities.

Temperature and indoor environments.

From the thermodynamic perspective, the term temperature is clearly defined for ideal physical systems: A unique temperature can be assigned to each black body via its radiation spectrum, and the temperature of an ideal gas is given by the velocity distribution of the molecules. While the indoor environment is not an ideal system, fundamental physical and chemical processes, such as diffusion, partitioning equilibria, and chemical reactions, are predictably temperature-dependent. For example, the logarithm of reaction rate and equilibria constants are proportional to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is therefore possible to have non-linear, very steep changes in chemical phenomena over a relatively small temperature range. On the contrary, transport processes are more influenced by spatial temperature, momentum, and pressure gradients as well as by the density, porosity, and composition of indoor materials. Consequently, emergent phenomena, such as emission rates or dynamic air concentrations, can be the result of complex temperature-dependent relationships that require a more empirical approach. Indoor environmental conditions are further influenced by the thermal comfort needs of occupants. Not only do occupants have to create thermal conditions that serve to maintain their core body temperature, which is usually accomplished by wearing appropriate clothing, but also the surroundings must be adapted so that they feel comfortable. This includes the interaction of the living space with the ambient environment, which can vary greatly by region and season. Design of houses, apartments, commercial buildings, and schools is generally utility and comfort driven, requiring an appropriate energy balance, sometimes considering ventilation but rarely including the impact of temperature on indoor contaminant levels. In our article, we start with a review of fundamental thermodynamic variables and discuss their influence on typical indoor processes. Then, we describe the heat balance of people in their thermal environment. An extensive literature study is devoted to the thermal conditions in buildings, the temperature-dependent release of indoor pollutants from materials and their distribution in the various interior compartments as well as aspects of indoor chemistry. Finally, we assess the need to consider temperature holistically with regard to the changes to be expected as a result of global emergencies such as climate change.

Design optimization of smart glazing optical properties for office spaces

In this paper, a systematic analysis is presented to determine optimal optical properties of smart glazing to minimize energy demand for perimeter office spaces. The optimization analysis considers the impacts of design and operation conditions of commercial buildings including size and orientation of windows as well as the climate characteristics of the buildings. In addition, daylighting benefits are included in the analysis of smart glazing that can transition between clear and dark states as well as intermediate tint levels. The optimization analysis results confirm that smart glazing can provide substantial energy efficiency for office buildings when coupled with daylighting controls especially for cold climates and large windows. However, the analysis indicates that specific set of optical properties for both clear and dark states are required to achieve optimal energy efficiency benefits for smart glazing when applied to office spaces. Indeed, the presented analysis allows the identification of the optimal optical properties for smart glazing depending on several influencing factors including primarily the climate as well as the window size and orientation. Moreover, the magnitude of the annual energy savings achieved by the smart glazing depends largely on the optical properties of the static glazing type used as a reference. Using code-compliant static glazing as a reference, the energy savings incurred by smart glazing range from 1.2% to 13.3% depending on daylighting controls and climatic conditions.

System-Scale Modeling of a Building-Integrated, Transparent Concentrating Photovoltaic and Thermal Collector

The buildings sector is a principal contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, but consistently falls short of targets for harnessing on-site energy resources towards sustainable operation. Emerging integrated solar technologies could transform buildings and urban settings into resilient, self-sufficient, and healthy environments. But if effects of these technologies are not understood in the multiple contexts in which they operate (human-scale, building-scale, district-scale), their potential is difficult to project. To explore building-scale metabolization of solar energy, a previously-developed analytical model of a Building Envelope-Integrated, Transparent, Concentrating Photovoltaic and Thermal collector (BITCoPT) was run to project electrical and thermal energy and exergy production (cogeneration) in a range of orientations and operating temperatures. Simulated annual cogeneration efficiency was noted at 27% (exergy) at an operating temperature of 55°C, and up to 55% (energy) at 25°C. Exergetic efficiency remained nearly constant as operating temperatures increased through 75°C, indicating the thermal energy collected would be some heat-engine-based applications. Although the scope of this study excludes broader architectural benefits of daylighting (lighting load reduction), and reduction of solar gains (cooling loads), these results suggest BITCoPT merits further investigation for on-site net-zero and energy-positive commercial building design, and might contribute to expanding net-zero and energy-positive architecture opportunities.

GALERI SEPEDA DI PELAIHARI

Pelaihari’s high interest in bicycles is not comparable to the number of bicycle providers. This is evidenced by an increase in bicycle sales up to two times, while the number of providers of bicycles is limited and bicycle sold are not accompanied by explanatory information. There is also no designated place for cycling in Pelaihari. Responding to these problems, the need for a place that serve as a sales center and bicycle information along with supporting facilities in the form of a gallery. The design of the Bicycle Gallery in Pelaihari applies a commercial approach according to Wungow to solve the problem. The commercial approach is applied to the design through 9 aspects of commercial building design.

Design of Commercial Building by Considering Various Structural Orientations

Building introduction is a critical structure thought, mostly concerning based on the wind and radiation from the sun. In transcendently hot humidity based locations like Malaysia where the sunlight is existing overall year which gets daylight all year around, structures of the buildings have to be situated to limit sunlight based gain and amplify regular ventilation. This paper represents an investigate on the impact of building introduction based on the absorption of sun radiation at outside divider, shifter zone proportion at the coated window and regular ventilation during the working in humidity locations. The Raman building is located in AEC Campus, Penang which is a mechanical business building, constructed in the form of east west ways. For the contextual investigation the both east and west bearing rooms were considered. By utilizing the lumberjack BABUC/M, the contrast among the “in” and “out” speed and temperature of the air in both of the rooms were calculated which information’s have been dissected and researched. The outcome of this study demonstrated that the indoor temperature is expanded based on the impact of the east window which is better than west window. The west window is identified as suitable for the ventilated or unventilated rooms.

The influence of consumer’s “new demand” on commercial building design

With the continuous development of the society, the business environment has changed, and consumers’ consumption concepts have been updated, and consumers are in pursuit of efficient and diversified commercial space experience. Traditional commercial buildings are difficult to meet the new needs of people, and new materials and new technologies emerge in an endless stream to meet the needs of architectural development. This puts forward higher requirements to the design of commercial buildings. At present, new space in commercial buildings has emerged, and more architectural technologies have been applied in commercial buildings. Commercial space is constantly changing and reconstructing with the development of The Times and the needs of consumers.

Analysis of Energy Saving Design of Commercial Buildings

Analysis of Energy Saving Design of Commercial Buildings

A Brief Discussion on the Architectural Design of Commercial Complex Building -- An Example of the Design of the Comprehensive Office Building of Nantong Electric and Acoustic General Plant Plot

A Brief Discussion on the Architectural Design of Commercial Complex Building -- An Example of the Design of the Comprehensive Office Building of Nantong Electric and Acoustic General Plant Plot