Children's Comments Research Articles

Building a Bridge Among Unspoken Words: The Use of Drawing According to the IARA Model to Trigger Communication in Children and Adolescents Who Stutter

Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by frequent and significant problems with normal fluency and flow of speech. People who stutter perceive themselves as poor communicators and develop negative speech attitudes. This development of a negative communicative attitude could be related to the expectations and high demands made by their parents about fluency. When these expectations exceed the stuttering individual’s abilities to produce fluent verbal communication, a stuttering episode occurs. This is perceived by the individual as a communicative performance not adequately meeting the requests. Consequently, these individuals often resort to various avoidance and escape behaviors and generally avoid discussing their experiences and feelings related to stuttering. Therefore, stimulating communication is essential during speech therapy sessions to expose experiences otherwise kept hidden both from children/adolescents and their parents. However, encouraging communication is far from simple. In an attempt to facilitate communication and foster a more effective relationship between persons who stutter and their parents, we implemented the so-called awareness drawing according to the IARA model at the opening of the stuttering assessment session. Fourteen children (M=10; F=4; mean age=10.42; SD=1.65) and eight adolescents (M=6; F=2; mean age = 15.25; SD=1.03) diagnosed with stuttering were involved in this study, along with their relatives (28 parents; M=10; F=18; mean age=31.14; SD=4.66 years). The results of the study revealed that the drawings and comments of children and adolescents with stuttering, along with their parents, can offer valuable insights into their experiences and perceptions of stuttering. Children and adolescents expressed a desire for acceptance and a wish to be recognized beyond their stuttering. They depicted solutions that encompass the involvement of both parents and speech therapists. The utilization of awareness drawing can have a substantial impact on speech therapists. During the stuttering assessment session, it can provide valuable insights into the emotions, thoughts of person who stutter, as well as the experiences of their parents. This, in turn, can enhance the design of therapeutic intervention.

Structural Elements of Political News Texts and Comments from Children Target Group

Modern online media offer online news magazines with commenting options for children from 8 to 12 years old. This paper features children's comments in their relation to the structure of a French-language political news text designed as Inverted pyramid. Children's comments to political news aimed at their age group are a new and unexplored scientific object. The research relied on the concept of cognitive constructivism of moral consciousness and involved such methods as content and intent analyses. Children proved to be active readers of political news: they expressed their opinions on the information presented in such structural elements as Lead, Body, Background, and Tail. The greatest response was triggered by Background, which narrates the facts that influenced the news event. Children usually reacted to information about victims of political events, political protesters, descriptions of life situations they can associate with, and events of global significance.

Distribution of perceived weight stigma and its psychological impact on obese people in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundWorldwide, obesity prevalence has nearly tripled since 1975, with about 13% of adults being obese and about 39% overweight. Overweight and obese persons are vulnerable to frequent stigmatization and discrimination because of their weight, an issue that is barely discussed in the medical literature. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of obesity is 36%. However, there is no available data on the prevalence of perceived weight stigma among obese people. Therefore, this study aims to (a) determine the Distribution of perceived weight stigma among obese people, (b) identify the major sources of stigma, and (c) determine the psychological impact of perceived weight-based stigma on obese people in Saudi Arabia. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia using an online questionnaire that includes Stigmatizing Situations Inventory Scale (SSI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results1341 people participated in the study, of which 819 (61%) were females and 522 (39%) were male. Of all, 62 (5%) were underweight, 357 (27%) were normal weight, and 922 (69%) were overweight or obese. Participants in the overweight/obese category scored higher on average in every SSI item than did their counterparts in the underweight and normal weight categories, indicating higher levels of stigma among overweight and obese participants. The major sources of stigma for overweight and obese participants were identified based on the mean of participant responses to each item. These were: assumption about overeating or binge eating (mean response ± SD 2.80 ± 3.01), children's comments (2.22 ± 2.58), being stared at in public (2.18 ± 2.83) and being singled out as a child (2.05 ± 2.67). ConclusionParallel with the literature, our findings indicate a high prevalence of weight stigma in Saudi Arabia which can have negative psychological implications on obese people.

Present and the future in drawings by refugee children from Syria living in Lebanon

The aim of this article is to present the present life and future (dreams) of Syrian refugee children living with their families in informal/illegal places of residence in Lebanon. Research among refugees was conducted in the city of Zahle in 2017. The first part of the article characterizes the projection method used to analyze the drawings. The second part of the article presents the methodology of my own research in the Syrian community in the refugee camps. The third part analyzes the drawings of life in Lebanon and the drawings depicting the dreams and future of children and young people. The last part is a summary of my own research. On their basis it can be seen that most of the childrens drawings about life in Lebanon are poor in content. The dominant theme is the family home: barracks or tents. The buildings are disproportionately large compared to the figures, some dont have the windows or they are very small under the roof, some dont have the doors. Many buildings and tents dont have basis. The figures are usually small, without certain body parts. From the analysis of the drawings as well as from the children's comments, we can learn about the many negative emotions experienced by young refugees. These include sadness, depression, anxiety, fear, frustration, hostility, shyness, and insecurity. It is also a lack of self-esteem and a lack of self-confidence. When it comes to works about the future, most of them are rich in content compared to works about life in Lebanon. The family home is also the dominant theme. The studies show no perspectives for the future of the surveyed children.

The Child's Philosopher ed. by Maughn Rollins Gregory and Megan Jane Laverty

Reviewed by: The Child's Philosopher ed. by Maughn Rollins Gregory and Megan Jane Laverty Claudia Mills (bio) Gareth B. Matthews, The Child's Philosopher. Edited by Maughn Rollins Gregory and Megan Jane Laverty. Routledge, 2022. Throughout my career as a philosophy professor who is also a children's book author, and a children's book author who is also a philosophy professor, I have often been asked about what seemed to many an odd pairing of professions. I'd answer that philosophers were just the grownups who kept on asking the childlike questions that the other grownups had long ago abandoned. Gareth B. Matthews (1929-2011) was a highly respected philosopher specializing in Aristotelian metaphysics who forged a pioneering path by responding to children's philosophical questions with extraordinary respect and deep seriousness. In books such as Philosophy and the Young Child (1980), Dialogues with Children (1984), and The Philosophy of Childhood (1994), he analyzed conversations with his own children and grandchildren as well as schoolchildren in both American and international settings, arguing that even young children are capable of conceptual reasoning and their philosophical speculations are worthy of adult attention. His work as a visionary leader in the Philosophy for Children movement is given appreciative (but also critical) examination in this title in Routledge's new series on Philosophy for Children Founders. Following the series format, the volume on Matthews is organized into sections featuring different aspects of his work, each with a substantial introduction by a prominent scholar who situates his writings in a wider context and provides an extensive bibliography of relevant literature, followed by a selection of Matthews's essays curated by that scholar. The introductions are uniformly well researched and thoughtful, striking a tone that is both celebratory of Matthews's work and willing to note its limitations, among these that his evidence for the "naturalness" of children's philosophizing is a product of specific culture factors that he ignores. But it is Matthews's own words that are rightly the star of this excellent collection. His clarity of thought, droll but provocative examples of the children's insights he recorded, and bold positions advanced with disarming charm make for delightful reading. Part I, on philosophy and children's literature, reflects Matthews's view that "authors of children's books are more likely than psychologists, educational theorists, or even philosophers to be sensitive to philosophical thought in young children" (44). In his seminal 1976 article "Philosophy and Children's Literature" which, according to section editor Karin Murris, "inaugurated the study of philosophy in children's literature" (47), he highlights children's books that raise philosophical questions in a style he calls "philosophical whimsy." The Bear That Wasn't by Frank Tashlin engages [End Page 337] themes of "dreaming and skepticism," "being and non-being," "appearance and reality," and "the foundations of knowledge" (61). Rich philosophical insights abound in Baum's Tin Woodman (personal identity), Thurber's Many Moons (perception and illusion), and the Roo-capturing scene in Winnie-the-Pooh when Pooh ponders the "Aha!" that he's supposed to say to Kanga and wonders whether he can make it mean all the elaborate things Rabbit has told him it needs to mean; Matthews likens Pooh's speculations to questions about meaning posed by Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations. A second essay in this section contrasts the condescension toward children of "Questions" in Jean Van Leeuwen's More Tales of Oliver the Pig, which offers a "phony contrast between naïve ignorance in children and patient wisdom in adults" (69), with Arnold Lobel's invitation for readers of all ages to join together in exploring puzzles about the nature of causation posed by Toad's mistaken reasoning in "The Garden" in Frog and Toad Are Friends, where Toad thinks his "hard work" of singing and reading to his seeds has caused them to grow. Matthew's essay "Children, Irony and Philosophy" (reprinted in the section on developmental psychology) employs this same story to refute theorists who argue that preschoolers cannot understand irony. Part II, on children's philosophical thinking, is replete with children's philosophical questions and comments that demonstrate remarkable imagination and insight...

The Virtual Museum VM as a Tool for Learning Science in Informal Environment

This study aims to check if a Virtual Museum (VM) is a tool for learning science in an informal environment for lower basic grades from the perspective of parents and children. The study followed the mixed method quantitative and qualitative data collected from the main field-testing stage from the perspective of the user (children and parents) in the educational Research and Development (R & R&D) methodology, the evaluation tools used as instruments for parents, and one for parents for children with a focused interview. The parents' evaluation test yielded positive feedback, and the parents found that the VM is appropriate. The parents were similar in their opinion toward the VM to academic qualifications. The children's evaluation test yielded positive feedback. Children found that the VM is appropriate. Children's comments showed a greater interest level in learning science with technology through gaming and multimedia. They were very excited about using the VM, which helped them understand the subject content and navigate to search for scientific information.

Missing persons: Young children's talk about absent members of their social network

Little is known about young children's ability to talk about absent members of their social network. We analyzed the speech of four children from 2 to 5 years. References to absent caregivers were relatively frequent, even when children were 2 years old. Such references were often generated spontaneously rather than being repetitions of a name produced by the child's interlocutor. Children's comments about absent family members occasionally expressed concern about contact with them but were predominantly neutral or reflective. By implication, children can maintain a representation of the various members of their social network from an early age, despite separation.

‘We actually get to go out and play’: looking through children’s views on Out of School Hours Care to children’s experience of school

ABSTRACT Out of School Hours Care (OSHC) is recognised as an important service for working parents. Enabling parents to work beyond school hours, this sector has seen increased demand. Research and policy have provided insight into the nature of OSHC in relation to parent use and staff processes, with little consideration to the perspective at the core of this service – children. This small, exploratory project focused on children's perceptions of OSHC, adding to our understanding of children's perceptions of play. They identified key themes in relation to the importance of friends and social interaction; play and choice; and provision of technology for relaxation. Amidst the children's comments is a reflection on the increasing contrast between the value of play at OSHC and the busyness of school. This suggests there is a need for further research to better understand children's experience of OSHC, alongside their experience of and perspectives about school.

Understanding the benefits of horticultural therapy on paediatric patient's well-being during hospitalisation

PurposeThe aim of this study is to undertake a systemic literature review (SLR) of horticultural therapy and to explore whether its inclusion in a healthcare programme can enhance hospitalised children's well-being.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study was developed using a mixed methods approach to monitor stakeholders' perceptions of horticultural therapy. Specifically, hospitalised children (N = 31) and their families (N = 21), as well as medical and nursing staff (N = 3), were engaged in the empirical study. Qualitative and quantitative surveys were developed, involving two paediatric units in an Italian hospital.FindingsThe authors’ findings show a significant improvement of children's mood and psycho-physical well-being following horticultural therapy. The authors found positive effects of interactive horticultural therapy on hospitalised paediatric patients and their parents. Parents perceived a positive influence on their mood and found the therapy very beneficial for their children. Qualitative analyses of children's and parents' comments (and related rankings) revealed the helpful support role of horticultural therapy in dealing with the hospitalisation period. There is a very limited number of studies that have inspected co-therapy implementation in paediatric hospitals, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has yet examined the effect of horticultural therapy in such a context. The practice of horticultural therapy with children in health settings has been documented in some Italian hospitals, but its effectiveness has not yet been well established in the literature.Originality/valueThe authors’ findings could provide useful insights to clinicians, health managers and directors in creating and sustaining a successful group co-therapy programme under the managed healthcare system.

Thirsty work: Exploring children's experiences of preoperative fasting.

Preoperative fasting is performed to reduce aspiration risk during general anesthesia. Recommendations are that patients should fast for 6hours from solids and nonhuman milk, 4hours from breast milk, and 2hours from clear fluids. However, previous studies have shown that children fast far in excess of these times, which can result in perioperative complications and unnecessary discomfort for the child. This prospective, mixed-methods study aims to explore the experiences of pediatric patients undergoing preoperative fasting in Leeds General Infirmary. It also aims to investigate fasting durations of these patients and factors which influence these. Over 2weeks, surveys were distributed to all parents of elective pediatric patients and completed prior to their child being called to theater. Children over the age of six were offered a child survey, which had been specifically developed for the study, with visual Likert scales and an area for free text. The gathering of children's comments about their experience of preoperative fasting is unique to this study. Seventy-one parent surveys and 48 child surveys were completed, with a mean patient age of 8.3years (SD 4.1). The mean preoperative fasting time for food was 11.7hours (SD 4.4) and 6.9hours (SD 5.0) for fluids. Fasting times were far in excess of the minimums recommended, negatively impacting patient experience with 34% reporting being hungry/very hungry and 19% thirsty/very thirsty. Most children's comments suggested that they coped well with the fasting; however, several children reported feelings of sadness and anxiety. Preoperative fasting times in pediatric patients far exceed the durations set by international guidelines. Given that many children reported extreme feelings of hunger and thirst or emotional effects from the fast, these durations need to be optimized in order to improve patient experience.

How gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school

ABSTRACTThis case study attempts to capture the way gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school. It presents findings from a staff survey, structured and unstructured observations of one male’s and one female’s professional practice and one-to-one interviews with children aged three to four years. Despite practitioners’ reported intentions to challenge traditional notions of gender, construction of traditional gender distinctions was not problematised by staff and was upheld by comments of children. Children appeared to construct themselves in terms of gender stereotypes and were offered only limited alternative gender positions by the male and female practitioners.

Picture in Children's Story Books: Children's Perspective

<p style="text-align:justify">The aim of this study is to collect and analyze children's comments on the pictures in children's story books. Four students studied in the first grade of a public primary school in Adana participated in the study. The research model is an example of phenomenology among qualitative research patterns. Focus group method was used as the data collection tool and observation method was used in a second exercise to support the first method. In focus group discussion "The City on the Wind" by Behic Ak, selected as the Book 1, was reviewed along with 4 participating students. In the second exercise, the book named "The Little Match Girl" selected as Book 2 was reviewed. Descriptive analysis and document analysis methods were used in the analysis of the research data. Students' comments on the pictures were collected under four different themes. "Description" among these themes was the most common in student expressions. The sentences for the themes of superficial interpretation, imaginative interpretation and critical understanding were less frequently used by students. Another finding of the study is the number of words students used to describe the picture. Students built short sentences not exceeding 2-3 words. </p>

Interpreting Terrorism: Learning from Children's Visitor Comments

Thousands of children visit memorials and other dark heritage sites each year, yet researchers have rarely studied their experiences. Faced with limited prior research, interpreters at terrorism-related sites grapple with especially serious and unanswered questions about how best to engage young visitors. To address these concerns, the staff of the Flight 93 National Memorial, erected at the crash site of an airline hijacked on September 11, 2001, partnered with an interdisciplinary team of researchers. The team studied children's post-visit comments at the Memorial, adapting the content analysis methods of prior researchers who studied visitor comments, logs, and books. Children exhibited patriotism, grateful remembrance, emotional realizations, and a sense of place as they struggled to make meaning of the events. These findings led to relevant and understandable interpretive activities, which now comprise the Junior Ranger program for young visitors. The paper suggests implications for future research on interpreting terrorism-related events.

“They Need to Give Us a Voice”: Lessons from Listening to Unaccompanied Central American and Mexican Children on Helping Children Like Themselves

Children make up half of the world's refugees, yet limited research documents the views of youth about migratory causes and recommendations. While there is wide recognition of migrant children's right to free expression, few opportunities exist to productively exercise that right and provide input about their views. This article analyzes the responses of Central American and Mexican migrant children to one interview question regarding how to help youth like themselves, and identifies several implied “no-win” situations as potential reasons for the migration decisions of unaccompanied children. Furthermore, the children's responses highlight the interconnected nature of economics, security, and education as migratory factors. Examination of children's political speech revealed primarily negative references regarding their home country's government, the president, and the police. The police were singled out more than any other public figures, with particular emphasis on police corruption and ineffectiveness. Additional analysis focused on children's comments regarding migration needs and family. Recommendations for future action include: • recognizing entwined motivations and no-win situations that may lead children to leave their countries of origin; • promoting integrated approaches to home country economic, security, and education concerns for Central American and Mexican youth; • acknowledging migrant children's political interests and concerns; • providing youth with meaningful opportunities to contribute their views and suggestions. • incorporating migrant children's input and concerns into spending plans for US aid appropriated for Central America; and • emphasizing youth leadership development in efforts to address child migration.

Kids complain – do companies respond?

Purpose Most of the research on children’s consumer behavior focuses on pre-purchase processes, with brand choice typically being the last stage investigated. This paper aims to examine the outcome of children’s purchase decisions, with an emphasis on dissatisfaction and outcome resolution. Of particular interest was the comprehension level of the corporate communication and the extent to which clear, understandable communication influenced children’s ultimate satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Eighty-seven children wrote authentic letters of complaint to manufacturers about a recent product purchase. The study examined what happened after the children complained – i.e. how companies responded to children, and how satisfied children were with the resolution and the overall complaint handling process. Two widely regarded readability formulas were used to measure the complexity of the written correspondence. Findings The present study suggests that child complainants are the most concerned with the bottom-line results of their communication efforts. Like adults, they want the problem corrected. Unfortunately, the majority of children did not feel fully satisfied with the corporate complaint handling process. Over one-third of the companies in the sample did not even bother to respond to children’s legitimate complaints, despite the fact that each child specifically asked the company to write back. Those firms which did were more likely to respond with a letter only than with a letter plus add-on. And the corporate letters, by and large, were written at an educational level which would preclude full understanding by the child. Research limitations/implications Because consumer complaint behavior is not randomly distributed in the population, the use of probability sampling was precluded. Published studies which have used consumer complaint letters as the data collection method have relied primarily on convenience sampling. In the present study, judgmental sampling was used to select children participants. Three criteria were applied. Children had to be aged between 10 and 13 years. Children had to have experienced dissatisfaction with a product purchase made over the previous six months. Children could not have taken any public action to resolve their dissatisfaction. But they had to be willing to write a letter of complaint at this point. It was considered of utmost importance that the letters used in this study be authentic. They had to be composed and penned by the children themselves. This criterion, coupled with the fact that the complaints were legitimate, avoided the obvious ethical dilemma associated with the use of fabricated letters. Practical implications It seems ironic that in the present era of consumer consciousness, corporations do not place greater emphasis on truly communicating with their customers, where communication is viewed as a process of establishing shared meaning. How can there be shared meaning when the message sender fails to consider the characteristics of the receiver – characteristics such as age and cognitive development? Businesses may argue that their corporate communication policies and practices are based on a concern for cost efficiency. This argument carries little merit, unfortunately. Even the federal government, through the Plain Writing Act of 2010, acknowledges the importance of using common, everyday words and plain English in all written documents. Social implications On the surface, American businesses state that they welcome customer feedback. The comments of children are more sought after now than ever before, particularly in the area of advertising and new product development. But the results of this study show that companies have a long way to go before they can claim to be truly receiver-oriented in their managerial communication policies. Perhaps this is why consumers – certainly child consumers – are only beginning to believe that when kids complain, companies will respond. Originality/value The vast body of complaint research focuses almost exclusively on adults. Despite their sophistication and marketing literacy, children are not miniature adults. It is not known whether the same models and findings with respect to adult complaint behavior apply to children. Unfortunately, there are very few studies of children’s complaint behavior and corporate responses.

What else are you hoping for? Fostering hope in paediatric serious illness

What else are you hoping for? Fostering hope in paediatric serious illness

Children's participation in national policymaking: “You're so adorable, adorable, adorable! I'm speechless; so much fun!”

Policymaking is one of the most challenging arenas in which children's participation rights are implemented. The goal of this study is to portray patterns of children's participation in public policymaking and characterize various adults' reactions to children's participation. The study draws on protocols of committees operating in the Israeli parliament and interviews with an advisory group of children and young people who had participated on the committees. The findings show the potential of children's participation in national policymaking to mobilize policy change and to contextualize policy discussions. They also demonstrate that children's comments in policy discussions may evoke extreme responses, expressed as either fawning or dismissing. The conclusions offer practices that may assist in preparing both the participating children and the policymakers and in diversifying the children's voices.

The Importance of Being Colorful and Able to Fly: Interpretation and implications of children's statements on selected insects and other invertebrates

Children have served as research subjects in several surveys on attitudes to insects and invertebrates. Most of the studies have used quantitative scoring methods to draw conclusions. This paper takes a different approach as it analyzes children's free-text comments to gain an understanding of their viewpoints. A total of 246 children aged 9–13 completed a standard questionnaire regarding their attitudes toward 18 invertebrates indigenous to Switzerland. Fourteen insect species and four other invertebrates were individually presented in a color photograph without any further background information. The children were given the opportunity to provide comments on each animal to explain the attitude score they had awarded. Nearly 5,000 comments were coded and categorized into 7 positive and 9 negative categories. A significant correlation between fear and disgust was not detected. Based on a hierarchical cluster analysis, we concluded that flying in the air versus crawling on the ground was a major differentiator for attitude and underlying reasons, only being trumped by the fear of getting stung. The visualization of our findings in a cluster heat map provided further insights into shared statement categories by species. Our analysis establishes that fear and disgust are separate emotions with regard to insects and other invertebrates. Based on our findings, we believe that prejudice-based fear and culturally evolved revulsion can be overcome. We suggest promoting environmental education programs, especially if they allow for personal experience, provide information in emotion-activating formats, and include content that resolves existing misinformation and myths.

Impact of interviewers’ supportive comments and children's reluctance to cooperate during sexual abuse disclosure

In the field of child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosure, many studies have been conducted on the impact of interviewers’ questioning style, but few have examined the impact of interviewers’ supportive comments on children's cooperative and reluctant disclosure of substantive details. This field study used a sample of children ranging from 4 to 13 years of age who have all disclosed CSA. The first objective was to examine if the interviewer's and the child's comments during CSA interviews would vary as a function of the use of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Protocol. The second objective was to identify the strongest correlates of the proportion of details disclosed by the children during forensic interviews. A total of 90 matched NICHD Protocol and non-Protocol interviews done by the same interviewers were audio-taped, transcribed, and coded using verbal subscales. The goal was to explore if differences exist between the interviewers’ supportive and non-supportive comments as well as children's cooperative and reluctant statements during investigative interviews conducted prior to or after the NICHD Protocol training. Results of a MANCOVA showed that the use of the NICHD Protocol had no influence on interviewers’ and children's demeanors. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis controlling for relevant variables (e.g., child's age and NICHD Protocol) showed that children's reluctance and interviewers’ non-support were associated with a lesser proportion of details. Overall, these results indicate that in order to promote detailed disclosure of CSA, interviewers should decrease their non-supportive comments and learn to deal more effectively with children's reluctance during forensic interviews. As such, protocols and training should encourage investigative interviewers to devote more time identifying early signs of children's verbal reluctance and to understand the negative impact of non-supportive comments on the disclosure of substantive details.

Characteristics of mother−child conflict and child sex predicting resolution.

Data from 190 mothers and their 5- to 7-year-old children were used to evaluate how characteristics of mother-child conflict discussions contribute to the likelihood of reaching a compromise, a win-loss resolution, or a standoff. Dyads discussed 2 topics they reported having disagreements about that were emotionally arousing. Coders rated global measurements of mothers' emotional responsiveness, intrusiveness, and negativity; children's negativity; and the frequency of mothers' and children's constructive and oppositional comments. Child sex was examined as a moderator of the relation between discussion characteristics and resolution reached. Results indicated that more constructive comments by mothers and children increased the likelihood of reaching a resolution versus a standoff, but only children's constructive comments differentiated between a compromise and a win-loss resolution favoring mothers. Dyads with more emotionally responsive mothers who made fewer oppositional comments were also more likely to reach a compromise versus a win-loss resolution. A significant interaction with child sex revealed that, for boys, the use of more child oppositional comments was associated with a higher likelihood of reaching a standoff versus a compromise. Girls' oppositional comments did not predict resolution type. These results are discussed in terms of the children's developmental level and parents' socialization goals.