Memory For Events Research Articles

Timing of testing affects earwitness memory.

The present experiments investigated how interpolated testing and postevent misinformation affected earwitness memory. We examined how the number of tests and when tests occurred affected memory for an overheard event and source monitoring. Across three experiments, participants overheard a crime (i.e., the witnessed event), heard a news report summarizing the crime (postevent information), took a cued-recall test, and lastly, took a source-monitoring test. Experiment 1 compared three groups: repeated cued-recall test, repeated listen, single cued-recall test. Participants in the interpolated test group received a test after the witnessed event and again after the postevent information. Participants in the repeated listen group heard the witnessed event, and immediately relistened to the event before being presented with the postevent information. In Experiment 2 and 3, we varied the retention intervals between the witnessed event and the postevent information in a repeated test context. Our findings suggest that when participants took a test before presentation of the postevent information, they were less accurate on a final cued-recall test of the witnessed event. Importantly, the timing of the first test in relation to the witnessed event and postevent information differentially affected memory for the witnessed event and source monitoring of event and postevent details.

Remembering Droughts and Abundance: Ecological Memory in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast Brazil

In Floresta, a municipality in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil, the past is considered a time of greater regularity of the climate, natural wealth of the Caatinga biome, and solidarity among the residents of the city’s rural area. Memories of certain historical events can refer to an ‘ancient time’ in which ‘abundance,’ despite the calamities generated by droughts throughout the occupation of this territory, is considered one of its main socio- ecological attributes. In the context of the violent climatic transformations of contemporaneity, analyzing the actions of the memory of old inhabitants of the Brazilian semi-arid region will be a way of first, ethnographically questioning the history of droughts to which the entire ecology of this region has been reduced by historiography and national literature; second, inquiring the human centrality of modern memory—still today a defining theoretical paradigm of social and cultural studies of memory in anthropology. To this end, memories of droughts and abundance will be articulated with the concept of “duration” (la durée) of French philosopher Henri Bergson to think of memory and the duration of time as a way of ecologically living the past, the present, and the future.

Analysis of the Myth on Western Aid to Lithuanian Partisans

There were many factors which affected the emergence of the statement on “western aid”: the Soviet propaganda, communist terror, Lithuanian partisans, Western radio stations, Western intelligence services and others. In order to understand how the hope to receive help from the West spread among partisans, the geopolitical and historical space of the time must be assessed from several perspectives – starting from the dynamics of international relations after WWII finishing with the mentality of freedom fighters and the factors that shaped the outlook of partisans as individuals. In the 1940s, five western radio stations could be received in the territory of Soviet Lithuania: Vatican Radio, BBC, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The British radio station BBC never had a Lithuanian language service and did not broadcast in Lithuanian, but partisans could listen to broadcasts in the Russian language. As testified by the partisan underground press and memoirs, the BBC was one of the main sources of objective information from the West. As the BBC had strict rules for its programmes, this broadcaster could not contribute to the dissemination of the myth regarding Western aid to the occupied countries. On 16 February 1951, the US Voice of America started broadcasting in the Lithuanian language. Due to its association with the Department of State Security, this radio station was treated by the Soviet Union as a tool of official US policy. Because of its late start in broadcasting in the Lithuanian language and dependence on the dynamics of the US–USSR relationship, the Voice of America could not have initiated the idea of Western aid to the partisans. The Soviet Union was most critical of the US radio stations Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe, which started broadcasts in the Lithuanian language only in the early seventies, when the resistance struggle was long over and the strict radio rules and censorship did not allow these radio stations to contribute to the dissemination of the myth on Western aid. The belief of partisans that Lithuania would be freed, based on international documents (Freedom Charter) and the well-known geopolitical situation, could have determined the hope that soon the countries of the East and the West would be at war. The development of the Western aid myth, therefore, was formed by the model of historical consciousness of freedom fighters and the culture of historical memory. After WWII, people in Lithuania not only remembered the interwar period of Lithuanian independence, but many also participated in the armed defence of the state of Lithuania in 1918–1919. Participants of the independence struggle still remembered their own help to the re-established state, German volunteers, American legion of volunteers, and the 1941 June Uprising, which succeeded due to the outbreak of WWII. The memory of recent events was favourable for the emergence of the said beliefs of Lithuanian partisans. Historical images and ideas preserved in the memories of the people of that time influenced the collective consciousness and helped partisans to remain persuaded and contributed to their hope that in the event of war between former allies, Western countries would liberate Lithuania.

Representation of Women's Loyalty Values in the Film Pilgrimage by Bw Purba Negara (Semiotic Analysis of Roland Barthes)

In the 2017 Asean International Film Festival and Award, Ziarah received four awards, including Best Screenplay (BW Purba Negara), Best Actress (Ponco Sutiyem), Best Director (BW Purba Negara) and Best Film. The film is a drama genre that tells the story of a character named Mbah Sri, a 95-year-old woman who is looking for her husband (Prawiro Said) because he never came home and never even heard from him after saying goodbye to the Second Military Aggression war in 1984. The storyline is entirely based on Mbah Sri as the heir to the memory of the historical events experienced by her husband. This study uses a qualitative approach using Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis. Semiotic analysis is a way or method to analyze and give meanings to symbols that contain a package of symbols, symbols, messages or textsThis research uses a qualitative approach using Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis. In conclusion, the representation of women's loyalty values in the film Ziarah by BW Purba Negara is depicted through the actions and characteristics of couples who are still loyal even though their partners have no news. Mbah Sri still thinks about her partner and tries to find her again at all costs. He did not give up on the search process until he finally rediscovered his true love in his old age.

Remembering change: Interdependence between change awareness and meaningful connection in achieving proactive facilitation.

Two experiments investigated proactive facilitation (PF) or proactive interference (PI) in the recall of recently learned targets, under conditions of assessing the detection and recollection of target changes across two learning phases (with A-B/A-D word pairs). Some changes established meaningful connections across the phases; others did not. Task instructions on the subsequent cued-recall test (Experiment 1) or during Phase 2 study (Experiment 2) guided participants (university students) to monitor and report the changes. Accuracy in cued recall conditionalized on measures of change awareness replicated previous findings in establishing conditions for PF and PI. However, PF was much reduced for unconnected materials. Moreover, when change recollection failed, PI occurred even under conditions of meaningful connections (Experiment 1). Discussion emphasizes this interdependence of meaningfulness of connections and change awareness in influencing whether and how memory for earlier events affects memory for more recent ones.

Long-term reprogramming of primed microglia after moderate inhibition of CSF1R signaling.

In acute neuroinflammation, microglia activate transiently, and return to a resting state later on. However, they may retain immune memory of such event, namely priming. Primed microglia are more sensitive to new stimuli and develop exacerbated responses, representing a risk factor for neurological disorders with an inflammatory component. Strategies to control the hyperactivation of microglia are, hence, of great interest. The receptor for colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1R), expressed in myeloid cells, is essential for microglia viability, so its blockade with specific inhibitors (e.g. PLX5622) results in significant depletion of microglial population. Interestingly, upon inhibitor withdrawal, new naïve microglia repopulate the brain. Depletion-repopulation has been proposed as a strategy to reprogram microglia. However, substantial elimination of microglia is inadvisable in human therapy. To overcome such drawback, we aimed to reprogram long-term primed microglia by CSF1R partial inhibition. Microglial priming was induced in mice by acute neuroinflammation, provoked by intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase. After 3-weeks recovery, low-dose PLX5622 treatment was administrated for 12 days, followed by a withdrawal period of 7 weeks. Twelve hours before euthanasia, mice received a peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune challenge, and the subsequent microglial inflammatory response was evaluated. PLX5622 provoked a 40%-50% decrease in microglial population, but basal levels were restored 7 weeks later. In the brain regions studied, hippocampus and hypothalamus, LPS induced enhanced microgliosis and inflammatory activation in neuraminidase-injected mice, while PLX5622 treatment prevented these changes. Our results suggest that PLX5622 used at low doses reverts microglial priming and, remarkably, prevents broad microglial depletion.

Settler militarism: Affective colonial pursuits and the militarized atmosphere of war commemoration

This article examines settler militarism and how it is mobilized through affective practices that ultimately bolster the settler colonial project. With this intent, it develops the concept of ‘militarized atmosphere’ defined as a staged environment where war is positioned outside politics and critical scrutiny through a series of affective manoeuvres and aesthetics. A militarized atmosphere operates through military aesthetics to attune people’s bodies to a position of uncritical validation of a given discourse of war. This article argues that a militarized atmosphere crucially sustains the settler colonial project by removing or reducing contestation around the theme of war, which is a pillar of settler colonialism. In settler societies, numerous Indigenous individuals perceive themselves as embattled and seek acknowledgement of the history and legacy of colonial violence and warfare. In contrast, settler governments have a vested interest in concealing this history and its enduring legacy, and they do so by exalting military warfare as the foundation of the modern nation and creating affective attachments to the military. The article uses the case of Australia to elucidate the argument. It examines how the aesthetics of war commemoration at the Dawn Service, Australia’s major commemorative event, contributes to producing a militarized atmosphere that sustains the Australian settler colonial project. It proposes a framework that links the feminist concept of affective militarism to settler colonialism and contributes to the emerging literature on settler colonialism and militarism.

Recent advances in branching problems of representations

How does an irreducible representation of a group behave when restricted to a subgroup? This is part of branching problems, which are one of the fundamental problems in representation theory, and also interact naturally with other fields of mathematics. This expository paper is an up-to-date account on some new directions in representation theory highlighting the branching problems for real reductive groups and their related topics ranging from global analysis of manifolds via group actions to the theory of discontinuous groups beyond the classical Riemannian setting. This article is an outgrowth of the invited lecture that the author delivered at the commemorative event for the 70th anniversary of the re-establishment of the Mathematical Society of Japan, and originally appeared in Japanese in Sugaku 71 (2019).

Frequent internet use is associated with better episodic memory performance

As the internet is becoming more and more accessible and prevalent, there has been growing interest in determining the effect of internet use on human cognition, particularly memory. However, much less is known about how internet use frequency is related to episodic memory, which refers to the memory of past events as opposed to facts (i.e., semantic memory). Episodic memory is very relevant to the internet because of the notion that the internet is a form of transactive memory, which requires people to retrieve how information was accessed (i.e., episodic memory) rather than the information itself (i.e., semantic memory). By analyzing data from 36, 542 participants with 44.06% females and a mean age of 46.63 years old from the Understanding Society using multivariate and univariate analysis of variances (ANOVA), the current study found that the frequency of internet use is positively related to episodic memory (assessed using the immediate recall and delayed word recall tasks). These results provide support to the notion that the internet is a form of transactive memory and the “use it, or lose it” theory.

Heritagizing the Maestro

Bhupen Hazarika was a multifaceted personality known for his contributions as a singer, songwriter, composer, filmmaker, writer, and social activist from Assam, a state in the north-eastern part of India. To honour his life and works, a memorial site is constructed in the Jalukbari area of Assam. The site is called ‘Dr Bhupen Hazarika Samadhikshetra’. It is located in Guwahati city, near Gauhati University, in the state of Assam, India. The literal meaning of the Assamese words Samadhikshetra is a burial site. Through empirical research, the paper investigates the conceptual framework of heritagization as applied to Dr Hazarika’s legacy, focusing on preserving, maintaining, and celebrating his contributions to society. The study emphasises the role of the memorial site, as a tangible example of Dr Hazarika’s cultural relevance by delving further into its architectural design, symbolic elements, and commemorative features. Beyond these tangible aspects, the study also addresses the intangible values, identity and collective memories that the site evokes and preserves. The paper also explores the close interaction between the cultural and constructed heritage of the site, emphasising the need for a holistic strategy to protect and preserve the cultural past. Despite controversies and challenges over selecting the last resting place of Dr Hazarika, the Samadhikshetra stands as a tribute to his lasting influence and gratitude for his artistic legacy. Through commemorative events and ongoing public engagement, the memorial site continues to serve as a sacred space where Dr Hazarika’s spirit can live on and inspire future generations.

Heritage route as pilgrimage. Visiting the battlefield in Ossów

ABSTRACT Scholars have recently been paying more attention to the relationship between religion and heritage, which has brought a deeper focus to processes of ‘sacralisation of heritage’ and ‘heritagisation of religion’. I take this reflection in the direction of discerning how religious practice often underpins the creation of heritage. The case study I tackle here centres on the anniversary celebrations of the Battle of Warsaw fought during the Polish-Soviet war of 1920. Its heritage combines military and religious aspects with a pilgrimage on a section of the Camino de Santiago leading to the battlefield in Ossów to form one of the commemorative events. Drawing from the scholarship on pilgrimages to battlefields and dark heritage, I investigate how heritage is bodily performed during this pilgrimage. I organise my argument around the notion of ‘caminoisation’ to demonstrate how global heritage contexts can be transplanted onto local planes, and how religious and heritage-making processes are entangled. Perceiving pilgrimage through the lens of ‘sensational form’, I explore how heritage and religion are framed ‘on the way’. Placing an emphasis on the embodiment allows for an ethnographic description of participants’ interactions with heritage and religion and for research into how these categories are performed in practice.

A third kind of episodic memory: Context familiarity is distinct from item familiarity and recollection.

Memory for past events is widely believed to operate through two different processes: one called 'recollection' when retrieving confident, specific details of a memory, and another called 'familiarity' when only having an unsure but conscious awareness that an item was experienced before. When people successfully retrieve details such as the source or context of a prior event, it has been assumed to reflect recollection. We demonstrate that familiarity of context is functionally distinct from familiarity of items and recollection and offer a new, tri-component model of memory. The three memory responses were differentiated across multiple behavioral and brain wave measures. What has traditionally been thought to be two kinds of memory processes are actually three, becoming evident when using sensitive enough multi-measures. Results are independently replicated across studies from different labs. These data reveal that context familiarity is a third process of human episodic memory.

Shape of the past: Revealing detail arcs while narrating memories of autobiographical life events across the lifespan.

Humans can remember past autobiographical events through extended narratives. How these narrated memories typically unfold, however, remains largely unexplored. We evaluated how autobiographical memory details typically come together in a sample of 235 healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults. We found that details providing background knowledge followed a U shape, such that they were most prevalent in the initial moments of remembering before falling and then rising near the conclusion of the memory's retelling. Details about the scene of the memory declined over time, whereas other event-specific, unique details about the main features of the event followed an inverted U shape, peaking around the midpoint of a remembered event's narration. Whereas most detail arcs were not significantly affected by older age, older adults showed a significant underuse of details describing the scene early in memory retrieval. Our findings suggest that behind the ability to narrate the remembered past is a normative waxing and waning of the details that make autobiographical memories.

Event perception and event memory in real-world experience

Event perception and event memory in real-world experience

Linking actions and memories: Probing the interplay of action-effect congruency, agency experience, and recognition memory.

Adult humans experience agency when their action causes certain events (sense of agency). Moreover, they can later remember what these events were (memory). Here, we investigate how the relationship between actions and events shapes agency experience and memory for the corresponding events. Participants performed actions that produced stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent to the action while memory of these stimuli was probed in a recognition test. Additionally, predictability of the effect was manipulated in Experiment 1 by using either randomly interleaved or blocked ordering of action-congruent and action-incongruent events. In Experiment 2, the size of the action space was manipulated by allowing participants to choose between three or six possible responses. The results indicated a heightened sense of agency following congruent compared to incongruent trials, with this effect being increased given a larger available action space, as well as a greater sense of agency given higher predictability of the effect. Recognition memory was better for stimuli presented in congruent compared to incongruent trials, with no discernible effects of effect predictability or the size of the action space. The results point towards a joint influence of predictive and postdictive processes on agency experience and suggest a link between control and memory. The partial dissociation of influences on agency experience and memory cast doubt on a mediating role of agency experience on the relationship between action-effect congruency and memory. Theoretical accounts for this relationship are discussed.

Autobiographical Memory Functions of Tattoo Event Memories

ABSTRACT Autobiographical memories are known to possess two features: they are tied to memory objects such as photos, diaries, or music, and they serve three main functions: the self, social, and directive function. The self-function uses memories for the sense of self-continuity, the social function uses memories for social bonds, and the directive function uses memories for future guidance. Although autobiographical memories are known to serve these functions and to be allied with memory objects, research has yet to merge these two features. Therefore, this study investigated the memory functions of tattoo event memories, designating memories of life events that motivated tattooing and are hence perpetuated in the form of permanent embodied memory objects, the tattoos. We analyzed the tattoo event narratives of 20 adults for autobiographical memory functions. Results indicate that tattoo event memories serve the three memory functions to a similar extent as autobiographical memories in the previous research. Overall, our study suggests a broader view on autobiographical memory functions by linking them to memory objects.

Whatever happened to Hungarian freedom fighters? Collective memory, collective forgetting, and dissociative collective identity

As the war in Ukraine unfolds, the Hungarian government seems less enthusiastic about the idea of state sovereignty than one might have anticipated given Hungary’s historic past. Moreover, there is a surge of pro-Russian sentiment among government supporters. This is counterintuitive in light of prevailing mnemonic practices which put heavy emphasis on Hungary’s struggle for freedom and independence. The new developments suggest that the role of collective memory in collective identity formation needs to be reconsidered, especially concerning the apparent inhibition of otherwise persistent and widely shared memories. The article discusses the problem in the context of socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting and social identity complexity theory. It puts forward two complementary arguments: (1) this Janus-faced public behaviour might be accounted for by selective commemorative practices of the government and (2) how memories of historical events sustain a shared sense of belonging and continuity is not only contingent on group membership but also on the ever-changing group interest.

Transient susceptibility to interference at event boundaries impacts long-term memory of naturalistic episodes

ABSTRACT During ongoing narratives, event boundaries trigger processes relevant for subsequent memory. Previous work has shown that novel, unrelated input presented at an event boundary can retroactively interfere with short-term retention of the preceding event. This interference was attributed to a perturbation of offset-related processes taking place within seconds after encoding and supporting the binding of elements into a coherent event memory. However, the temporal specificity of this memory interference and whether its impact extends to longer retention delays has not been addressed. Here, participants viewed either individual or pairs of short narrative movie clips. Susceptibility to interference at event boundaries was probed by presenting the second clip either immediately after the first, or with a 2s encoding delay. In free and cued recall, after 20 min and 24 h, only memory for movie clips that were immediately followed by a second clip was reduced compared to clips shown in isolation. Intact offset-related processes (as indexed by successful recall of the first movie) did not negatively affect encoding of the subsequent clip. Together, these results indicate that the 2s time-window immediately after an event is relevant for successful consolidation and long-term retention of memory.

Unpleasant emotions and task-unrelated thoughts and their associations with amygdala activity during emotional distraction: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Previous emotion regulation studies revealed that emotional distraction decreases unpleasant emotions. This study examined whether distraction tasks decrease unpleasant task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) and unpleasant emotions when recalling stressful daily interpersonal events. Amygdala activity was examined to assess implicit emotional changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral data of 20 university students (mean age: 20.35 ± 1.42 years; range: 18–24 years) and fMRI data of 18 students were examined. As an emotion induction procedure, participants initially freely recalled memories of daily stressful interpersonal events and then responded to a series of questions about their recalled memories presented on a monitor. In the distraction experiment, the questions were re-represented as an emotional stimulation; a distraction task (nonconstant or constant finger tapping) or rest condition was then performed, and ratings were given for attentional state, thought types conceived during the tasks, and emotional state. Decreases in unpleasant emotions and TUTs were defined as distraction effects. We found that unpleasant TUTs decreased in the nonconstant relative to rest condition (p < .05). Furthermore, increased right amygdala activation positively correlated with unpleasant emotions, and bilateral amygdala activation correlated with unpleasant TUTs only in the rest condition, indicating the existence of amygdala activation associated with unpleasant emotions and thoughts. However, such associations were not under nonconstant or constant conditions, indicating distraction effects. Notably, this study showed that emotional distraction can decrease the degree of unpleasant emotions and the occurrence of unpleasant thoughts regarding common daily emotions.

Drawbacks to Strengthening Neural Salience Encoding: A Link Between Cortisol and Risky Drinking.

Emotionally salient experiences are encoded and remembered more strongly, an effect that can be amplified by hormones like cortisol. Such memories can in turn profoundly influence later behavior. However, little is known about the link between amplified salience encoding and subsequent behavior. This pathway may be particularly important for risky alcohol drinking, which has been linked to sensitized salience responses, memory, and cortisol. To test this possibility, we integrated pharmacology using a double-blind cross-over design with fMRI, cognitive, and motivation assays across a range of healthy male and female social drinkers. As anticipated, cortisol enhanced memory for salient alcohol-related events; critically, this bias was in turn associated with later alcohol motivation. Increased alcohol motivation was particularly pronounced in more susceptible risky drinkers, for whom cortisol enhanced brain salience responses to alcohol. These sensitized salience responses predicted both memory biases and alcohol motivation. Together, these findings reveal maladaptive consequences of enhanced salience encoding.