Commemorative Coin Research Articles

화폐와 저작권

The main purpose of this paper is to examine currency and copyright, which have recently become hot topics in our society.
 The currency issued by the Bank of Korea is legal tender and serves as a means of payment and is also subject to monetary policy. Types of currency include bank notes, coins, and commemorative coins.
 In Chapter 2, the author looked at whether currency is a work in terms copyright, a work of applied art, small coin theory, and a public work through examples and interpretation of German legislation and Korean legislation. Personally, I think that currency sufficiently satisfies the requirements for establishing a copyrighted work. In addition, currency has a strong characteristic as a work of applied art, and in the case of coins, it is likely to fall under the theory of small coins. However, there are some questions as to whether it is a public work and, if so, who is responsible for managing it.
 In Chapter 3, after examining the legal provisions related to currency in the German and Swiss copyright laws, the author looked at the interpretation of the relevant provisions in Germany and the case of the 10 Euro commemorative coin. The German court ruled that the 10 Euro commemorative coin did not fall under the so-called official work under Article 5 of the German Copyright Act.
 In the case of stamps similar to currency, there is also a case where it is said that it is a work of official service. In the case of Switzerland, means of payment are clearly defined as works that are not protected, and I introduce a case related to the 20 Frankenbank note of 1973.
 In Chapter 4, the author developed a theory of interpretation regarding cases where private works are included in public works.
 In Chapter 5 the author briefly commented on currency and copyright and mentioned that copyright issues may also arise with commemorative coins, securities, and souvenirs in the future.

Predictions of stress distribution and material flow in coining process for bi-material commemorative coin

Bi-material commemorative coins have the characteristics of weight reduction, beauty and corrosion resistance. However, due to different characteristics of bi-materials, defects such as stress concentration, drop of inner core and micro-cracks often occur at interface of materials in usage. Engineers usually employ multiple mold trials to check the bonding state of two material regions, judge the stress concentration area and modify the process to avoid micro-crack sprout. Based on the professional metal forming software Deform 3D, stress distribution and material flow in coining processes for single and bi- material commemorative coins are studied. Numerical examples demonstrate that there are three typical stages over the whole process whether the coin is single or bi- material. And stress concentrations appear at the corners of upper/lower dies and the material interface in case of bi-material. The former concentration lead to sprout of micro-cracks along the shear bands and the latter triggers cracks at the interface. In addition, two materials with different hardness are adopted in the core and ring, respectively, to investigate the mutual interaction behavior at interface. Numerical findings indicate that large strains occur at the edge and the interface in case of bi-material with soft core. These imply that deep adhesion happens at the interface in case of that soft material is in the core. It suggests that hard material in the inner core and soft one in the outer ring may cause falling of the core.

Commemorative coin in honor of the Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded biophysicist, Georg Békésy.

Commemorative coin in honor of the Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded biophysicist, Georg Békésy.

Неврология Украины в зеркале экзонумии

Целью работы был анализ истории неврологии Украины по материалам экзонумии. Экзонумия (форма медальерного изобразительного искусства) — отрасль исторической науки нумизматики (от латинского numisma — «монета»), которая зародилась в XIX веке и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает тематическое изучение медалей и плакет. Медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В данной работе представлен каталог 43 нумизматических материалов (медалей), в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков (21 персона), внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование этой научной дисциплины. К большому сожалению, пока память о знаменитых врачах прошлого недостаточно отмечена выпуском нумизматической продукции, поэтому в будущем надеемся на планомерный подход к этому делу, на целенаправленную пропаганду достижений неврологии средствами нумизматики (экзонумии), которая подает наглядный пример для изучения истории медицины, способствует повышению уровня образованности врачей. Авторы рассчитывают на появление новых интересных материалов о таких малых формах изобразительного искусства.

История ортопедии в зеркале нумизматики

Целью работы был анализ истории ортопедии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX столетии и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю ортопедии иллюстрируют разные формы медальерного образотворческого искусства (экзонумия или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В настоящей работе представлен каталог 95 нумизматических материалов (в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных), отражены этапы развития изучения использования лечебных факторов, поданы ссылки на значимые исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков, внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование данной научной дисциплины.

История артрологии в зеркале нумизматики

Целью работы был анализ истории артрологии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX веке и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает в себя тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю артрологии иллюстрируют различные формы медальерного изобразительного искусства (экзонумия, или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В данной работе представлен каталог 157 нумизматических материалов (138 медалей, 15 плакет, 4 монеты), в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных, отражены этапы развития изучения использования лечебных факторов, есть ссылки на значительные исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков (62 персоны), внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование этой научной дисциплины. На медалях можно встретить портреты основоположников мировой артрологии, древнеиндийского врача Чараку и древнегреческого Аретея, а также украинских медиков — Агапита Печерского, Е.И. Мухина, А.А. Киселя, Д.Ф. Чеботарева. Работа содержит следующие разделы: «Зарождение артрологии», «Структура и функция суставов», «Остеоартрит», «По­дагрический артрит», «Ревматоидный артрит», «Инфекционный и инфекционно-аллергический (реактивный) артрит», «Туберкулезный артрит», «Другие артриты». К большому сожалению, пока память о знаменитых врачах прошлого недостаточно отмечена выпуском нумизматической продукции, поэтому в будущем надеемся на планомерный подход к этому делу, на целенаправленную пропаганду достижений ревматологии средствами нумизматики, которая подает наглядный пример для изучения истории артрологии, способствует повышению уровня образованности врачей. Авторы рассчитывают на появление новых интересных материалов таких малых форм изобразительного искусства.

استحداث صياغات تصميمية للعملة التذکارية المصرية في ضوء الأحـداث التاريخية والمتغيرات المجتمعية Innovate Formulation Designs for Egyptian commemorative coin In view of The historical Incidents and Societal variables

ملخص البحث: العملات النقدية لأي دولة رمزا من رموز السيادة الوطنية من ناحية کما أنها تعد سجلا تاريخيا من ناحية أخرى فهي خير معبر عن ما مرت به البلاد من تغيرات إيديولوجية وتکنولوجيه ، فالنقود تشبه المرآة التي تعکس کل نواحي الحياة في الفترة الزمنية التي ضربت فيها کالناحية السياسية و الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والدينية والأدبية و الفنية . ومن خلال العرض السابق يرى الباحث الأحداث التاريخية والمتغيرات المجتمعية التي تمر على البلاد تلزم رصدها فنيا من خلال منظومة تشکيلية مستحدثة للصياغات التصميمية تکسر القوالب الجامدة في تصميم العملات التذکارية. وعلي هذا يرى الباحث أن موضوع البحث جاء ليعالج قلة الأبحاث والدراسات في هذا الموضوع وخاصة في مجال التصميم حيث يعتبر منطلقا تشکيليا يمکن من خلاله تکوين صياغات جمالية جديدة للعملة التذکارية المصرية. وقد اعتمدت على إجراء تطبيقات ذاتية مستحدثة في تصميم العملات التذکارية توصلت بها إلى حلول تشکيلية وصياغات تصميمية مبتکرة في تصميم العملات التذکارية المصرية باستخدام أحدث تقنيات التصميم الالکتروني بواسطة برامج الجرافيک الحديثة . Summary of the research in English : The currency of any country is a symbol of national sovereignty on the one hand and it is a historical record on the other hand is a good expression of the country's ideological and technological changes, the money is like a mirror that reflects all aspects of life in the period of time hit in terms of political and economic Social, religious, literary and artistic. Through the previous presentation, the researcher sees the historical events and the societal variables that pass through the country, which are required to be technically monitored through a modern computerized system of design formulations that break the stereotypes in the design of commemorative coins. The researcher finds that the subject of the research came to address the lack of research and studies on this subject, especially in the field of design, which is a starting point for the formation of new aesthetic formulations of the Egyptian commemorative coin. It was based on self-developed self-development in the design of commemorative coins, which reached creative solutions and creative design formulas in the design of Egyptian commemorative coins using the latest electronic design techniques through modern graphics programs.

Social Inequalities and the Effects of Incentives on Survey Participation: A Recruitment Experiment

Incentives are often discussed in the literature on the topic as a way to increase response rates. In this article, sample composition and item nonresponse are also considered. Using social exchange theory, the concept of social inequality is theoretically linked to the effect of incentives and is empirically tested using data from a recruitment experiment for an online survey in Austria. Since the participants of the Austrian micro-census were used as the selection framework, a detailed analysis of nonresponse is possible. Based on the four different incentives (a brochure, a €2 commemorative coin, a €5 commemorative coin and a €10 voucher), conclusions can be drawn about the different forms incentives take and the values they hold. The results underline the potential of incentives to increase response rates, but at the same time they reveal potential distortion problems.

U.S. Mint Unveils Design for Special Apollo 11 Coin

The showcase of a commemorative coin kicks off national celebrations of the Apollo anniversaries.

Application of strain gradient plasticity in coining simulations of commemorative coins

Size effect plays an important role in coining processes of commemorative coins. To deal with the size effect and improve the simulation accuracy, a constitutive model incorporating the conventional mechanism-based strain gradient (CMSG) plasticity theory was established in this study, with the nonlinear coupling between the statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density and the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density determined experimentally. Via the least square method, a bilinear equivalent plastic strain field was constructed for the evaluation of equivalent plastic strain gradient. In this way, the proposed constitutive model was implemented within a home-developed explicit finite element code for coining analyses. Uniaxial tensile tests and a nanoindentation test were conducted to obtain the mechanical properties of the Ag999 material, which was selected to verify the performance of the proposed constitutive model. By simulating the nanoindentation test and the coining process of a typical commemorative coin, it was demonstrated that the proposed constitutive model could provide accurate results in applications involving size effect, outperforming the classical plasticity constitutive model. Therefore, the proposed constitutive model based on strain gradient plasticity theory is suitable for coining simulations of commemorative coins.

A new locking-free hexahedral element with adaptive subdivision for explicit coining simulation

In this paper, an 8-node hexahedral element based on multi-point integration is proposed in the dynamic explicit framework, with a new adaptive subdivision method adopted. By taking advantages of the assumed strain method, the volumetric and the shear locking of the element are successfully avoided. The locking-free hexahedral element is further applied to coining simulations. Due to large-scale elements and high non-linearity, it's difficult to carry out coining simulations in the context of the implicit framework, especially for a commemorative coin with fine patterns. Thus, an explicit algorithm for coining simulations is developed, which avoids time-consuming iterations and guarantees the computational convergence. Aiming at improving the simulation efficiency furtherly, a multi-layer one-to-four adaptive element subdivision strategy is proposed, with two subdivision criteria with respect to element geometry considered. In this way, the element number in the simulation is dramatically decreased, while the fine patterns of the coin are described exactly. Based on several numerical examples, the locking-free and hourglass-free properties of the proposed hexahedral element are validated, and the accuracy of the coining simulation algorithm is also demonstrated.

The Crafting of Law and the Coining of Culture: Legal Semiotic of the American Quarter

As emblematic productions of folk legality, coins are significant in viewing the constitutive relationship between law and politics. Additionally, images on coined money legally manipulate our American cultural historical recollection. The harsh historical reality of the United States in terms of racial violence, imperialist conquest, and the elimination of native peoples is dim against picturesque images of palm trees, Magnolia blossoms, and sailboats. Because these historical controversies legally and socially shape who we culturally are today, that which is valued and semiotically crafted by law should reflect these important and defining struggles in American history. Legal images that appear on coins are visual connections to an American legacy of confronting injustice that is omitted by the bucolic and innocently trivial legal depictions of American history that these coinage programs promote. In this article, I consider the ways in which coined images represent a visual crafting of law through which political memory is selectively depicted. Through a legal semiotics framework of symbolic articulation and analysis, I assert that the coinage issued under the United States Department of the Treasury’s Coinage Programs since 1999 depicts the politicization of folk art as a type of legal currency that illustrates and memorializes a nationalistic cultural identity. Here, coins literally become specialized portrayals of American history in which discrimination, conquest, and injustice are intentionally visually unrepresented in favor of pictures of trees, animals, mountains, and even fruit. Through such legislation as The 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act of 1997 [Public Law 105-124], The Native American $1 Coin Act of 2007 [Public Law 110-82], and The District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters Program under the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 [H.R. 2764], coins are being issued as legal statements of who we as Americans are and where we have come from.

Edith Cavell to feature on £5 commemorative coin

Edith Cavell to feature on £5 commemorative coin

BACCN committee members awarded Commemorative Coin

Nursing in Critical CareVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 54-54 NEWS BACCN committee members awarded Commemorative Coin Suzanne Bench, Suzanne Bench News editor, BACCNSearch for more papers by this author Suzanne Bench, Suzanne Bench News editor, BACCNSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 January 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12070_4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume19, Issue1January 2014Pages 54-54 RelatedInformation

BACCN Military Region Commemorative Coin

BACCN Military Region Commemorative Coin

The Joyce Commemorative Coin: The Error and Its “Portal to Discovery”

The Joyce Commemorative Coin: The Error and Its “Portal to Discovery”

Research on the mechanism of flash line defect in coining

Flash line is one of the most important surface defects in coining process of silver commemorative coin. Due to the deficiency of study on the defect mechanism, it takes a long time to eliminate the defect through die tryouts which bring significant instabilities and development costs in coin manufacture. In the present investigation, the mechanism of flash line is studied by the elimination solutions and metal flow analysis using the finite element method (FEM). The radial components of friction in die–workpiece interface are considered as the main reasons of the defect. A modified friction model considering the influence of the sliding velocity in the die–workpiece interface is employed to describe the frictional behaviors in coining more properly. A novel radial friction work (RFW) model is proposed to predict the tendency of flash line and employed to a dynamic explicit FEM system for coining-COINFORM. The comparisons of the numerical and experimental results of a typical silver coin demonstrate that the RFW model is valid in the prediction of flash line.

Fast analysis system for embossing process simulation of commemorative coin--CoinForm

Fast analysis system for embossing process simulation of commemorative coin--CoinForm

DATE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SO-CALLED INVESTITURE OF ARDASHIR II AND THE IMAGES OF SHAHPUR II AND III AT TAQ-I BUSTAN

As for the investiture of Ardashir II (379-83), L. Trumpelmann and G. Azarpay propounded that it represented the victory of Shahpur II (307-79) over Julian II (360-63) and was produced by him from 363 to 379 A. D., rejecting the traditional identification of the invested king with Ardashir II. The present author partly agrees at this new theory and concludes that this rock-cut relief represents both the victory of Shahpur II and the investiture of Ardashir II, and also that it was produced by Shahpur II before his death and Ardashir II's enthronement.The main reason why it was produced by Shahpur II might be that he wanted to declare the contract between him and Ardashir (II) to the effect that he designated Ardashir (II) as heir apparent but only under the strict condition that Ardashir (II) would hand over the royal crown to Shahpur (III), son of Shahpur II in the future. The reason why Mithra is included in the relief might be that the above-mentioned contract was concluded witnessed by Mithra, God of Contract or Ardashir (II) swore to fulfill that contract in the presence of Mithra.As for the images of Shahpur II and III in the Smaller Grotto, the present author concludes that they were not produced by Shahpur III but his father, Shahpur II before his death. His argument depends upon the fact that the crown of Shahpur III on the relief does not coincide with those on silver coins issued by him but rather similar to that on gold commemorative coin issued by Shahpur II before 379 A. D.. The purpose of making the confronted images of father and son was to enhance the legitimacy to rule which which was to be given to Shahpur (III) as the Sasanian king of kings.