Sawdust Combustion Research Articles

Technical Analysis of Sawdust-to-Power: A Paradigm Shift in Waste Management in a Typical Developing Economy

The proper management of sawdust is critical to socioeconomic development. In this research, waste-to-energy has been proposed to utilize sawdust in selected timber markets in Port Harcourt, namely, Illoabuchi Timber Market, Marine Base Timber Market, and Mile 3 Timber Market. A quantitative approach has been taken to estimate the sawdust generation, energy potential, power generation capacities, and pollutant reduction of indiscriminate combustion of sawdust. The findings suggest that, annually, 171 ktons, 42 ktons and 12 ktons of sawdust, respectively, are generated at the Illoabuchi, Marine Base, and Mile 3 timber markets. Also, the annual energy potential of sawdust in each of these timber markets is within 206-3000 TJ, while power generation is within 2.65-42.56 MW. The proposed power generation can serve the energy needs of the timber markets estimated at 10.2 GWh, 2.7 GWh, and 0.7 GWh, respectively, for Illoabuchi, Marine Base, and Mile 3 timber markets, and also provide extra clean energy for their host communities, respectively, at 308.8 GWh, 76 GWh, and 19.2 GWh, annually. Additionally, the study shows the potential for the reduction of pollutants: particulate matter at 5.85-85.5 tons, carbon monoxide at 760.5-11102 tons, sulfur dioxide at 0.59-8.55 tons, and nitrogen oxide at 5.85-85.5 tons. This research can support policy decisions on properly utilizing sawdust in Nigeria and societies with similar waste management challenges.

Performance of a kaolin-doped, magnetic Cu-based oxygen carrier in biomass combustion

Chemical looping combustion with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) enables solid fuel combustion with CO2 capture at low cost due to the capacity of the oxygen carrier to release molecular oxygen. The present study is focused on testing the performance of a magnetic Cu-based oxygen carrier with reinforced mechanical properties owing to the addition of kaolin via the combustion of three types of biomass in a 1.5 kWth continuous CLOU unit. The effect of the main operating variables on process performance parameters was studied. Complete combustion of the different biomass types was achieved. Higher CO2 capture efficiencies were observed at 800–950 °C compared to the previous work done with this oxygen carrier without kaolin doping. The highest value of 97.5% CO2 capture efficiency was obtained at 950 °C during the combustion of pine sawdust. Moreover, the oxygen carrier retained its magnetic properties without any agglomeration problems after 80 h of hot circulation operation.

A pilot-scale experimental study on MILD combustion of sawdust and residual char solid waste blend using low-temperature preheating air

The treatment of solid waste through incineration has become an important development trend. A solid waste blend (sawdust and residual char) is studied experimentally in a tubular-furnace reactor and a 200-kW pilot-scale furnace under moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion conditions. The effects of temperature and oxygen concentration on NO release characteristics are examined in the tubular-furnace reactor. The pilot-scale furnace experiments include the conventional flame combustion using a swirl nozzle (CFC-S), MILD combustion using symmetrical dual straight nozzles (MILDC-SD), and MILD combustion using an asymmetrical single straight nozzle (MILDC-AS). The tubular-furnace reactor results indicate that the NO released from solid waste blend mainly originates from fuel-NO under medium temperature and low oxygen environments. The pilot-scale furnace results demonstrate that stable combustion of the solid waste blend can be achieved under three co-combustion conditions. Compared to CFC-S, the MILDC-AS combustion of solid waste blend inhibits the fuel-NO and PM2.5 emissions by 54% and 50%, respectively. The burnout rates of solid waste blend MILD combustion exceed 95%. This study not only extends the fuel adaptability of MILD combustion to solid waste blend, but also proves the suppression influence of MILD combustion on fuel nitrogen and PM2.5 emissions.

A Vertical Fountain Dryer Adjusted for Sawdust and Wood Chips Drying

This article presents the preliminary results on the drying process in a fountain dryer designed and adapted to drying waist sawdust and/or chips of various morphology and moisture content. In terms of drying technology, it is important to reduce the demand for heat and electricity. The phenomena occurring during the drying of sawdust in a fountain dryer were analyzed. Modifications of a typical fountain dryer were proposed in order to dry the chips, to obtain appropriate moisture and quality suitable for the process of their further granulation for the production of pellets. The test stand and the most important properties of the fountain dryer were described and discussed. Such characteristic aims of the device, i.e., efficiency, combustion, air and exhaust gas flow measurements, among others, were presented. The characteristics of the sawdust drying curves as a function of temperature were also determined. Computer simulations of heat exchange, air, and exhaust gas flow velocities were also performed and compared with the results obtained directly from the modified test stand. The maximum combustion of sawdust measured during startup of the furnace was 0.14 m3/h, which is 0.46 m3 of the fuel consumption for the production of 1000 kg. Drying times of wet sawdust is relatively short and takes ~50 s for (weight of wet sawdust 4.75 kg, with moisture of 35%) the relatively low air temperature of 175 °C.

The Influence of Eco-friendly Ash on Sustainable Construction Material: A Review

Nowadays climate change is one of the major concerning factors due to increasing temperature throughout the world. Carbon dioxide is a significant gas in the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming. The construction industries released 40% carbon emissions from thermal calcium carbonate decomposition especially in cement production and combustion of fossil fuels of non-renewable energy. Renewable energy acts a vital part in the evolution of sustainability. Bioenergy has been deliberated carbon neutral as the released carbon is absorbed by flora. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the pozzolanic properties of waste ash and the performance of concrete. Ash is a by-product produced from various resources such as rice husk, wood, coal, sawdust combustion, etc. Waste ash is reused as supplementary material in eco-friendly concrete production. This helps for the disposal of waste as well as contributes the sustainability by reducing carbon emission into the environment.

Indoor Air Quality among the Rural Community of Bhutan

Introduction: Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in Bhutan remains a concern, as firewood and biomass combustion are the fuels generally used for cooking and heating. The adverse impact of indoor air pollution (AIP) on health is inevitable and requires further evidence to be acquainted with strategic modifications. This study aimed to determine IAQ in the rural communities of Bhutan. Method: Air sampling equipment DUSTTRA DRX Aerosol Monitor was used to collect samples from 161 rural households with randomised sampling from February to June 2021. An hourly survey included data extraction regarding particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 ) and common health problems among household members. Results: IAQ worsened during the cooking hours, where PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 increased by 118%, 112.2%, and 111.6%, respectively. Overall, 77% of households used firewood for cooking, 96.3% used it for room heating, and 100% used fodder for cooking. The main source of higher indoor air pollution was associated with the combustion of sawdust, firewood, and biogas. Similarly, traditional mud stoves generated more IAP than gas and modified mud stoves. It is found that there is a significant association of longer hours of window-opening (p < 0.05) and more numbers of rooms (p < 0.001), with IAP. Common health-related complaints comprised eye irritation (22%), headache (22%), coughing (19%), and skin irritation (11%). Conclusion: This study recorded high concentrations of PM during biomass combustion in rural houses in Bhutan. The Study demonstrated the importance of modified stoves with efficient venting systems as alternatives to counter the long-term burden of IAP.

Preparation of ultra-lightweight ceramsite from red mud and immobilization of hazardous elements

Red mud is a solid waste containing high alkaline nature and hazardous elements generated during the alumina production process, and its harmless utilization is of great significance to the environment. In this work, the sintering behavior and physical properties of ultra-lightweight ceramsite using red mud and waste sawdust were investigated when the sintering temperatures are between 1075 and 1175 ºC. The results reveal that the red mud is a suitable material to produce ultra-lightweight ceramsite, and the introduction of waste sawdust effectively enhances the expansion process. The bulk density of ceramsite decreases first and then increases with the increase of red mud and sawdust content. The pores are formed by the reduction reactions of Fe2O3 in red mud and the combustion of sawdust. When the red mud content is 50% and the mass ratio of sawdust to Fe2O3 is 0.3, the bulk density of ceramsite is in the range of 295–480 kg/cm3. Furthermore, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals in ceramsite are far below the permissible limit. This study is helpful to realize the harmless and large-scale utilization of red mud.

Numerical simulation of combustion of sulfide- biomass concentrate ingredients and contaminants in copper furnace smelting

Co-firing biomass and fossil fuels in industrial furnaces is a suitable way to reduce the environmental impact of human activities with acceptable investment. In this paper, the results of numerical simulation co-firing of sulfide concentrate and three auxiliary fuels, including gasoil, kerosene, and sawdust biomass, are compared in the flash furnace copper smelting. For modeling of turbulent flow and combustion, RNG, k-ε model, and probability density function model (pdf) have been used, respectively. This study has been carried out to investigate the furnace temperature and combustion pollutants distribution. The numerical simulation results show that the flame temperature resulting from the combustion of diesel fuel and sawdust as auxiliary fuel is the highest and lowest, respectively. In biomass combustion, despite that the flame temperature is low, but the NOx mass fraction increases because there is nitrogen in the sawdust chemical composition. Also in sawdust combustion, the oxygen content is high, the SO2 and SO3 sulfur pollutants increase in the high temperatures regions of the furnace and the lower temperature of the auxiliary fuel burner, respectively. Because SO2 is formed at high temperatures (> 1273K), oxygen-rich and SO3 species are produced at relatively low temperatures with excess oxygen. The amount of CO emissions in sawdust combustion is much lower than the amount of combustion of diesel and oil. In the peak of the flash furnace for sawdust and diesel auxiliary fuels, the temperature is 2.29E+03 K, and the distribution of NOx, CO2, O2, SO2, and SO3 are 1.51E-04, 9.72E-02, 2.33E-03, 1.71E-01 and 2.45E-02 respectively.

Experimental study on fixed-bed combustion and agglomeration of sawdust–polyethylene mixtures

ABSTRACT Fixed-bed conversion of polymer-containing waste is one of the most common ways of their disposal. One of the problems with such conversion is the cross-sectional non-uniformity of the bed, the formation of agglomerates, and burnouts. The agglomeration process essentially depends on the weight fraction of melting components (plastic materials). Usually, the non-uniformity of the bed is associated with the random nature of the packing (fluctuations of local concentrations and percolation properties). In the present work, we investigate the agglomeration process caused by non-uniform conditions of heat transfer. To this end, combustion of model waste (mixtures of sawdust and polyethylene with a content of the latter of 20–80) is experimentally studied in a laboratory setup with a bed height of about 10 cm. Due to the heat supply through the wall, airflow, non-uniformities developed, associated with different gas permeability in different areas of the bed. The transition from intense thermal decomposition to smoldering is achieved in 5–15 min (the higher the polyethylene content, the shorter the transition time). When the polyethylene content is high, the permeable area decreases so that the air velocity becomes high enough to entrain sawdust particles. As the polymer decomposes, tarry substances are released and form dense deposits in the gas cooling and cleaning system.

Research on Combustion Properties and Pollutant Emission Characteristics of Blends of Maltol Byproduct/Pine Sawdust.

In this paper, the combustion and pollutant emission characteristics of maltol byproduct, pine sawdust, and their blends were experimentally studied by thermogravimetry, tube furnace experiment, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the combustion process of maltol byproduct, pine sawdust, and their blends can be divided into three stages, in which the volatile release of the maltol byproduct includes two stages. The ignition temperature of the blended fuel is lower than that of sawdust. The NOx produced by combustion of the blended fuel is lower than that produced by sawdust combustion alone, and the SO2 emission is always at a low level. There is a certain synergy between maltol byproduct and pine sawdust mixed combustion. Comprehensively comparing the combustion characteristics and emission characteristics, the blended fuel made by adding less than 10% maltol byproduct into pine sawdust can improve the combustion characteristics and reduce emissions, and 10% is the best proportion of the blended fuel.

Aerodynamic characteristics of the sawdust combustion process in a vortex furnace

The article presents the results of a numerical study of the behavioral characteristics of the process of burning sawdust with a diameter from dmin = 25 μm to dmax = 750 μm in a vortex furnace with counter swirling air flows. The fields of static pressure and absolute velocity in the furnace volume are given. The change in flow density, volume concentration of particles along the height of the furnace is shown. Consumption concentration of particles is 0.094 kg / kg of air. Currently, one of the main directions of Ukraine's strategic development is to achieve energy independence. To achieve this, it is necessary to implement systems for the use of energy resources available in our country. Since a significant part of the country's economic activity is occupied by agricultural activities, the use of low-grade fuels, most of which are waste in this area, is relevant and profitable for economic and environmental reasons. Reconstruction of boilers, improvement of methods and ways of combustion in vortex furnaces of low-grade fuels will significantly reduce the consumption of imported natural gas and bring the country closer to the status of energy-independent state. coke burnout is 100%. The value of the volume concentration of particles β <3 · 10-2 characterizes the aerodynamic mode of motion of particles in the furnace as the mode of gas suspension. In the course of research, the main characteristics of the process of burning sawdust in a vortex furnace with counter-swirling air flows, namely: higher gas velocity is observed in the near-wall area in the lower part of the furnace; when the diameter of the fuel particles increases, the zone with the maximum coke content in them moves from the lower zone of the furnace to the upper; the gas pressure varies slightly both in height and in the cross section of the furnace.

On-line detection and kinetic study of selenium release during combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of sawdust

An on-line analysis system was firstly developed to quantitatively measure the temporal concentrations of selenium in the flue gas directly. Then the selenium release during air combustion, CO2/argon gasification, and argon pyrolysis of sawdust was systematically studied using the on-line analysis system, based on the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The peak of selenium concentration in the flue gas ranges from 0.38 to 1.76 mg∙Nm−3 with change of reaction temperature and atmosphere. The overall activation energy for selenium release is 75.3 kJ∙mol-1 in air combustion, 102.4 kJ∙mol-1 in CO2/argon gasification, and 81.9 kJ∙mol-1 in argon pyrolysis, respectively. The results show that the combustion atmosphere contributes to the selenium release more than that in gasification and pyrolysis. The promotion effect of chlorine on selenium release under combustion environment was one to three times higher than that under gasification and pyrolysis atmosphere. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculation showed that selenium oxides were the main gaseous selenium species in combustion, while the dominant gaseous selenium species were H2Se (g) and Se (g) under gasification/pyrolysis condition. The selenium release was increased with different degrees by additive chlorine species, mainly because of the formation of SeCl2 (g). The role of chlorine in selenium transformation has been provided in the proposed reaction pathways of selenium release, based on the new findings using on-line analysis system. The selenium species retained in sawdust can be transformed into selenium oxide (SeO2, SeO, corresponding to the combustion condition) and selenium hydride (H2Se, corresponding to the gasification/pyrolysis conditions).

NO emission characteristic during fluidized combustion of biomass with limestone addition

The emission characteristics of NOx and N2O during fluidized combustion of rice straw (RS) and pine sawdust (PS) were investigated following limestone addition at 800 °C. The dominant N-containing pollutant during biomass combustion was NO. Only a small amount of N2O was detected whereas no NO2 was found in any cases. The contributions of volatile-N to the total emissions of NO and N2O were 82.5% and 67.4% for RS and PS, respectively, which were highly consistent with the volatile content in the fuel types (82.9% and 69.1%, respectively). The emission of NO was not affected by limestone addition in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor, whereas it was reduced in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor. The reduction rates for NO were 11.8%, 15.1%, and 24.9% at Ca/S molar ratios of 2:1, 5:1, and 10:1, respectively. These differences were mainly attributed to the catalysis of CaO on the reduction of NO to N2 by CO in the dilute phase zone. To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally investigate the effects of limestone addition on NOx and N2O emissions during biomass combustion.

Тушение тлеющего горения опилок

Проанализированы теоретические и известные экспериментальные исследования по тлеющему горению опилок. Разработана методика определения характеристик очагов тлеющего горения. Экспериментально обоснован модельный очаг тлеющего горения. Показано изменение скорости тлеющего горения, массы опилок в зависимости от их дисперсности. Разработана лабораторная методика определения эффективности тушения различными огнетушащими веществами тлеющего горения опилок. Получены экспериментальные результаты по тушению опилок газовыми огнетушащими веществами (ГОТВ), тонкораспыленной водой, а также огнетушащим порошком. The analysis of existing theoretical and experimental studies on smoldering combustion of sawdust is carried out. There are considered the types of smoldering combustion. Practically, there is observed the implementation of three types of smoldering combustion. The first type is the process of oil-carbon sludge smoldering in the final phase of wood burning. The second type is smoldering combustion in dispersed, layered or fibrous carbon-containing materials. The third type of smoldering combustion is typical for carbonaceous materials that do not contain volatile components such as activated carbon. The method for determining the characteristics of seats of smoldering combustion is developed. Wood sawdust of coniferous species of different fractions was used for research. Experimental seats were cylindrical containers with a wall thickness of 1 mm: d = 66 mm, h = 100 mm; d = 72 mm, h = 80 mm; d = 54 mm, h = 100 mm; d = 65 mm, h = 115; d = 100 mm, h = 40 mm; d = 85 mm, h = 85 mm; d = 100 mm, h = 125 mm (d - diameter, h - height of the seat). Smoldering combustion model seat is experimentally proved. Based on the tests performed, a model seat with the height of 85 mm and the diameter of 85 mm was selected for further research (the criterion for seat selecting was the optimal degree of sawdust burnout), in which thermocouples were placed, according to Fig.1. There were used sawdust fractions of less than 0,1 mm, 0,1-0,2 mm, 0,2-0,4 mm and 0,4-1 mm. Sawdust moisture content w = 5 %. Tests were conducted to determine the rate of sawdust smoldering combustion and the maximum temperature of smoldering combustion. There is shown the change both of smoldering combustion rate and the sawdust mass depending on its dispersion. A laboratory method for determining the extinguishing effectiveness of sawdust smoldering combustion with various fire extinguishing agents was developed. The seat was placed into the conventionally sealed chamber of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m at the distance of 0,5 m from the walls. The chamber has lines for supplying bulk fire extinguishing agents, as well as devices for supplying fire extinguishing powders. There are obtained experimental results for extinguishing sawdust with gas fire extinguishing agents, dispersed water as well as with fire extinguishing powder

Energy and exergy analysis of oxy-fuel combustion based on circulating fluidized bed power plant firing coal, lignite and biomass

Oxy-fuel combustion with circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is a promising technology applied in carbon capture and sequestration. In this work, a supercritical oxy-fuel combustion system based on CFB boiler firing coal, lignite and sawdust is established to evaluate the system performance. Five primary units are arranged including an air separation unit, a CFB combustor considering the fuel combustion characteristics, a steam generation cycle, a simplified power island and a CO2 purification and compression unit. After the validation, the influence of fuel types, oxygen concentration, flue gas recirculation forms and exhaust flue gas temperature on the system performance including adiabatic flame temperature, flue gas loss, net efficiency and exergy efficiency are evaluated. The results showed that compared to lignite and sawdust combustion, oxy-fuel combustion with coal has the highest net efficiency and exergy efficiency which is mainly because of the lower moisture and ash. However, the drying process will not significantly increase the net efficiency of sawdust combustion according to the electricity consumption of biomass drying. Also, a dry cycle is preferable in high moisture fuels combustion due to the better burnout performance and less recirculation fan work. To increase the net efficiency, reducing the exhaust flue gas temperature and increasing the combustion pressure are both effective.

The spontaneous combustion mechanism of sawdust from the aspect of biochemical components

Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are generally recognized as the main components of sawdust. In this paper, the spontaneous combustion mechanism of sawdust was studied from the aspect of these components. The thermogravimetry analysis and biochemical component analysis showed that the lignin decomposed evidently at the induction period of thermal decomposition of sawdust, and the lignin contents of sawdust also presented positive correlation with their spontaneous combustion risk. Scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectra were implemented further. The results showed that: the cellulose remained stable at the induction period; for hemicellulose, the oxidation reaction took place, but it was very weak. However, for lignin, the dehydration reaction (loss hydroxyl group of alcohols) took place evidently so that the lignin exhibited an apparent porous structure. Therefore, the dehydration reaction of lignin might greatly affect the spontaneous combustion of sawdust.

Temporal influence of reaction atmosphere and chlorine on arsenic release in combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of sawdust

The temporal influence of reaction atmosphere and chlorine on arsenic release in combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of sawdust was studied using an on-line analysis system. The arsenic release amount in combustion atmosphere was higher than that in CO2 gasification and argon pyrolysis. The derived values of activation energy followed the order: combustion < gasification < pyrolysis. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of chlorine species on arsenic release percentage in air combustion was also higher than that in gasification and pyrolysis conditions. The total proportion of arsenic release in combustion with additive chlorine is bigger than the case in gasification and pyrolysis, especially when 20% chlorine is added. According to equilibrium analysis, arsenic oxides were identified as the main gaseous arsenic species and their formation were decreased in the oxygen-deficient environment, mainly accounting for lesser arsenic release proportion in gasification and pyrolysis than combustion. The release of arsenic was promoted to a different extent with additive chlorine, mainly caused by the AsCl3 (g) formation. By the findings of the experiments and theoretical analyses, the possible reaction pathways and release mechanisms of arsenic species were proposed.

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics and kinetics of wood sawdust and wood sawdust hydrochar

AbstractThis study compares the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics with the kinetics of wood sawdust and its hydrochar. Wood sawdust hydrochar was obtained by the hydrothermal treatment of wood sawdust (biomass/water: 1 g/4 mL) at 220°C, where the residence time was set as 90 min. After hydrothermal carbonization, carbon content and heating value were both increased by 14%. Pyrolysis and combustion of wood sawdust and its hydrochar were performed by thermogravimetric analysis at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C/min. Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method, Friedman method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method, and Kissinger method were used for analyzing the pyrolysis data. For combustion, only KAS and FWO methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters. As compared to wood sawdust pyrolysis, average activation energy of hydrochar pyrolysis was lower (150.36 kJ/mol by using KAS method, 153.05 kJ/mol by using FWO method). Based on mean activation energies, pyrolysis reaction of hydrochar was more favorable than its combustion. In combustion, average activation energy of hydrochar combustion reaction was higher; indicating that combustion of wood sawdust was more favorable.

Analisis Thermal Nilai Kalor Briket Ampas Batang Tebu dan Serbuk Gergaji

Availability of fossil fuels are increasingly rare, result in rising fuel prices. Hence, alternative fuel needs to be examined. In this study a mixed composition of bagasse charcoal and sawdust used. The two material then mixed with starch adhesives to produce briquettes with different compositions. This study aims to determine the thermal characteristics of briquettes with a variety of different compositions. This study uses a briquette composition variations sugarcane bagasse and sawdust 100%: 0%, 75%, 25%, 50%: 50%, 25%: 75%, and 0%: 100%. This type of research is the experimental method. Testing the thermal characteristics of charcoal briquettes bagasse and sawdust using a bomb calorimeter and boil a liter of water to determine the calorific value and the rate of combustion. The results showed that the briquettes with a variation of 100% : 0% has the highest calorific value of 4117 cal/gr and the lowest firing rate of 0,155 gr/min. Sawdust briquettes 100% has the lowest calorific value of 3657 cal/gr and the highest firing rate of 0,268 cal/g. There are differences in calorific value and the rate of combustion of charcoal briquettes bagasse and sawdust with a variety of different compositions. So it can be said that the longer the briquettes burning speed, the higher the value calorific

Investigation of thermal conversion characteristics and performance evaluation of co-combustion of pine sawdust and lignite coal using TGA, artificial neural network modeling and likelihood method

(Co-)combustion of pine sawdust (PS) and lignite coal (LC) were investigated using artificial neural networks (ANN), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Monte Carlo simulation (MC) as a function of blend ratio, heating rate, and temperature via thermal conversion characteristics. The order of degraded compounds in terms of hemi-cellulosic and lignin-based compounds demonstrated the main oxidation and degradation mechanism of co-combustion of PS and LC. The best prediction (R2 of 99.99%) was obtained by ANN28 model. Operating conditions of 90LC10PS, 425 °C, and 19 °C min−1 were determined by PSO as optimum levels with TG value of 67.5%. Once three-replicated validation experiments were performed under PSO-optimized conditions, mean TG values ware observed as 67.5% with a standard deviation of ±0.4%. Consequently, MC was used to identify the stochastic variability and uncertainty associated with ANN models that were derived to predict TG values.