Combustion Kinetics Research Articles

Apparatus and Method for High‐Throughput Screening of Pyrotechnic Compositions

AbstractDuring early stages of the pyrotechnics research and development process, it is sometimes unclear what pyrotechnic characteristics a given composition will exhibit. Thermochemical modeling software can assist in determining whether or not a reaction is theoretically possible. However, these calculations and databases do not consider combustion kinetics. Additionally, without qualitative observation of a reaction, it is hard to determine what application a given formulation might be useful for. Initial testing methods do not need to be overly complicated to provide useful observational data for planning future experiments. In this article, one such method involving a channel burning apparatus based on interchangeable parts and designed for high‐throughput screening is presented. Its utility is demonstrated through rapid testing of 39 different pyrotechnic formulations. Across these 39 compositions, observed burning times spanned a range of more than four orders of magnitude. Even from tests involving few samples, stark differences in combustion times and qualitative characteristics are apparent. Advantages and disadvantages of such an apparatus and method are discussed.

Kinetic Study on the H-Abstraction Reactions from 1-Nitropropane by H and OH Radicals.

To improve the comprehension of the combustion kinetics of 1-nitropropane (1-NP), the H-abstraction reactions from 1-NP by H and OH radicals are theoretically explored using the canonical variational transition-state theory combined with the multistructural torsional anharmonicity and small-curvature tunneling corrections (MS-CVT/SCT). The M08-HX/cc-pVTZ method is adopted for geometry optimizations and frequency calculations due to its effective performance in describing the current reaction systems with an average mean unsigned deviation of 0.95 kcal mol-1 against the benchmark by the high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS(T-Q) method. The rate constants for the investigated reactions are calculated using the MS-CVT/SCT method at 200-2000 K, and a good agreement is achieved by comparing our calculations with the available literature data. The rate constant calculations show that the multistructural torsional anharmonicity, variational effect, and tunneling effect have different influences on the H-abstraction reactions 1-NP + H/OH, and the reaction channel at the Cβ position is the most important above the room temperature. With our calculations, a literature combustion kinetic model of 1-NP is revised, and the new model demonstrates improved performance across most conditions. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the H-abstraction reaction channel, 1-NP + OH = CH3CHCH2NO2 + H2O, alters the combustion kinetics of 1-NP and plays an important role in controlling its ignition process.

Assessment of the use of biochar from the slow pyrolysis of walnut and almond shells as an energy carrier

ABSTRACT This study explores the energy applications and combustion kinetics of biochar produced from walnut and almond shells through pyrolysis. Using macro-thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K min−1, a multi-step mechanism involving two parallel reactions was used to model thermal decomposition. Bioenergy indices revealed that walnut shell-based biochar (WSB) produced at 773 K and 873 K displayed superior biofuel potential due to its high energy density and low ash content, while almond shell-based biochar (ASB) at 673 K demonstrated the best overall bioenergy performance. Among the tested heating rates, 15 K min−1 provided optimal results for ignition, combustion, and burnout indices, with WSB showing the highest overall combustion performance. Kinetic analysis using the Coats-Redfern method demonstrated the highest R2 values and minimized RMSE and SSE. The activation energy for the first pseudo-component ranged from 54.91 to 129.84 kJ mol−1 for ASB and from 61.71 to 141.85 kJ mol−1 for WSB. For the second pseudo-component, the activation energy ranged from 25.21 to 159.32 kJ mol−1 for ASB and 25.63 to 96.25 kJ mol−1 for WSB. These findings emphasize the potential of WSB and ASB biochar for bioenergy applications, with WSB exhibiting the best combustion characteristics.

Laminar burning characteristics of ammonia and hydrogen blends at elevated initial pressures up to 2.5 MPa

Ammonia is a highly promising alternative fuel, and blending it with hydrogen can mitigate its poor combustion performance. However, the combustion mechanism of ammonia-hydrogen mixtures requires further validation through measurements of laminar burning velocity, particularly under high-pressure conditions relevant to practical combustors. Experimental data at high initial pressures (>1.0 MPa) are notably scarce. In this study, experiments were conducted using an outwardly propagating spherical flame in a high-pressure, high-temperature, constant-volume combustion chamber to determine the laminar burning velocities of ammonia-hydrogen blends at elevated initial pressures. The effects of different equivalence ratios (0.6 ∼ 1.4), volumetric hydrogen ratios (0.1 ∼ 0.6), and initial pressures (0.1 ∼ 2.5 MPa) were evaluated. Chemical kinetics of ammonia and hydrogen combustion was investigated at high pressures. The experimental results were compared with the simulation results under a wide range of conditions using several existing mechanisms to evaluate their applicability. The results show that the laminar burning velocity increases first and then decreases as the equivalence ratio (ϕ) increases and reaches a maximum value around ϕ of 1.1. The laminar burning velocity increases non-linearly with the volumetric hydrogen ratio, with more pronounced acceleration at higher hydrogen ratios. In contrast, the laminar burning velocity decreases non-linearly with the increasing initial pressure, and this reduction becomes progressively slower as the initial pressure rises. The predictive performance of the mechanisms by Okafor et al. and Gotama et al. is relatively satisfactory under certain conditions, but further optimization based on experimental data is necessary. Additionally, reaction pathway analysis of ammonia-hydrogen combustion indicates that introducing hydrogen increases the concentration of active radicals such as OH, O, and H, thereby enhancing ammonia combustion. Sensitivity analysis of the laminar burning velocity identified the critical elementary reactions across varying pressures, providing strong support for optimizing ammonia-hydrogen chemical kinetics models and developing simulation models for practical combustion systems.

Chemical Kinetics Investigations of Dibutyl Ether Isomers Oxidation in a Laminar Flow Reactor.

The combustion kinetics of three symmetric diesel-boiling-range ether isomers were investigated experimentally using a plug flow reactor. The isomers were di-n-butyl ether (DNBE), diisobutyl ether (DIBE), and di-sec-butyl ether (DSBE). The flow reactor experiments employed oxygen as the oxidizer and helium as the diluent, with oxidation carried out at atmospheric and elevated pressure conditions and temperatures from 400 to 1000 at 20 K intervals. The fuel, oxidizer, and diluent flow rates were varied at different temperatures to maintain a constant initial fuel mole fraction of 1000 ppm under stoichiometric conditions and a residence time of 2 s. Reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Depending on the structure, ethers showed different degrees of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. Speciation results from the GC analysis were then compared to simulations using existing and newly developed chemical kinetic models. Most of the simulated product concentrations showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The chemical kinetic models were utilized to elucidate key features of the reactivity and NTC behavior of the different isomers. The chemical kinetic analysis indicates that the combustion behaviors of the three isomers are influenced by the key species formed at the low-temperature reaction regime. The key species identified for DNBE, DIBE, and DSBE at atmospheric pressure are n-butanal, isobutanal, and sec-butanol, respectively.

Reduced order modeling of turbulent reacting flows on low-rank matrix manifolds

A new low-rank approximation, referred to as time-dependent principal component analysis (t-PCA), is developed for reduced-order modeling (ROM) of scalar transport in turbulent reactive flows. In t-PCA, the evolution of the composition matrix is constrained to a low-rank matrix manifold, similar to that in standard PCA. Specifically, the t-PCA approximates the composition matrix through the multiplication of two thin, time-dependent matrices that represent spatial and composition subspaces. The evolution equations for these subspaces are derived by projecting the composition transport equation onto the tangent space of the low-rank matrix manifold. While the evolution equations for the spatial subspace in both PCA and t-PCA are similar, there are differences in how the composition subspace is obtained: (i) In t-PCA, the composition subspace is time-dependent, whereas in PCA, it is static. (ii) The t-PCA does not require any prior data, and an evolution equation for the composition subspace is derived. In PCA, the composition subspace is obtained from data. The t-PCA can be regarded as an on-the-fly low-rank approximation that can adapt to changes in the flow instantaneously. It is shown that the low-rank t-PCA approximations achieve residual levels lower than those obtained via PCA. For demonstrations and a comparative assessment of the ROMs, simulations are conducted of a non-premixed CO/H2 flame in a temporally evolving jet. Two cases are considered, based on the mechanisms previously suggested for combustion kinetics of this flame: (i) the GRI-Mech 3.0 model involving 53 species for a two-dimensional flame, (ii) the skeletal syngas model involving 11 species for a three-dimensional turbulent flame. The results are appraised via a posteriori comparisons against data generated via full-rank direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the same flame, and also with the PCA-reduced data from the DNS. It is shown that t-PCA yields excellent predictions of various features of the thermo-chemistry field.

Energy Recovery from Municipal Sewage Sludge: Combustion Kinetics in a Varied Oxygen–Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere

Energy from municipal sewage sludge can be obtained by applying a thermal conversion method. In this study, the combustion kinetics of municipal sewage sludge were analyzed in an O2/CO2 atmosphere. Studies were conducted in different gaseous atmospheres consisting of varying proportions of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The participation of oxygen was as follows: 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% vol. The experimental temperatures varied from 873 to 1273 K. The experimentally obtained results helped establish the basic kinetic parameters, such as the reaction order n, factor Ko and activation energy Ea of sludge grains. The values of the activation energy Ea and Ko were, respectively, 46 kJ/mol and 0.0127 mg/m2sPa. They show that the limiting factor of combustion is the diffusion of oxygen and that combustion reactions take place in the outer layer of the unreacted core. Therefore, sludge is promising for energy recovery because it has quite a high net calorific value (NCV) and a high gross calorific value (GCV). The GCV was 14.1 MJ/kg and the NCV was 12.8 MJ/kg. The experimental studies with a wide range of process parameters helped to create an array of apparent reaction rates as a function of the temperature and oxygen concentration, showing the significant effect of oxygen on the apparent reaction rate, in contrast to the effect of temperature.

Catalytic hydrothermal reaction of biomass and its application in blast furnace injection: Physicochemical, conversion mechanism, combustion behavior

This study employs a combination of experimental research and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to evaluate the optimal conditions for catalytic hydrothermal carbonization suitable for blast furnace injection. Through FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ICP analysis, and combustion kinetics analysis, the physical and chemical properties of the hydrochar were determined. Subsequently, these properties along with kinetic parameters were applied to an improved CFD model to compare the flow patterns and combustion performance of hydrochar with PCI coal in blast furnaces. The results indicate that the optimal HTC conditions are identified at 300 °C with FeCl3 catalysis, yielding hydrochar (HTC-300-FeCl3) characterized by a calorific value of 32.10 MJ/kg, 98 % K element removal, and enhanced carbonaceous structure ordering. This is attributed to the addition of FeCl3 effectively enhances the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase and promotes deoxygenation and hydrogenation reactions in the solid phase, improving the quality of hydrochars. In addition, CFD model shows that the HTC-300 FeCl3 exhibits a higher burnout (86.2 %) and average gas temperature (2383.1 K) compared to PCI coal, indicating its greater potential as a PCI coal substitute in BF injection.

Enhancing the combustion of silicon nanoparticles via plasma-assisted fluorocarbon surface modification

Nanostructured silicon has great potential as an energetic material due to its high energy density, close to that of aluminum; however, its combustion kinetics are strongly affected by the presence of a native oxide layer. As the particle size is reduced, the material behavior is dominated by surface effects, highlighting the need for new approaches to fabricate silicon nanoparticles and precisely control their surface chemistry. Here, we describe the use of low-temperature plasma to nucleate and grow < 10 nm silicon particles. The resulting aerosol is passed through a second plasma reactor, to which a fluorocarbon monomer is supplied. The second plasma initiates the growth of a polymeric shell onto the silicon particles, resulting in a highly conformal coating. Chemical analysis confirms that the polymer shell is compositionally similar to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). We find that the fluorocarbon shell acts as an artificial passivation layer that significantly delays the onset of oxidation in air. In addition, the direct contact between the fluorocarbon shell and silicon core lowers the ignition temperature compared to the physical mixtures of silicon nanoparticles and PVDF. It leads to a higher pressurization rate and a lower combustion time when tested in a combustion cell. This is consistent with the combustion process being initiated by the exothermic interfacial reactions between the silicon core and the fluorocarbon shell. Mass spectroscopy confirms this hypothesis because silicon fluoride is produced only for the core–shell structure, and not for a physical mixture of silicon and PVDF. This study provides an example of a new processing technique capable of controlling the interfacial chemistry of small nanoparticles with beneficial effects on their combustion.

Experimental and modeling studies on char combustion under pressurized O2/H2O conditions

The desorption kinetic parameters for pressurized combustion and gasification reactions were determined based on a C++ program coupled with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model developed and experimental data from pressurized char combustion, and the established L-H kinetic model for pressurized char-O2/H2O combustion was refined in the current paper. The activation energy for desorption in reactions involving pressurized char-O2 and char-H2O was determined to be 250.8 kJ/mol, accompanied by a pre-exponential factor of 5.42 × 1010 g/(m2 s). Using this foundation, the current research conducted simulations to investigate the impacts of temperature, pressure, and H2O concentration on the oxidation adsorption rate (Rads,oxi), desorption rate (Rdes), gasification adsorption rate (Rads,gas), and the competitive influences of kinetics and diffusion processes within the pressurized char-O2/H2O combustion. The simulation results indicate a gradual increase in Rdes and Rads,gas with char conversion to reach a peak, followed by a gradual decline. Conversely, the Rads,oxi varies smoothly throughout the char conversion process. At 1673 K/1.0 MPa, the char-O2/H2O reaction rate is primarily constrained by Rads,oxi and Rads,gas, with the adsorption reaction serving as the rate-controlling step. Moreover, it was noted that a rise in pressure resulted in a linear increase in Rads,oxi, Rdes, and Rads,gas. At elevated temperatures, the impact of pressure on them becomes more noticeable. However, the introduction of H2O mitigates this effect. Elevated temperature and pressure facilitate the competition on the kinetics of char-O2 combustion for O2 diffusion, resulting in the conversion of char being more susceptible to O2 diffusion rate limitation. With the addition of 20 % H2O, the competition effect was weakened. In the case of pressurized combustion involving char and O2/H2O, the char conversion is primarily constrained by the O2 diffusion rate and is scarcely influenced by the H2O diffusion rate.

Combustion reactivity of sewage sludge hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization via thermogravimetric analysis

Wastewater treatment plant sludge contains a high concentration of organic compounds that can be used to produce fuel viahydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This study investigated the combustion reactivity and kinetic parameters of hydrochars produced to understand the combustion behavior of the solid fuel derived from HTC. The hydrochar was produced at various temperatures ranging from 150 to 300 °C, reaction times ranging from 30 to 150 min, and solid loadings ranging from 10% to 30%. The combustion behavior of sewage sludge (SS) and hydrochar was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis with a constant air flow rate (100 mL/min) and heating rate (10 °C/min) from ambient temperature to 900 °C. It was observed that the HTC temperature, reaction time, and solid loading influenced the combustion characteristics and kinetics of the hydrochar. Additionally, the hydrochar exhibited higher ignition and burnout temperatures and a lower peak temperature than SS, indicating superior performance and reactivity in combustion. The combustion kinetic analysis also revealed that the hydrochar had a range of lower activation energy (29.12–41.60 kJ/mol) than SS (52.95 kJ/mol). Therefore, hydrochar derived from SS has the potential to be used as a substrate for solid fuel production for future renewable energy sources.

Thermal analysis of St. John's Wort wastes and biochars: A study of combustion characteristics and kinetics

St. John's wort, extensively utilized in industries such as food, medicine, and cosmetics, generates substantial biomass waste. Utilizing these wastes is crucial to reducing environmental harm and making an economic contribution. This study aimed to determine the potential of St. John's wort wastes and biochar forms produced from these wastes to be used as solid fuel. In this context, the combustion behavior of the biomass and biochar were determined by thermogravimetric analysis method. Additionally, the Kissenger-Akahira-Sunosa and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa techniques were used to compute the combustion activation energies of these samples. According to the analysis, biomass combustion commenced at approximately 250°C and occurred in two stages, whereas biochar combustion initiated at around 400°C and proceeded in a single stage. Furthermore, over 90% of the mass from both samples was observed to decompose during combustion, with average combustion activation energies ranging between 70.08 and 203.86 kJ/mol for biomass and biochar, respectively. These findings suggest that biomass exhibits more readily combustible characteristics compared to biochar but is less energy efficient. In conclusion, optimizing the biochar production process could enhance its energy efficiency and potentially narrow the performance gap between biomass and biochar. Additionally, further research into alternative methods or additives to improve the energy efficiency of biomass combustion is warranted.

Experiments on Combustion Thermodynamics and Kinetics for Different Coal Ranks

Experiments on Combustion Thermodynamics and Kinetics for Different Coal Ranks

Applicability of genetic algorithm in biochar combustion kinetics with double distributed activation energy model

Applicability of genetic algorithm in biochar combustion kinetics with double distributed activation energy model

Hydrogen-Ignited-Methanol Catalytic Co-Combustion of Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds over PdPt/Al2O3 Bimetallic Catalyst

Electric heating is frequently employed to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through catalytic combustion. However, it is associated with problems such as slow heating, high energy consumption, and low efficiency. This study explores PdPt/Al2O3 catalysts for igniting methanol (MeOH) through H2 catalytic combustion, providing internal on-site heating of catalyst active sites. It also investigates VOCs’ abatement using H2-ignited-MeOH combustion without H2 and external heating. Bimetallic catalysts enhance activity and reduce thermal aging. Hydrogen gas (H2) can initiate the MeOH combustion at room temperature with the addition of very small amounts, even below its low explosive limit of 4%. This process optimizes MeOH ignition at approximately 350 °C, even when the concentration of H2 is as low as 0.01%. This method enhances combustion kinetics, converting MeOH and VOCs into CO2 and water. Catalytic performance is independent of PdPt nanoparticle sizes in fresh and spent catalysts, represented in XRD and STEM. Using hydrogen as an igniting agent provides a clean, effective method to initiate catalytic reactions, addressing traditional challenges and enhancing VOCs’ decomposition efficiency.

Exploring Corymbia torelliana hydrochar combustion kinetics through thermogravimetric analysis, peak deconvolution and reaction profile modelling.

This study aims to conduct an applied and innovative investigation to enhance the energy quality of wood residues through hydrothermal carbonization pretreatment. For this purpose, the treatment was carried out at three different temperatures: 180, 220, and 240°C under autogenous pressure. The in natura material and the hydrochars were characterized, and thermogravimetric analyses were performed in an O2 atmosphere with heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20°Cmin-1. The global activation energy for natura biomass combustion was determined to be 112.49kJ.mol-1. On the other hand, the hydrothermal carbonization process promoted a reduction in this value for the 94.85kJ.mol-1. The conversion function for the in natura biomass was characterized as , order 1, while the hydrochars was 2(1-α) [-ln(1-α)] (1⁄2), Avrami-Erofe'ev I. Triple kinetic parameters were ascertained, and the conversion curves along with their respective derivatives were modeled, exhibiting minimal deviations between theoretical and experimental data. This facilitated the mathematical representation of the reaction processes and allowed for a comprehensive comparison of the results.

Simulation of intra-chamber processes in a low-thrust rocket engine with a hydrogen-air mixture and counterflow cooling

The principles and methods of improvement of thrust, efficiency and cooling of rocket engines for space flight safety are of great interest for aerospace industry. The development of reliable and durable low-thrust rocket engines for space missions seems to be one of the important areas of development of the rocket and space industry. Issues related to the implementation of a new direction related to the design of propulsion systems for orientation systems of upper stages of launch vehicles using environmentally friendly fuel components are considered. A mathematical model is developed and numerical modelling of processes in the combustion chamber of a low-thrust rocket engine with gaseous fuel components (hydrogen and oxygen) is carried out. The model takes into account the presence of a cooling jacket. The mathematical model includes the effects of turbulence, combustion of a gaseous fuel mixture, kinetics of hydrogen combustion, and radiation. As a result of calculations, distributions of flow quantities in the combustion chamber and thermal loads on its walls are obtained. The influence of hydrogen mass flow rate on the efficiency of the working process and the dependence of thrust on hydrogen mass flow rate are discussed. The results of numerical modelling are compared with the data of a physical experiment obtained through fire tests of an engine model made of stainless steel on a three-dimensional printer.

Discrete ash inhibition model of char burning for the CFD modeling of precalciner

Char combustion is the dominant step in pulverized coal combustion system and its combustion time contributes more than 90 % of total residence time. The industry requires the prediction of char combustion kinetics across a wide range of particle conversions, from 0.00 to 99.5 %. The ash contained in char particles has an inhibitory influence on char burnout, which is modeled by the ash film concept considering that a uniform ash film is formed on the char surface and gradually grows thicker during char combustion. However, the continuous ash film concept is rarely supported by experimental evidence. Instead of the progressive formation assumption of uniform ash film in the ash film concept, this work proposes that a coalesce of liberated ash occurs on the char surface, in which is integrated into a particle model to account for the external diffusion of oxygen around the particle. The kinetic parameters in the model include chemical reaction rate constant kO2, ash cluster thickness ζc, and O2 diffusion coefficient DO2 through ash cluster. Moreover, the developed ash inhibition model is implemented into CFD simulation suitable for the typical pulverized coal combustion system. Combustion test data of coal conducted in an electric-heated down firing furnace (E-DFF) is used to validate the developed model. It is demonstrated that the model can successfully predict char burnout across a wide range of experimental conditions including temperature, O2 concentration, and residence time in actual precalciner. The evolution of ash cluster thickness, O2 partial pressure on the internal and external surfaces of particles, and the coverage fraction δ as functions of the reaction progress are obtained from the developed ash inhibition model. A sensitivity analysis on the key parameters of the developed ash inhibition model is conducted. In comparison to the ash layer diffusion coefficient DO2 and ash layer porosity εash, the ash cluster thickness ζc has the most significant impact on the char conversion. The developed ash inhibition model is an analytical model that can be easily used in CFD simulations.

Combustion and co-combustion of biochar: Combustion performance and pollutant emissions

Biomass is a renewable and clean energy source, offering the potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions when it is used as a biofuel. However, the disadvantages of raw biomass such as poor grindability, high moisture content, and low calorific value hinder its widespread industrial combustion. Thermochemical conversion techniques are widely used to convert biomass to biochar, which serves not only as an adsorbent and soil amendment but also as solid fuels alternative to fossil energy. The upgraded biochar exhibits better physicochemical properties and improved combustion performance. This paper focuses on the properties and combustion behavior of biochar as a solid fuel, reviewing common production techniques of biochar and their effects on yields and properties of biochar. It also examines the combustion characteristics and kinetics of biochar in single- and co-combustion scenarios with other fuels, such as coal, sludge, and petroleum coke, analyzing the influencing factors of combustion behavior and kinetic parameters. This study further investigates the emission characteristics during the combustion of biochar, including gaseous pollutants (such as CO, NOx, SOx, and HCl), ash-related issues, and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Additionally, a new fuel type named “bioslurry”, which is developed with biochar as a main material, is introduced. Furthermore, this paper discusses the techno-economic and environmental aspects of biochar application, exploring the feasibility of its industrial production and utilization.

Oxygen-rich combustion behaviors and mechanisms of a new Ni-Cr-based superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting

The mechanical and combustion behavior of a new Ni-Cr-based superalloy, fabricated by selective laser melting in an atmosphere with an oxygen concentration greater than 99.5 %, was investigated through the analysis of microstructural morphology, elements distribution and combustion kinetics. The results show that heat treatment eliminated the anisotropy of the as-built microstructures and improved the tensile strength. The studied superalloy can be ignited with a combustion threshold of about 2.5 MPa–3 MPa. The burning length and burning rate increase with the increase of pressure. The selective combustion of Al, Ti, Nb, Cr, Fe, Mo, and Cu elements occurred, resulting in the dissolution of γ′, γ", and δ precipitates and formation of holes at the grain boundaries in the heat-affected zone. The microstructures exhibit large elongated grains in the melting zone and column grains in the heat-affected zone along the heat dissipation direction. The combustion products are a mixture of oxides exhibiting dendritic structures in terms of selective combustion, density, and melting point. The findings from this study enhance our comprehension of the combustion process in nickel-based superalloys, offering valuable data and guidance for the advancement of new oxygen-rich combustion-resistant superalloys.