Combination Of Hydrolysis Research Articles

Objectives for the use of raw materials and component composition for the production of low-lactose ice cream from goat milk

A huge number of people all over the world suffer from lactose intolerance. The second problem is an allergy to cow milk protein. People with lactose intolerance, as well as those who suffer from cow milk allergies, are forced to significantly limit their choice of ice cream or give it up completely. The article describes a solution to the problem of eating ice cream by children and adults suffering from lactose intolerance and an allergy to cow milk protein, and presents ways to overcome it.The goal of the research. Objectives for the use of raw materials and component composition for the production of low-lactose ice cream from goat milk. During the research, the quality indicators of the selected raw materials have been studied, the characteristics of the main ingredients for the production of low-lactose ice cream have been substantiated and given. Goat milk, in terms of its quality indicators, is most suitable for the production of ice cream, because it contains more protein, fat, solids, less lactose and does not cause allergies, and therefore it has been chosen as the main raw material for the production of ice cream. A theoretical and practical analysis of the chemical composition and properties of goat milk has been carried out, and compared with cow. To reduce the lactose content, a dual method of lactose hydrolysis has been chosen - the use of probiotic starter cultures and the lactase enzyme. In the process of combined hydrolysis at a temperature of 37-39⁰ C for 4-6 hours, a reduction in lactose content of less than 0.9% is achieved, while the concentration of cells of probiotic microorganisms in active form reaches 108 CFU/cm3. It is proposed to use the “Lactomix KM” stabilization system, which is usually used in the production of fermented milk products.

ADB-HEXINACA-a novel synthetic cannabinoid with a hexyl substituent: phase I metabolism in authentic urine samples, a case report and prevalence on the German market.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are one of the largest groups of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Yet, another novel analog started spreading on the NPS market around 2021. Soon after, the substance could be analytically characterized in herbal material as ADB-HEXINACA, an SCRA containing a hexyl-substituted tail on the indazole core. Here, we present suitable urinary markers to prove the consumption of this analog, a case report of acute polydrug intoxication and data on its prevalence in Germany. Anticipated phase I metabolites were detected in 12 authentic urine samples that were collected for abstinence control and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-qToF-MS). The results of in vivo samples were confirmed by analysis of in vitro incubates with pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs). Forensic samples were used to assess the prevalence of ADB-HEXINACA. Thirty-two phase I metabolites were detected in the authentic urine samples. The main metabolites resulted from amide hydrolysis in combination with either monohydroxylation or ketone formation at the hexyl moiety (M15 and M26), the monitoring of which is recommended as a proof of consumption. ADB-HEXINACA was detected in 3.5% of SCRA positive urine samples collected for abstinence control in Freiburg up to December 2022 and in 5.5% of the SCRA positive blood/serum samples. The hexyl substituent of ADB-HEXINACA allows for the detection of specific urinary biomarkers suggested as analytical targets to confirm its prior intake. ADB-HEXINACA had a rather low prevalence in Germany, alternating months of higher prevalence with periods of total absence.

METABOLIC PROFILE OF 4F-MDMB-BICA IN HUMAN URINE

The purpose of the study is to study the metabolic profile of the cannabimimetic 4F-MDMB-BICA in the urine of consumers and to identify markers of 4F-MDMB-BICA use using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spec-trometry (LC-MS/ MS) in the urine of consumers of psychoactive substances, for chemical-toxicological and forensic chemical analysis. Material and methods. The study of urine samples of 4F-MDMB-BICA cannabimimetic users using enzymatic hydrolysis in combination with solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection showed that the 4F-MDMB-BICA marker and, in some cases, its nor-metabolite are detected in the urine of consumers. The 4F-MDMB-BICA nor-metabolite is a common biotransformation product for the cannabimimetics 4F-MDMB-BICA and 5F-MDMB-PICA, resulting from the hydrolysis of the ester bond and N-dealkylation of the heterocyclic core. Results. 35 compounds were identified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, including the original parent 4F-MDMB-BICA, 31 metabolites of biotransformation phases I and II, and 3 metabolite artifacts; it was found that the latter are the product of intramolecular cyclization of 4F-MDMB-BICA metabolites. 16 previously undescribed compounds, including 15 metabolites and one artifact were identified. The putative structures, mass spectra and some characteristics of the identified compounds are given, including retention time, MRM transitions, and relative peak area of the substance. Conclusion. From the presented data, it can be seen that the main pathways of 4F-MDMB-BICA metabolism in the human body are hydrolysis of the ester group, hydroxylation of alkyl radicals and the heterocyclic core, oxidative defluorination, and N-dealkylation. The hydrolysis products of the ester bond and hydroxyl derivatives are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid.

The targeted development of collagen-active peptides based on composite enzyme hydrolysis: a study on the structure-activity relationship.

Fish collagen, derived from sustainable sources, offers a valuable substrate for generating peptides with diverse biofunctionalities. In this study, alkaline, papain, and ginger protease were used to enzymatically hydrolyze fish skin collagen. The peptide molecular weight distribution and sequence were measured using HPLC and ICP-MS-MS, with papain/alkaline protease (AP) and papain/alkaline/ginger protease (APG) hydrolyzed samples compared. As the results showed, the incorporation of ginger protease was useful for increasing the degree of hydrolysis, with the content of <400 Da peptides increasing from 49.82% to 58.56%. The identified peptide sequence in the APG sample had more proline at the C-terminal. The peptides were separated into two components (different in molecular weight) using gel column chromatography. The molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, ACE inhibitory activity, and fibroblast proliferation activity of the collected components were measured. In comparison, the contents of proline and hydroxyproline in the larger peptides decreased obviously after combined hydrolysis by ginger protease, reflecting the formation of a peptide sequence of smaller molecular weight containing glycine and hydroxyproline. The combined hydrolysis of ginger protease was beneficial for the improvement of the ACE inhibitory activity of the sample. However, the fibroblast proliferation activity of AP was higher than that of APG, indicating that further hydrolysis by ginger protease may destroy the hydroxyproline at the end of the peptide sequence. This study proposed a creative directional hydrolysis method and provided practical guidance for the production of collagen peptides with enhanced functional activity.

Fuel-range liquid hydrocarbon products from catalytic deoxygenation of mixtures of fatty acids obtained from the hydrolysis of rapeseed oil

The combined hydrolysis–deoxygenation method reported here demonstrates the efficiency of hydrogen-free catalytic conversion of lipid-derived multi-fatty acids into renewable drop-in hydrocarbon biofuels.

Relationship between antigenicity and allergenic epitopes of extensive hydrolyzed whey protein: LC-MS/MS-based analysis

Whey protein is the main protein in milk that causes allergic reactions in infants and children. In this work, Alcalase and Neutrase were combined to hydrolyze whey protein concentrate (WPC). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and antigenicity reduction rate of WPC were 26.45% and 59.41% after hydrolyzed at the mass ratio of Alcalase and Neutrase of 1:1 and the enzyme to substrate ratio of 6000 U g−1 at pH 8.5, 50 °C for 3 h. HPLC results showed that when DH was about 26%, the molecular weight distribution of WPC hydrolysate less than 3000 Da exceeded 95%, and 18.33% of WPC hydrolysate was less than 180 Da (free amino acids). LC-MS/MS was used to detect peptides with 8–25 amino acid residues, the analysis indicated that most of the allergenic epitopes of β-lactoglobulin were destroyed, especially the major allergenic peptide fragments at positions 41–60 and 102–124. In conclusion, the combined hydrolysis of Alcalase and Neutrase significantly reduced the antigenicity of whey protein. This study could provide a potential value for the of WPC hydrolysates as a hypoallergenic infant formula.

Sustainable acid hydrotropic fractionation for bamboo-based nanofilms with unparalleled hydrophobicity and UV resistance

Bamboo, as an important biomass raw material, has a very favorable prospect for Nature-based Solution. Here we provide a method to prepare bamboo-based lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNFs) and films with excellent impedance performances by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) under mild condition. The combined delignification factor (CDF) and combined hydrolysis factor (CHF) were introduced to regulate the hydrolysis severity. The resultant LCNFs with uniform diameter retained a plentiful reactivity without surface functional group changing. The ascendant thermal stability (Tmax > 360 °C) of the LCNFs were also obtained. The films made by the LCNFs can block about 99 % UV light with transparency greater than 50 % which exhibited remarkable UV resistance in both UVA and UVB regions. Furthermore, the films presented excellent hydrophobic stability which showed large contact angles (water, 89–99°) and maintained at 64° after 300 s. These properties make bamboo-based materials substitute bamboo for plastics and can be used in aviation, construction, automotive industry, packaging and many other fields, conforming to international initiatives.

Potential Anti-Sarcopenia Effect and Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Rice Protein Hydrolysate Prepared through High-Pressure Processing

Rice protein is a suitable alternative protein source for dairy protein in infant formulas on account of its unique nutrition and hypoallergenicity. Rice protein was isolated through enzymatic hydrolysis (Alcalase, papain, bromelain, Flavourzyme®) in combination with high-pressure processing (HPP) (400 MPa for 15 min at 25 °C) to enhance its functional properties and broaden its food processing applications. The effect of the HPP-treated rice protein hydrolysate on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes was also studied. The length of myotubes was observed under a light microscope, and periodic acid Schiff staining. The results showed that even though enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatment affected the color of the resulting rice protein, the protein content (3120.31 ± 42.15), branched chain amino acid (BCAA) content (15.12 ± 1.03), peptide content (31.25 ± 0.55), and amino acid composition of the rice protein were significantly increased. Moreover, the combined enzymatic and HPP treatment effectively overcame the problem of limited solubility and water-holding capacity. Rice protein produced through enzymatic and HPP treatment exhibited a higher free radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. It also alleviated DEX-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes as indicated by the increase in myotube length. In short, the enzymatic and HPP treatment of rice protein not only overcame limitations, but also produced rice protein with high functionality in terms of antioxidant and therapeutic effects on muscle atrophy. The rice protein hydrolysate produced through enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatment showed the potential for use as an ingredient for functional foods in the nutraceutical industry.

RECOVERY OF BIOETHANOL FROM FOOD WASTE USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

&lt;p&gt;Excessive use of fossil fuels results in the rapid depletion of non-renewable fossil energy resources, a rise in fuel cost, and an uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases which causes a severe threat to the environment. Bio-fuels are being scrutinized as substitutes for current high-pollutant fuels obtained from conventional sources. To meet the global demands, it becomes necessary to find an alternate source of fuel which is bioethanol. In this work, a strategy to promote ethanol production from Leftover Cooked Rice (LCR) by comparing the different types of hydrolysis was proposed. Process integration comprised of mechanical pretreatment of the leftover cooked rice followed by hydrolysis which was then followed by fermentation. The food wastes of weight 50g taken in each of the 3 fermenters were subjected to acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis, and combined hydrolysis respectively. Commercially available Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used for the fermentation process. The fermented samples were subjected to distillation to separate the bioethanol from them. The amount of bioethanol obtained from combined hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and enzyme hydrolysis was 400ml, 150ml, and 350ml respectively. Qualitative analysis of ethanol was done by using the Jones reagent. Hence, bioethanol can be produced from leftover cooked rice using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Combined Neutrase-Alcalase Protein Hydrolysates from Hazelnut Meal, a Potential Functional Food Ingredient.

Consumers' interest in functional foods has significantly increased in the past few years. Hazelnut meal, the main valuable byproduct of the hazelnut oil industry, is a rich source of proteins and bioactive peptides and thus has great potential to become a valuable functional ingredient. In this study, hazelnut protein hydrolysates obtained by a single or combined hydrolysis by Alcalase and Neutrase were mainly characterized for their physicochemical properties (SDS-PAGE, particle size distribution, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, molecular weight distribution, etc.) and potential antiobesity effect (Free fatty acid (FFA) release inhibition), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods), and emulsifying properties. The impact of a microfluidization pretreatment was also investigated. The combination of Alcalase with Neutrase permitted the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH; 15.57 ± 0.0%) of hazelnut protein isolate, which resulted in hydrolysates with the highest amount of low-molecular-weight peptides, as indicated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SDS-PAGE. There was a positive correlation between the DH and the inhibition of FFA release by pancreatic lipase (PL), with a significant positive effect of microfluidization when followed by Alcalase hydrolysis. Microfluidization enhanced the emulsifying activity index (EAI) of protein isolates and hydrolysates. Low hydrolysis by Neutrase had the best effect on the EAI (84.32 ± 1.43 (NH) and 88.04 ± 2.22 m2/g (MFNH)), while a negative correlation between the emulsifying stability index (ESI) and the DH was observed. Again, the combined Alcalase-Neutrase hydrolysates displayed the highest radical scavenging activities (96.63 ± 1.06% DPPH and 98.31 ± 0.46% ABTS). FTIR results showed that the application of microfluidization caused the unfolding of the protein structure. The individual or combined application of the Alcalase and Neutrase enzymes caused a switch from the β-sheet organization of the proteins to α-helix structures. In conclusion, hazelnut meal may be a good source of bioactive and functional peptides. The control of its enzymatic hydrolysis, together with an appropriate pretreatment such as microfluidization, may be crucial to achieve the best suitable activity.

Environmental impacts and optimizing strategies of municipal sludge treatment and disposal routes in China based on life cycle analysis.

The management and utilization of sludge in a sustainable approach require a systematic analysis of the environmental impacts generated from diverse sludge treatment and disposal processes. This study systematically assessed 12 common sludge treatment and disposal routes based on the existing operating and construction conditions of representative sludge disposal projects in China. We evaluated their environmental impacts using a life cycle assessment following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044), and found that the routes of co-incineration, mono-incineration, and anaerobic digestion with or without thermal hydrolysis may be useful in terms of simultaneously controlling environmental pollution and carbon emissions in China. Therein, the route of co-incineration was recommended as the best one because its human toxicity potential (-152.31kg dichlorobenzene (1,4-DB) eq/ton dry solid (t DS)), freshwater ecotoxicity potential (FEP, -127.40kg 1,4-DB eq/t DS), terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TEP, -0.81kg 1,4-DB eq/t DS), and global warming potential (-27.26kg CO2 eq/t DS) were all negative (environmental benefits). Furthermore, the toxicity impacts of the mono-incineration route were also negative, but it still needed to further enhance energy recovery to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the routes of anaerobic digestion and thermal hydrolysis in combination with anaerobic digestion had the excellent negative carbon emission attributes (-572.44kg CO2 eq/t DS, -474.92kg CO2 eq/t DS), they showed serious FEP and TEP owing to the heavy metals pollution caused by subsequent land use of anaerobic digested sludge. Overall, this study selected the most suitable sludge treatment and disposal routes to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of carbon emission reduction and pollution control in China and proposed optimizing suggestions for future technical improvement and development.

Whey proteins hydrolysis using Alcalase and Flavourzyme

One of the ways to solve the problem of whey utilization is to obtain enzymatic hydrolysates with bioactive properties and reduced antigenicity. A wide range of enzyme preparations are used for whey hydrolysis. The aim of the study was to select the conditions for enzymatic processing of whey protein concentrate to provide the most complete hydrolysis of all basic whey proteins using the most popular proteolytic enzyme preparations for the food industry – Alcalase and Flavourzyme. It was found that the completeness of whey proteins hydrolysis, determined by the yield of soluble and low molecular weight protein, as well as by the disappearance of protein bands on electrophoregrams of the obtained hydrolysates, largely depends on the enzyme preparations dosages and preliminary heat treatment of the substrate. Combined hydrolysis of the pretreated whey protein concentrate with 1% Alcalase and 2% Flavourzyme for 20.5 h at 50°C with stirring allows one to convert about 70% of whey proteins to a stable soluble state, not denatured by heating at 90°C, and 50% of the hydrolyzed protein has a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa. This treatment provides the elimination of the main antigenic whey proteins and obtaining the hydrolysates with a degree of hydrolysis of 36%, determined using the formol titration method.

CRITICAL REVIEW ON ENZYMATIC ASSISTED ISOLATION OF CELLULOSE NANOFIBRE FROM PLANT FIBRES AND ITS FUNCTIONAL APPLICATION IN NANO-BIOCOMPOSITE

Pre-treatment technique of biomass for cellulose nanofiber isolation is very significant on its properties. Several techniques have been used for pre-treatment of biomass, however much has not been done on the use of combined pre-treatment for Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) isolations. The use of enzymes has been attached to the extraction of ethanol from biomass. In this study, a critical review of the application of combine mechanical-enzymes in isolation of CNF was discussed. A parametric study of factors that influence the output of mechanical and enzymatic hydrolysis was done with reference to previous work in this area. The review concluded by assessing the viability of enzymatic hydrolysis in combination with other techniques for successful isolation of cellulose nanofibre

Sustainable production of cellulose nanofibrils from Kraft pulp for the stabilization of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been shown to assemble at oil/water interface and act as Pickering emulsions stabilizers. Developing a simple approach to fabricate CNFs with tunable surface properties and elucidating the influence of the surface properties of the CNFs on their emulsifying performance are of great significance and highly demanded. Herein, a facile approach, namely FeCl3-catalyzed formic acid hydrolysis in combination with high pressure homogenization was reported to produce CNFs using industrial Kraft pulp as raw materials. The surface properties, especially the surface wettability of the CNFs could be easily adjusted by changing the hydrolysis time. Additionally, the emulsifying performance of the CNFs and the stability of CNF-stabilized Pickering emulsions were also evaluated. The obtained CNF-stabilized Pickering emulsions demonstrated great stability under various ionic strengths ranging from 0 to 1 M NaCl and high temperature of 80 °C. This work would greatly improve the possibility of sustainable production of CNFs for practical emulsions.

Development of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Functionalized Carbon Black for the Detection of Guanine Released from DNA Hydrolysis

AbstractIn this work, we reported a new strategy based on DNA strands hydrolysis in combination with the employment of functionalized carbon black modified screen‐printed electrode (f‐CB/SPE) for guanine detection. Using glass microbeads as a solid substrate of ssDNA probe fixation, and under appropriate conditions of temperature, time, and hydrochloric acid concentration, DNA hydrolysis has been successfully used to release the guanine, allowing its oxidation at f‐CB/SPE using differential pulse voltammetry. The selectivity was successfully tested with a non‐complementary sequence, and a detection limit of 0.7 nM of the target DNA has been reached.

Preparation and characterisation of cobalt and cobalt-zinc ferrites for magnetorheological materials

The aim of this study was to study the structure, morphology, magnetic, and magnetorheological properties of cobalt and cobalt-zinc ferrite powders to be used as a functional component of magnetorheological fluids. Ferrites of cobalt CoFe2O4 and cobalt-zinc Co0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4 were obtained by combined hydrolysis of inorganic metal salt in aqueous solutions followed by thermal treatment of the precipitates. The ferrites were studied by means of X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and magnetometry. The synthesised ferrites are polydispersed powders with the size of primary particles of 300–400 nm and the size of the coherent scattering regions of 22–33 nm. They demonstrate a high shear stress in magnetorheological suspensions, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the nanosized particles. High-temperature annealing results in a significant increase in the specific magnetisation of the powders, as well as the shear stress in suspensions prepared on their basis. Doping cobalt ferrite with zinc leads to an increase in the specific magnetisation and rheological characteristics. The studied materials have a high shear stress in suspensions (~ 2.5 kPa at 650 mT) and can be used as functional fillers for magnetorheological materials.

Improvement of biodegradation of PET microplastics with whole-cell biocatalyst by interface activation reinforcement

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an important basic polymer, which was used widely in variety of fields. Due to its high crystallinity, compact structure and strong surface hydrophobicity, PET has prominent resistance to biodegradation. In recent years, microplastics, especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics, was considered as serious threaten to ecosystems. In this study, alkali-resistant bacteria were used as whole-cell catalysts to try to improve the biodegradation of PET microplastics by increasing the bio-interfacial activity of the polymer substrate. Surfactants were applicated to enhance interfacial activation of enzyme and PET interactions. And an integrated strategy was constructed based on alkali resistant bacteria to catalysis the hydrolysis of PET. The results showed that Tween 20 had the most obvious promoting effect among the four interfacial biocatalysts on biological-chemical combined hydrolysis of PET microplastics with whole-cell biocatalysts in alkaline environment. Obvious etching and fracture were observed on the PET fiber surface after biodegradation in presence of surfactant. The weight loss rate of PET substrate can reach 11.04% after 5 days of biodegradation. Thus, this research provides a promising method for efficient degradation of PET microplastics.

Furnishing autohydrolyzed poplar weakly alkaline P-RC APMP to make lightweight coated base paper

This work investigated the effects of autohydrolysis pretreatment severity on poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) woodchips used to make a type of high-yield pulp (HYP) known as preconditioning followed by refiner chemical treatment, alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (P-RC APMP). It also investigated the ratios for partial-ly replacing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with magnesium oxide (MgO) in the high-consistency (HC) retention stage of the P-RC APMP process on the obtained HYP’s properties. The results show that the pretreatment severity of autohydrolysis at combined hydrolysis factor (CHF) = 10.77 and the 50 wt% ratio for partially substituting NaOH with MgO were the optimum conditions for making light-weight coated (LWC) base paper. Compared to the conventional P-RC APMP, the optimized P-RC APMP had similar bulk and higher tensile, burst, and tear indices, as well as opacity, but a slightly lower ISO brightness. When the optimized P-RC APMP and commercial softwood bleached sulfate pulp (SBKP) were blended to make LWC base paper, the most favorable pulp furnish was comprised of 50% optimized P-RC APMP and 50% commercial SBKP. The obtained LWC base paper handsheet had better bulk, and its other properties could also meet the require-ments of LWC base paper.

Spectra and crystallographic analysis of combined ultrasonic and mild acid hydrolysis structural effects on lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have been isolated from sunflower stalks through varying mechano-chemical process. The processing conditions were used to evaluate the structural differences between CNFs and LCNFs. This study has been able to establish that outside the strong lignin aromatic bands found in the FT-IR finger-print region of the LCNF, the CNF, LCNF, and the acid hydrolyzed samples (aCNF and aLCNF) possess same chemical structures. They however exhibited varying crystal systems with LCNF and aLCNF showing monoclinic and orthorhombic structures respectively, while CNF and aCNF were tetragonal and orthorhombic. The average crystallite size calculated from the XRD analysis shows that the lignin containing samples are larger in size (4.08 nm to 5.36 nm) than other samples (2.03 nm to 2.52 nm) while the average AFM heights of all samples ranged from 12 nm to 35 nm. The ultrasonic treatment was observed to have adversely affected the XRD crystallinity index of the cellulose nanofibril samples while improving that of lignin-containing samples. This underscores the importance of understanding the compromise to be established between structure and size in the fabrication of cellulose nanomaterials. This work has shown that despite the varying processing conditions and fiber components of the nanocellulose, they maintained similar FT-IR crystallinity ratios and crystalline structure meaning that LCNF can complement CNF where its properties supersedes and vice versa.

Cellulose Isolation from Tomato Pomace Pretreated by High-Pressure Homogenization.

This work proposes a biorefinery approach for the utilization of agri-food residues, such as tomato pomace (TP), through combining chemical hydrolysis with high-pressure homogenization (HPH), aiming to achieve the isolation of cellulose with tailored morphological properties from underused lignocellulose feedstocks, along with the valorization of the value-added compounds contained in the biomass. Cellulose was isolated from TP using sequential chemical hydrolysis in combination with mechanical pretreatment through HPH. The chemical and structural features of cellulose isolated from TP pretreated by HPH were compared with cellulose isolated from untreated TP through light scattering for particle size distribution, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. HPH pretreatment (80 MPa, 10 passes) not only promoted a slight increase in the yield of cellulose extraction (+9%) but contributed to directly obtaining defibrillated cellulose particles, characterized by smaller irregular domains containing elongated needle-like fibers. Moreover, the selected mild chemical process produced side streams rich in bioactive molecules, evaluated in terms of total phenols and reducing activity. The liquors recovered from acid hydrolysis of TP exhibited a higher biological activity than those obtained through a conventional extraction (80% v/v acetone, 25 °C, 24 h at 180 rpm).