Combined Effect Of Rain Research Articles

Monitoring of the effect of solar radiation and rain on the building envelope with integrated vertical vegetation

The goal of the present paper is the verification of the improvement of the performance of a building envelope with a green wall also in conditions of high irradiance (≥0.6 kW/m2) and with variable meteorological conditions (sunny, cloudy, and rainy), with a focus on intense rainfall and tempest. The object of the analysis has been the Innovation and Technology for Development Center in the University Campus of the Polytechnics of Madrid, where a modular system of integrated vertical vegetation has been installed on the skin of the South and West prospects. The study is based on the analysis of the effective thermoregulation capacity of the system in different climatic situations and has been allowed by a database covering a 3-year period, which contains data from continuous monitoring of the meteorological variations and thermal flows through a weather station and sensors placed on the external surface of the envelope, and on the external and internal surfaces of the wall. The experimentation shows that the use of a green wall on the West prospect is even more valid in conditions of high irradiance, as it allows reducing the temperature of the wall by 10 °C, compared to the scenario without the green wall. The combined effect of rain and solar radiation produces different results on the exposure of the walls, with a visible effect only on the South side.

Enrichment of soil organic carbon in the eroded sediments due to the simultaneous occurrence of rain and wind

Study of the simultaneous effect of wind and rain is of great importance in the environmental studies of erosion for more accurate measurement and modeling of soil loss. There is little information on the combined effects of rain and wind on soil erosion as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate interrill erosion in relation to SOC loss and enrichment ratio (ERoc) as influenced by rain intensity and wind velocity linking to flow hydraulic characteristics. Three rain intensities of 20, 40 and 60 mm h−1 and four wind velocities of 0, 6, 9 and 12 m s−1 were generated on three different soil samples (sandy, sandy loam and loam), each at three replicates (totally 108 runs). The SOC loss was determined through the concentration of organic carbon in sediment and the measured sediment load. The values of SOC loss and ERoc ranged from 0.04 to 4.04 mg m−1 s−1 and from 0.52 to 9.40, respectively. The measured interrill erosion rates and SOC losses increased at higher wind velocities and rain intensities, especially when wind velocity became more than a threshold value of 9 m s−1. For each soil, a direct linear relationship was distinguished between the losses of soil and SOC. Accordingly, SOC loss accounted for 0.36%, 0.17%, and 2.19% of the total soil loss in the sandy, sandy loam and loam soils, respectively. The ERoc was nearly constant for each soil and not changed with the increased soil erosion rate. Finally, flow velocity and unit stream power were found as the best predictors of soil and SOC losses in a wind-driven interrill erosion system.

A Seasonal Autoregressive Model Of Vancouver Bicycle Traffic Using Weather Variables

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Rainwater rivulets running on a stay cable subject to wind

Stay cables are likely to vibrate under the combined effect of rain and wind in the so-called phenomenon rain–wind-induced vibrations (RWIVs). Rain takes part in the phenomenon in the shape of water rivulets that run along the cables. In previous articles, the authors investigated the conditions under which such rivulets can be formed. Using a lubrication model, it was shown for a particular wind–cable configuration that rivulets can only be exhibited above a critical wind speed for which gravity is overcome. The rivulets’ position was also predicted with the model. The results were validated by experiments. In this paper, the wind speed at which rivulets appear and their position are expressed for an arbitrary wind–cable orientation. A maximum wind speed for the rivulets’ existence is then estimated as the result of a balance between the drag force and the surface tension. A wind speed interval is consequently obtained for the rivulets’ appearance and maintenance on a cylinder. The boundaries of this interval are expressed in term of Weber numbers, comparing the surface tension and wind effect. These predictions are successfully compared with all the measurements that have been published in the literature.

Combined effects of rain and imperfect antennas on depolarization in microwave propagation

Expressions are given on cross‐polarization resulting from the combined effects of rain and imperfect antenna isolations in satellite‐to‐earth links. The calculations at 4 and 11 GHz frequencies differ from previous work in two ways, namely, that the theory adopts a worst phase relationship between receiver and transmitter antennas in clear weather, and that a more realistic expression is used for the rain extent. Sample results are illustrated on cross polarization versus misalignment angle, clear weather antenna isolations, canting angle, attenuation, and rain rate.