Combinations Of Tones Research Articles

Effect of Emotionalizing Sounds on the Estimation and Evaluation of Displayed Safety Distances

Musicological and traffic psychology research shows that emotions can be changed by certain tone combinations or sound characteristics and that emotions, in turn, influence our driving behavior. Nevertheless, there are no studies on how a dynamic active sound design could influence driving behavior via changing the emotional state of drivers in certain driving situations. Based on a previous study, emotionalizing sounds, characterized by their capacity to evoke specific emotional responses in individuals, were created and used to investigate their effect on the perception of safety distances in an online study. To test this, participants made statements on the safety distance shown in videos of cars following scenarios combined with emotionalizing sounds. The results show a significant difference in the estimated safety distance for videos combined with sounds invoking positive emotions like light-heartedness vs. sounds invoking negative emotions like feeling threatened. The odds of the safety distance being evaluated as too small compared with appropriate were two to three times higher for some threatening sounds vs. the positive sounds. The results further suggest that threatening sounds influenced participants’ wishes to increase the depicted safety distances. The results show that emotionalizing sounds had effects on the participants, though not all were statistically significant.

Does brain entrainment using binaural auditory beats affect pain perception in acute and chronic pain?: a systematic review

BackgroundPain is a major clinical problem across all ages with serious social and economic consequences and a great negative impact on quality of life. Brain entrainment using binaural beats is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that is claimed to have analgesic effects in acute and chronic pain. We aimed to systematically review the available randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of binaural auditory beats in reducing adults’ pain perception in acute and chronic pain. A systematic search in electronic databases including Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase was performed. The search was completed through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of all included studies. Randomized clinical trials with full text available in English that investigated the effect of binaural auditory beats on pain perception in acute and chronic pain in adults were included. The risk of bias was assessed by the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. Furthermore, The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. Sixteen studies (three on chronic pain and thirteen on acute pain perception) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Because of substantial heterogeneity of the studies, a meta-analysis was inappropriate and this review focused on the narrative interpretation of the results. The risk of bias in most studies was high and the quality of evidence was low to very low. Although the effects of binaural beats on pain perception seem to be influenced by the etiology of pain or medical procedures, our review identifies alpha or a combination of tones in the range of delta to alpha as a potential non-pharmacological intervention in reducing acute pain. However, drawing a conclusion regarding the efficacy of binaural beats for chronic pain requires more high-quality studies.RegistrationThe protocol of this review was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42023425091).

Focus-marking in a tonal language: Prosodic differences between Cantonese-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder.

Abnormal speech prosody has been widely reported in individuals with autism. Many studies on children and adults with autism spectrum disorder speaking a non-tonal language showed deficits in using prosodic cues to mark focus. However, focus marking by autistic children speaking a tonal language is rarely examined. Cantonese-speaking children may face additional difficulties because tonal languages require them to use prosodic cues to achieve multiple functions simultaneously such as lexical contrasting and focus marking. This study bridges this research gap by acoustically evaluating the use of Cantonese speech prosody to mark information structure by Cantonese-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder. We designed speech production tasks to elicit natural broad and narrow focus production among these children in sentences with different tone combinations. Acoustic correlates of prosodic focus marking like f0, duration and intensity of each syllable were analyzed to examine the effect of participant group, focus condition and lexical tones. Our results showed differences in focus marking patterns between Cantonese-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder. The autistic children not only showed insufficient on-focus expansion in terms of f0 range and duration when marking focus, but also produced less distinctive tone shapes in general. There was no evidence that the prosodic complexity (i.e. sentences with single tones or combinations of tones) significantly affected focus marking in these autistic children and their typically-developing (TD) peers.

Vibration-reduced anxiety-like behavior relies on ameliorating abnormalities of the somatosensory cortex and medial prefrontal cortex.

Abstract JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00040/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff Tibetan singing bowls emit low-frequency sounds and produce perceptible harmonic tones and vibrations through manual tapping. The sounds the singing bowls produce have been shown to enhance relaxation and reduce anxiety. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used chronic restraint stress or sleep deprivation to establish mouse models of anxiety that exhibit anxiety-like behaviors. We then supplied treatment with singing bowls in a bottomless cage placed on the top of a cushion. We found that unlike in humans, the combination of harmonic tones and vibrations did not improve anxiety-like behaviors in mice, while individual vibration components did. Additionally, the vibration of singing bowls increased the level of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 in the somatosensory cortex and prefrontal cortex of the mice, decreased the level of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA) receptor α 1 subtype, reduced the level of CaMKII in the prefrontal cortex, and increased the number of GABAergic interneurons. At the same time, electrophysiological tests showed that the vibration of singing bowls significantly reduced the abnormal low-frequency gamma oscillation peak frequency in the medial prefrontal cortex caused by stress restraint pressure and sleep deprivation. Results from this study indicate that the vibration of singing bowls can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors by reducing abnormal molecular and electrophysiological events in somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortex.

The Role of Midbrain in Perception of Tone Sequences and Speech: an Analysis of Individual Studies

Human speech is a complex combination of sounds, auditory events. To date, there is no consensus on how speech perception occurs. Does the brain react to each sound in the flow of speech separately, or are discrete units distinguished in the sound series, analyzed by the brain as one sound event. The pilot study analyzed the responses of the human midbrain to simple tones, combinations of simple tones (“complex” sounds), and lexical stimuli. The work is a description of individual cases obtained in the frame of intraoperative monitoring during surgical treatment of tumors of deep midline tumors of the brain or brain stem. The study included local-field potentials from the midbrain in 6 patients (2 women, 4 men). The S- and E-complexes that emerge at the beginning and end of the sound, as well as the S-complexes that emerge when the structure of the sound changes, were identified. The obtained data suggest that the selected complexes are markers of the primary coding of audio information and are generated by the structures of the neural network that provides speech perception and analysis.

Discovering the Prosodic Domain of Aceh Hakka Tone Sandhi

The research investigated the tonal system of the Hakka dialect spoken in the Aceh province of Indonesia. The aim of the research was twofold. First, it retranscribed the dialect’s tonal inventory and provided a comparison with Meixian Hakka and the inventory found in Chen’s (2007) research. Second, it analyzed the Shang Tone Sandhi Rule (STSR) of the dialect and its prosodic domain. The data were collected with a careful design based on the number of syllables, different prosodic structures, and a variety of tonal combinations. The data were collected from two informants, who were female Hakka native speakers that originated from Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The research used mainly an impressionistic approach with some support from Praat Version 6.2.14 to evaluate the pitch of the tones. As for the research’s transcription, the researchers opt for the simpler yet phonologically distinct three-level height system (H, M, L) rather than the five-pitch category of Chao. The research identifies that there are six tonal values in this dialect. The tonal alternation rule, i.e., STSR, operates in a multisyllabic domain, and only the tone at the end of a domain is intact from tonal alternation. The STSR is not sensitive to the syntactic domain c-command relation of the Direct Reference Hypothesis. It also behaves differently compared to the Guangxing dialect Yangping Tone Sandhi Rule. As for prosody, the hierarchical domain of the rule in Aceh Hakka is bounded within the Utterance (U), which is different from the Yinping tone sandhi domain in Meinong Hakka, in which tone sandhi is blocked by the I domain (intonational phrase domain). Therefore, the researchers postulate that the domain for Aceh Hakka Shang tone sandhi lies in the Utterance (U).

Noise-induced change of tone dispersion in Cantonese speech

Noise effect on speaking non-tonal languages is reported on acoustic correlates including increased intensity, enlarged vowel space and raised fundamental frequency. Adverse influence may also be present in realization of tones, which however remains under-explored. Tone-space size and the according tone dispersion offer key indicators to the nature of a tonal system. The present study investigates whether and how Cantonese tones are modified in speaking under noise. Adult native speakers of Cantonese read tri-syllabic words embedded in carrier sentences in quiet and under multi-talker babbles. The speech materials cover six tones (T55, T25, T33, T21, T23, T22) and are balanced between high-low and low-high tone combinations to avoid biased articulatory effects. Results confirm Lombard speech effect in Cantonese speaking. Moreover, under the noise condition, tone spaces of all six tones are enlarged and tones are more dispersed, especially in realization of T55 and T21 that mark the upper and lower ranges of the tonal space. Changes in tone production by female speakers are more significant than those in male speech. This study provides new evidence of phonetic accommodation under noise and in particular noise effects on sizes of tone space, which is not found in the production of monosyllabic words in Cantonese. Our speakers may have used labored speech production to compensate for signal degradation under babble noise, leading to higher dispersion of tones than clear speech in quiet.

ANALISIS KOMPOSISI FOTOGRAFI PADA FOTO FASHION EDITORIAL ‘SWARNADWIPA’ KARYA NICOLINE PATRICIA MALINA

One of the activities to express yourself is through photography. Photography is not just an activity to take pictures or take pictures. However, expertise is also needed to be able to apply the basic techniques and composition of photography properly so that the resulting photos are more interesting. One Indonesian female photographer whose works are very interesting is Nicoline Patricia Malina. Nicoline is very famous for her Fashion Photography work. Nicoline's Fashion Photography works are usually used for editorial purposes. One of them is entitled 'Swarnadwipa'. In this photographic work, Nicoline uses a photographic composition of leading lines, symmetry, fill the frame, and the rule of third in portrait and landscape photo formats. Nicoline also uses a combination of gold tones which is a concept from the 'Swarnadwipa' photo series, and there are several other colors such as brown, black, gray and silver. Apart from that, Nicoline also used the Borobudur Temple building as a background for the 'Swarnadwipa' photo. This analysis uses a descriptive qualitative method, which aims to find out what photographic compositions are used in the 'Swarnadwipa' editorial fashion photo as well as to find out what the relationship between the photographic composition and the concept of 'Swarnadwipa'.

A Study on the Color Coordination of Men’s Suits According to Color and Tone

Men’s suits have the same color and fabric as their tops and bottoms and have simple designs without much decorative details; hence the color representation method made of suit and inner wear is essential for coordinating men’s suits. Thus, this study aims to present a methodology for the representation of sophisticated images by analyzing the color coordination of men’s suits shown in collections. A total of 425 photos of men’s suits in black, gray, navy, and brown colors showcased in 12 collections from the 2016 Fall Season to 2021 Spring Season published at www.vogue.international were analyzed. The 425 men’s suits included 128 black suits, 132 gray suits, 85 navy suits, and 80 brown suits, while there were 37 cases of styling only with suits without inner wear. The study results revealed that, regarding the hue coordination, both black and gray suits showed the most color combination with achromatic colors such as white, gray, or black. In the tone coordination, the black suits showed the most contrasting tone combination with huge differences in value such as white, while the gray suits showed the most similar tone combination with similar value. In the hue coordination, both navy and brown suits showed multiple color combinations with achromatic and monochrome colors. In the tone coordination, they showed numerous contrasting tone arrangements with huge differences in value and similar tone combinations with similar brightness. Overall, the color combination with achromatic color was showcased the most regardless of the suit color. Hence, the color coordination method for men’s suits could be systematically established.

On the learnability of level-based and unit-based tonal OCP generalizations: An artificial grammar learning study

In previous research of tonal phonology, contour tones were assumed to be phonologically presented not only as a sequence of level tones but also as a single unit. Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) constraints, by extension, were thought to prohibit identical level tones associated to adjacent terminal nodes (OCP-Terminal) and identical adjacent tonal units (OCP-Unit). This proposal has nevertheless been challenged theoretically and empirically. This study seeks to offer new experimental evidence to help solve the debate by comparing the learnability of the two OCP generalizations in an artificial grammar learning paradigm. In Exp I, we exposed disyllabic tonal patterns conforming either to OCP-Terminal or to OCP-Unit to two target groups of learners, who were then tested if they could extend the hidden generalization to their auditory acceptability judgment of novel disyllabic items. Exp II had the same exposure phase but required learners to produce novel disyllabic items with tonal combinations of their choice. In both experiments, the two target groups demonstrated signs of learning target OCP generalizations from different channels. Crucially, learners implicitly acquired the OCP-Terminal generalization but only learned the OCP-Unit pattern as explicit knowledge. These findings led us to conclude that OCP-Unit may not be involved in implicit and automatized phonological computation.

Preference for harmony: A link between aesthetic responses to combinations of colors and musical tones.

Preference for harmony: A link between aesthetic responses to combinations of colors and musical tones.

On five-level tone contrasts: the case of Dan-Gblewo

The central goal of this research is to propose that no language utilizes more than four level pitches contrastively (from low to high). The central question is whether a five- or six-way contrast represents five or six level tones, or a combination of level tones, contour tones, voice quality, and syllable type. We argue that Dan-Gblewo operates a four-level-plus-creaky-voice system rather than a five-level tone system. We show that Dan must be analysed as such from the empirical, experimental, and theoretical perspectives.

Music in Well-Being Development, Memory, and the Medical Application

Broadly speaking, music refers to the combination of melodies, rhythms, and tones. In ancient times music was often used in celebrations or religious ceremonies. Today, music is more widely applicable and has become an industry and a means of entertainment. Even though the music does not guarantee the survival of human beings, it does not fade or vanish and instead becomes more and more flourishing and varied with time. Therefore, besides the function of music for societal development, we should also consider what roles music plays in people's well-being development and memory from a psychological perspective and how to apply these effects to the medical field to innovate an advanced path for mental or physical disease treatment.

Повышение защищенности информации от утечки через побочные электромагнитные излучения

The purpose of the article: development of software-implemented ways to increase the security of information from leakage through spurious electromagnetic radiation of a DVI video system. Research method: search for brightness gradations of RGB primary colors that form similar levels of spurious electromagnetic radiation by enumeration of experimental data obtained from fragments of the reconstructed image. Results: the first part of the article provides a review and analysis of the literature on the features of the functioning of the video interface of the DVI standard. The main characteristics of the TMDS coding algorithm, which can affect the parameters of spurious electromagnetic radiation of the video interface of modern computer technology, are considered. The second part of the article presents an experimental setup for analyzing the relationship between the visual contrast of an image and changes in the intensity of electromagnetic spurious emissions from a DVI video system. On the basis of an experimental comparison of the intensity values of side electromagnetic radiation for different color shades specified by RGB combinations, the possibility of using such pairs of color tone combinations that, on the one hand, are acceptable for the perception of information by the operator, and, on the other hand, have practically indistinguishable levels of side effects, is shown. electromagnetic radiation. The third part of the article (this is for the existing one) presents a method developed by the authors to increase the security of information from leakage through spurious electromagnetic radiation of a DVI video system. The possibility of implementing the proposed method for reducing the information content of spurious electromagnetic radiation of a video system when displaying two-color images is shown.

Teaching Italian Romanticism through Philately and Choral Works

Philately and choral works can be excellent integrative pedagogical tools when teaching Italian Romanticism at undergraduate level. In the classroom, postage stamps provide an historical narrative for students and can help clarify the political, artistic, and cultural mood of the time. The intrinsic symbolism of stamps represents the way a nation wants to be seen by the rest of the world. Instrumental and choral music, in their infinite combination of tones, blend sound with sung words, creating an artistic subtext that reveals the complexity and variety of human aesthetic expression. For the current generation of students accustomed to visual and auditory learning tools, classroom realia and a multidisciplinary approach to Italian Romantic literature enhance peer discussions, and encourage students to explore and value the development of human thought in all of its non-linear manifestations.

Measurement of very high frequency (VHF) sound in our daily experiences

Recently, it is frequently reported that very high frequency (VHF) sounds are emitted from daily necessaries such as home electric appliances. Although we measured VHF sounds from home electric appliances in our previous study, the origins of such VHF sounds have not yet been identified. In the present study, we tried to identify the VHF sound source in each home electric appliance using a "sound camera", which visualizes the spatial distribution of the sound intensity using a microphone array. The sound camera visualized the location of the sound source at frequencies from 2 to 52 kHz with a field of view of 63 degrees. The sound camera elucidated that the VHF sounds were emitted from the power source of a LET light, the ventilation duct of an electric fan, and the body of an IH cooker. Their frequency characteristics were dependent on the sound source, i.e., combinations of pure tones in the LED light and distributing in a wide frequency range in the electric fan.

Response to Invited Commentaries on “Consonance Preferences Within an Unconventional Tuning System”

Response to Invited Commentaries on “Consonance Preferences Within an Unconventional Tuning System”

Harmonicity and Roughness in the Biology of Tonal Aesthetics.

Evidence supporting a link between harmoni-city and the attractiveness of simultaneous tone combinations has emerged from an experiment designed to mitigate effects of musical enculturation. I examine the analysis undertaken to produce this evidence and clarify its relation to an account of tonal aesthetics based on the biology of auditory-vocal communication.

ОСНОВИ ІНТОНАЦІЙНОЇ ПРИРОДИ МУЗИКИ: СУТНІСТЬ, НАУКОВО-ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ

This article was written about the meaning of intonational nature of music as a scientific-theoretical category that presented from different points of view which were considered differently in various times. Thus, a music scientist B. Yavorskiy called intonation as “the smallest (from construction) monophonic sound form in time” and defined the intonation system as “one of the forms of public consciousness’”. B. Asafiyev summarized and developed in his numerous labors ideas of musicians about intonational nature of music, it’s connections with intonation of speech, the role of the existing intonation of the era and created “intonation theory” of musical creativity, performance and perception and in addition created principles of intonational analysis of music. Outstanding theorist and musicologist V. Medushevskiy developed theory about intonational form; composer and scientist V. Dashkevych presented his intonation theory concept.On the basis of analysis of the scientific literature retrospective review of the musical intonation in theory and the history of music have been done. An integrated approach to studying intonation in piano performance is important and scientifically capacious; historical aspect of the problem disclosure and its development, solutions are a foundation for overcoming many issues that are being arisen in the process of reproduction of the musical idea of a piano composition; the scientific meaning is revealed for “intonation”, the meaning of which was rethought as horizontal organization of musical tones that really exists in music only in unity with rhythm; manner of musical expression and each of the smallest specific combinations of tones in a musical expression. The meaning of these definitions reveals the versatility of the meaning of “musical intonation”.Pre-intonational foundation combines music with life – with speech, thinking, plastic, with the experience of painting. Similar features are revealed on its semantic function and on some structural features where both intonation in music and speech intonation represents the process of pitch changes of sounds that expresses emotions and adjustable in speech and vocal music with patterns of respiration and muscular activity of the vocal cords; the dependence of the musical intonation from this patterns in the construction of pitch, melodic line and in the articulation of musical intonation is considered.Consideration and study of the intonational nature of music is an integral part of the formation of musical culture of the person and it gives opportunity of the understanding of music, its nature and content.

Perception of melodies and triads at high frequencies

Accurate pitch perception is possible for harmonic complex tones with fundamental frequencies (F0s) in the musical range ( 6 kHz). However, it is unknown whether this basic pitch perception supports multiple simultaneous pitch perception. To address this, we measured (1) melody discrimination with and without a complex-tone masker and (2) major-minor discrimination for triads and arpeggios composed of complex tones with low (∼280 Hz) or high (∼1400 Hz) F0s. The tones were filtered to ensure that in high-F0 conditions only harmonics beyond the limits of phase locking were audible. Melody perception was poorer for isolated high-F0 tones than for isolated low-F0 tones, although performance was above chance in both cases. Adding a complex-tone masker in the same spectral region degraded performance for low- and high-F0 tones. Listeners could discriminate major and minor triads and arpeggios for low-F0 tones. For high-F0 tones, some listeners could discriminate major and minor arpeggios but none could discriminate major and minor triads. These results will help elucidate whether different mechanisms underlie the perception of combinations of complex tones at low and high frequencies. [Work supported by NIH R01DC005216 and NSF NRT-UtB1734815.]