Combinations Of Barley Research Articles

Effects of Crop Rotation and Biocontrol Amendments on Rhizoctonia Disease of Potato and Soil Microbial Communities

Rotation crops and biocontrol amendments were investigated for suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on potato (Solanum tuberosum) and their interactive effects on soil microbial communities. Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate selected rotation crops, including barley, common and “Lemtal” ryegrass, clover, potato, and combinations of barley with ryegrass or clover, for their effects on populations of R. solani and Rhizoctonia disease. Potato and clover preceding potato resulted in higher disease severity than most other rotations, whereas ryegrass reduced stem canker severity. In addition, all ryegrass treatments resulted in substantially higher populations of R. zeae. Field trials evaluating selected biocontrol treatments in combination with different rotations were conducted at two locations in Maine. Potatoes were treated with the biocontrol organisms Laetisaria arvalis, Trichoderma virens, or Bacillus subtilis and planted following rotation crops of barley and ryegrass, barley and clover, or potato. The barley/ryegrass rotation significantly reduced incidence and severity of stem canker and increased tuber yield at one location. Efficacy of the biocontrol treatments varied by rotation and location, with L. arvalis and T. virens reducing black scurf in some rotations and increasing some aspects of tuber yield at one location. Soil microbial community characteristics differed among rotation crops and biocontrol treatments. Significant crop by biocontrol interactions were observed demonstrating the complex interactions among rotation crops, biocontrol treatments, and soil microbial communities, as well as indicating that biocontrol can be enhanced within beneficial rotations.

Intercropping of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonicaCrantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) under different plant varieties and mixture rates

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different varieties and mixture ratios on the forage yield and quality of a Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping system at the Middle Kizilirmak Basin of Turkey (40°202 N, 33°582 E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 growing seasons. As per the results averaged over 2 years, the different varieties and mixture ratios had significant effect on the forage yield and quality, and also the interactions for the characters studied were statistically significant. The highest Hungarian vetch rate (37.3%), green herbage (36.3 t ha–1) and crude protein (CP) yields (1510 kg ha–1) were obtained from the mixture of 80% Hungarian vetch (Tarm Beyazi-98) and 20% barley, the highest hay yield (10.5 t ha–1) was obtained from the mixture of 20% Hungarian vetch (Anadolu Pembesi-2002) and 80%barley. In terms of the forage quality parameters, such as crude protein rate (CPR), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and relative feed value, except for the CPR (16%, in 80% Hungarian vetch (Tarm Beyazi-98)+20% barley combination), the most desirable results were assessed (54.6%, 31.3%, and 110%, respectively) from the mixture of 80% Hungarian vetch (Ege Beyazi-79) and 20% barley. The cultivar Tarm Beyazi-98 showed the highest forage yield among the tested cultivars of Hungarian vetch, while cultivar Ege Beyazi-79 had the highest forage quality. Moreover, despite the forage yield having been increased with the increasing barley seed ratio in the mixture, the forage quality significantly decreased concurrently. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the optimal values, both in yield and quality, were obtained from the 80% Hungarian vetch+20% barley intercropping system.

Effect of Barley Flour, Crude Cinnamon, and Their Combination on Glycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Adipose Tissue Hormones in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of barley flour, crude cinnamon, and their combination on blood glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, and serum adipose tissue hormones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats (n=35) were divided into five groups: nondiabetic, diabetic, diabetic group fed 5% cinnamon, diabetic group fed 30% barley, and diabetic group fed 5% cinnamon and 30% barley. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, and leptin were measured after 8 weeks. Blood glucose significantly decreased in all treated diabetic rats compared with the diabetic group. Serum insulin and high-density lipoprotein significantly increased, while cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased after 8 weeks. Adiponectin significantly increased, while leptin significantly decreased with administration of either cinnamon, barley, or their combination. No significant differences were observed among the three treated groups on all parameters. A cinnamon and barley combination caused obvious improvement in insulin-positive cells of pancreatic tissue. In conclusion, consuming diets containing either cinnamon, barley, or their combination regulates blood glucose, lipid profile, and adipose tissue hormones in type 2 diabetic rats. The most effective treatment was the cinnamon and barley combination.

Grain source and processing in diets containing varying concentrations of wet corn gluten feed for finishing cattle

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate combinations of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and barley, as well as the particle size of dry-rolled barley and corn, in finishing steer diets containing WCGF. In Exp. 1, 144 crossbred steers (initial BW = 298.9 +/- 1.4 kg) were used to evaluate barley (0.566 kg/L and 23.5% NDF for whole barley) and WCGF combinations in finishing diets containing 0, 17, 35, 52, or 69% WCGF (DM basis), replacing barley and concentrated separator byproduct. A sixth treatment consisted of corn (0.726 kg/L and 11.1% NDF for whole corn), replacing barley in the 35% WCGF treatment. In Exp. 2, 144 crossbred steers (initial BW = 315.0 +/- 1.5 kg) were used to evaluate coarse or fine, dry-rolled barley or corn (0.632 and 0.699 kg/L; 26.6 and 15.9% NDF for whole barley and corn, respectively) in finishing diets containing WCGF. A factorial treatment design was used; the factors were grain source (corn or barley) and degree of processing (coarse or fine). The diets contained 50% WCGF, 42% grain (corn or barley), 5% alfalfa hay, and 3% supplement (DM basis). In Exp. 1, DMI and ADG responded quadratically (P < or = 0.03), peaking at 35 and 52% WCGF, respectively. The efficiency of gain was not affected (P > or = 0.42) by dietary treatment. Steers fed dry-rolled corn and 35% WCGF had heavier HCW, lower DMI, greater ADG, increased G:F, increased s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib, and greater yield grades compared with steers fed dry-rolled barley and 35% WCGF (P < or = 0.04). The apparent dietary NEg was similar among the barley and WCGF combinations (P > or = 0.51); however, the corn and 35% WCGF diet was 25% more energy dense (P < 0.001) than was the barley and 35% WCGF diet. In Exp. 2, no grain x processing interactions (P > or = 0.39) were observed. Particle size was 2.15 and 2.59 mm for fine- and coarse-rolled barley and was 1.90 and 3.23 mm for fine- and coarse-rolled corn. Steers fed a combination of corn and WCGF had increased ADG, greater G:F, heavier HCW, larger LM area, more s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib, greater yield grades, increased marbling, and more KPH compared with steers fed a combination of barley and WCGF (P < or = 0.03). Fine-rolling of the grain increased fat thickness (P = 0.04). The addition of WCGF to the barley-based diets increased DMI and gain. Decreasing grain particle size did not greatly affect performance of the steers fed the 50% WCGF diets; however, carcasses from the steers fed the fine-rolled grain contained more fat.

Turnips and protein supplements for lactating dairy cows

Many farmers in southern Victoria grow fodder turnips as a summer feed for lactating dairy cows. This paper reports on 2 experiments that measured the milk yields and liveweight changes of cows offered a basal forage diet and combinations of turnips, barley and protein supplements (cottonseed meal or lupins). A stall feeding experiment was conducted over 26 days with 40 Friesian cows in mid lactation offered 1 of 5 dietary treatments. All cows were offered 10 kg DM/day of a basal diet comprising pasture, pasture hay and pasture silage which is similar to that available on many southern Victorian dairy farms during summer. Cows in a control group did not receive additional feed supplements. Cows in the other 4 groups were offered a supplement of 5 kg DM/cow.day of either turnips, barley or a mixture containing 3 kg DM/cow.day of turnips and 2.0 kg DM/cow.day of either crushed lupins or cottonseed meal. The marginal milk responses from barley, turnips, turnips + lupins and turnips + cottonseed meal were 0.80, 0.92, 1.15 and 1.00 L/kg DM of supplement eaten. There were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the liveweight changes of the supplemented groups. Samples of the feeds used in this experiment were placed in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of non-lactating dairy cows. The ‘&amp;Oslash;rskov’ protein degradation parameters for these feeds are compared with the published values for a range of Australian feeds. The rate and extent of degradation of protein from the turnip leaves, turnip bulbs and crushed barley were all similar. A grazing experiment was conducted over 65 days with 56 Friesian cows in mid lactation, offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments. All groups were allowed to graze pasture (5 kg DM/cow.day), were offered 3 kg DM/cow.day of pasture silage and were fed different combinations of barley, cottonseed meal and lupins. In addition, 3 of the groups separately strip-grazed turnips (about 5 kg DM/cow.day). The group fed a supplement of 8.0 kg/cow.day of barley yielded similar quantities (18.3 L/cow.day) of milk and milk constituents as another group fed 4.0 kg DM/cow.day of barley and 4.5 kg DM/cow.day of turnips. Furthermore, when either 1.5 kg DM of cottonseed meal or 2.0 kg of lupins were fed in place of barley, milk yield increased by 1.4 L/cow.day. Dietary treatment had no significant (P&gt;0.05) effects on liveweight changes. From this grazing experiment it is concluded that turnips can be used as a cheaper alternative to barley in order to maintain high levels of milk production in summer–autumn. We estimate that if the above quantities of protein supplement were fed with turnips, at 1997–98 prices, lupins would increase profits by 12 cents/cow.day, but there would be no financial benefit from the cottonseed meal. The findings from both experiments show that supplements of rumen-degradable protein (lupins) can produce an economic milk response when fed to cows on typical summer diets (pasture/silage/barley and turnips) in southern Victoria.

Comparison of crossover frequencies in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and H. vulgare × H. bulbosum hybrids using a paracentric inversion

Crosses between different parental ploidy combinations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and H. bulbosum L. have been carried out principally to obtain hybrids with high allosyndetic chromosome pairing. Fertility has been observed in tetraploid and triploid hybrids, but there has been little evidence of gene introgression from H. bulbosum into H. vulgare in their progeny. To investigate whether crossing-over takes place between homoeologous chromosomes of H. vulgare and H. bulbosum, diploid hybrids were obtained from crosses between a barley mutant (wst3) homozygous for a paracentric inversion on chromosome 3 and one H. bulbosum genotype. Meiotic analyses at metaphase I and anaphase I and II were carried out on several viable hybrids and compared with control diploid hybrids without the inversion and H. vulgare plants heterozygous for the inversion. Aberrations (bridges and (or) fragments) in H. vulgare × H. bulbosum pollen mother cells at anaphase I were significantly less frequent than in the barley hétérozygote. It is concluded that reduced crossing-over between the parental chromosomes in hybrids contributes to the lack of success in obtaining genetic recombinations between the two species.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum bulbosum, interspecific hybrid, paracentric inversion, crossing-over.

Barley and Full-Fat Canola Seed in Layer Diets

Combinations of barley and full-fat canola seed (FFCS) were evaluated in two experiments with pullets. In Experiment 1, diets containing 40% barley plus FFCS or canola meal (CM) were compared with wheat-soybean and barley-soybean control diets. In Experiment 2, various steam-pelleted barley-FFCS mixtures (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) were used at the 40% dietary level in pullet diets. Diets within each experiment were isocaloric and isonitrogenous.Egg production was depressed when hens were fed unpelleted barley-FFCS diets, whereas hens fed pelleted barley-FFCS diets produced at a rate equivalent to those fed the control diet. Feed consumption, feed conversion, and egg weight were not influenced by dietary treatment. Yolk color index was significantly increased in eggs from hens fed diets containing increasing amounts of FFCS. In Experiment 2, contents of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in the yolk increased in a linear manner with increasing content of FFCS in the diets.

Correlation between the deposition of fluorescent compounds in papillae and resistance in barley against Erysiphe graminis hordei

Events in the development of powdery mildew fungi and responses of barley epidermal cells were compared not only among combinations of barley and among races of mildew differing in virulence but also between epidermal cells adjacent and nonadjacent to stomata. Differences in fluorescence intensity and in the size of papillae and haloes were not observed until 12 h after inoculation; however, the fluorescence intensity and size of papillae increased rapidly and the differences became obvious 15 h after inoculation when the parasite penetrated into host cells. Failure of fungal penetration in incompatible combinations was mostly associated with papillae either with or without collapse of epidermal cells. The greater the resistance of barley, the greater was the rate of fungal cessation of growth at the papilla stage and the stronger was the fluorescence intensity of papillae. Haloes were larger in susceptible than in resistant hosts, but they usually did not form at sites where haustoria were produced.On the other hand, in incompatible combinations (with the [Formula: see text] genes), host epidermal cells adjacent to stomata (A cells) were less resistant than the nonadjacent ones (NA cells). More than 80% of haustoria formed were restricted to A cells, and about half of the conidia located in A cells formed haustoria. Many parasites of the remaining population in A cells ceased growth, followed by host cell collapse. In NA cells, most penetration pegs were terminated at the stage of papilla formation. The fluorescence intensity of papillae in NA cells was much stronger than that in A cells.It was suggested that cytologically specific events of compatibility or incompatibility are expressed at the papilla stage and that the fluorescent compounds deposited at the infection sites might represent chemical factors which are associated with resistance expressed at the stage of penetration, although it is not known whether the compounds as well as papillae themselves are a primary cause of resistance or a result of some unknown resistance mechanism.On compare des aspects du développement des champignons responsables du blanc de l'orge et les réactions des cellules épidermiques de l'orge, non seulement entre combinaisons d'orge et entre races de blanc différant par leur virulence, mais aussi entre cellules épidermiques adjacentes ou non aux stomates.