Combination Of NaHCO3 Research Articles

Optimising alkalinisation and its effect on QRS narrowing in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.

The objectives were to determine the effect of NaHCO3 and/or mechanical ventilation on the biochemical profile and serum alkalinisation in tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning and investigate the impact of effective alkalinisation therapy on the QRS interval in TCA poisoning. This was a retrospective review of TCA poisonings from three Australian toxicology units and a poisons information centre (Jan 2013 to Jan 2019). We included patients with TCA toxicity who ingested>10mg/kg or had clinically significant toxicities consistent with TCA poisoning, and analysed patients' clinical, electrocardiogram and biochemical data. Of 210 patients, 84 received NaHCO3 and ventilation (dual therapy), 12 NaHCO3 , 46 ventilation and 68 supportive care treatment. When compared with single/supportive groups, patients who received dual therapy had taken a significantly higher median dose of TCA (1.5g vs1.3g, P < .001), a longer median maximum QRS interval (124 ms, interquartile ranges [IQR] 108-138 vs106 ms, IQR 98-115, P < .001) and were more likely to have seizures (14% vs3%, P = .006) and arrhythmias (17% vs1%, P < .001). The dual therapy group demonstrated greater increases in serum pH (median 0.11, IQR 0.04-0.17) compared to the single/supportive therapy group (median 0.03, IQR -0.01-0.09, p < .001). A greater proportion of patients reached the target pH7.45-7.55 in the dual therapy group (59%) compared to the single/supportive therapy group (10%) (P < .001). For each 100 mmol bolus of NaHCO3 given, the median increase in serum sodium was 2.5mmol/L (IQR 1.5-4.0). QRS narrowing occurred twice as quickly in the dual therapy vs single/supportive therapy group. A combination of NaHCO3 and mechanical ventilation was most effective in achieving serum alkalinisation and was associated with a more rapid narrowing of the QRS interval. We advise that the maximal dose of NaHCO3 should be <400 mmol (6mmol/kg).

Sodium bicarbonate, an inorganic salt and a potential active agent for cancer therapy

Cancer is a serious threat to humans due to its high mortality. The efforts to fully understand cancer and to fight against it have never been stopped. The traditional therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are useful but cannot meet the increasing demands of patients. As such, novel approaches against cancer are urgently required. It has been found that the acidic tumor microenvironment plays important roles in promoting the cancer progression. In recent years, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), a simple inorganic salt, has been found to be able to reverse the pH of tumor microenvironment and inhibit the invasion, metastasis, immune evasion, drug resistance and hypoxia of tumor cells. Thus, NaHCO3-based therapy is a potential approach for the treatment of cancer, and the related studies have been increasingly reported. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the acidic tumor microenvironment and summarize the applications and mechanisms of NaHCO3 in cancer therapy. The combination of NaHCO3 with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or nanoparticles systems is discussed. In addition, the concerns of NaHCO3 in clinical use and the potential ways to use NaHCO3 for cancer therapy are also discussed.

Sodium bicarbonate/azodiisobutyronitrile synergistic effect on low-density unsaturated polyester resin fabrication

The combination of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is an innovative idea for the fabrication of low-density unsaturated polyester resin (LDUPR). At 100 °C, acetic acid (HAc) was added to the polyester resin glue to facilitate the decomposition of NaHCO3 for the synergy between the gas releasing of NaHCO3 and that of AIBN in the foaming process. Regular and homogeneous cell distribution in LDUPR specimen was characterized by electron microscopy to clarify the foaming efficiency of NaHCO3 and AIBN combined. The LDUPR specimen containing AIBN/NaHCO3 and the LDUPR specimen containing AIBN/NaHCO3/HAc were demonstrated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) to analyze the decomposition of NaHCO3. Heat balancing resulted from the combination of NaHCO3 and AIBN during the foaming process and it was realized through the endothermic heat of reaction of NaHCO3 and HAc, balanced by the exothermic heat of UPR curing process. This combination tempered the curing process of UPR, and was conducive to the foaming process of LDUPR. At 100 °C, the optimal contents of AIBN, NaHCO3 and HAc were all 1.5 phr, which were obtained from an orthogonal experiment, and the appropriate addition time of HAc was 18 min following the addition of AIBN/NaHCO3 mixture into the resin glue. The lowest apparent density of 0.34 ± 0.02 g−1 cm−3 and the highest specific compressive strength of 36.18 ± 1.02 MPa g−1 cm3 were obtained for LDUPR specimen.

Effect of Beta Alanine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Repeated-Sprint Performance

This study aimed to investigate if combining beta alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation could lead to enhanced repeated-sprint performance in team-sport athletes, beyond what is possible with either supplement alone. Participants (n = 24) completed duplicate trials of a repeated-sprint test (3 sets; 6 × 20 m departing every 25 seconds, 4 minutes active recovery between sets) and were then allocated into 4 groups as follows: BA only (n = 6; 28 days BA, acute sodium chloride placebo); NaHCO3 only (n = 6; 28 days glucose placebo, acute NaHCO3); BA/NaHCO3 (n = 6; 28 days BA, acute NaHCO3); placebo only (n = 6; 28 days glucose placebo, acute sodium chloride placebo), then completed duplicate trials postsupplementation. Sodium bicarbonate alone resulted in moderate effect size (d = 0.40-0.71) and "likely" and "very likely" benefit for overall total sprint times (TST) and for each individual set and for first sprint (sets 2 and 3) and best sprint time (sets 2 and 3). Combining BA and NaHCO3 resulted in "possible" to "likely" benefits for overall TST and for sets 2 and 3. First sprint (set 3) and best sprint time (sets 2 and 3) also showed "likely" benefit after this trial. The BA and placebo groups showed no differences in performance after supplementation. In conclusion, these results indicate that supplementation with acute NaHCO3 improved repeated-sprint performance more than either a combination of NaHCO3 and BA or BA alone.

Electrolytes, dietary electrolyte balance and salts in broilers: an updated review on acid-base balance, blood and carcass characteristics

The requirements of different electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and salt source in broilers have considerably changed in recent times. The increasing level of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and DEB are associated with higher pH (i.e. alkalosis) while lower levels of chloride (Cl) and DEB are linked with a lower pH (i.e. acidosis). A narrow range of DEB (150–250 mEq/kg) is recommended to overcome the variations in acid base homeostasis and normal blood chemistry especially in summer conditions. The supplementation of suitable salts like NaHCO3 and KCl are proven to be beneficial to sustain viability of various biochemical processes. The cations usually alleviate whereas anions exacerbate the lysine:arginine antagonism. In most cases, the electrolytes and their balance (DEB) are considered ineffective in order to influence carcass and related traits; however, the supplementation of their respective salts, particularly NaHCO3 and KCl under heat stress, showed contrary but potentially useful results. The role of electrolytes in combination with coccidiostats is still ambiguous; however, the level of both entities (electrolytes and coccidiostats) should be kept low and studied in detail for mutual compatibility. The inclusion level of electrolytes from various salt sources changes whenever there is change in coccidiostat and environmental condition. Keeping in mind environmental constraints, it is recommended to use the lowest dosage of NaHCO3/ NaCl alongside ionophores. Consequently, it is recommended to supplement electrolytes through a combination of NaHCO3 and KCl, and maintaining dietary electrolyte balance (150–250 mEq/kg) is mandatory to exploit improved physiological responses of broilers for maximum growth response.

Alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3 with and without glucose when administered orally to euhydrated neonatal dairy calves

The use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) is well established as an effective treatment to correct water-, electrolyte-, and acid-base balance in diarrheic calves. The main ingredients of a commercial ORS are Na, glucose, and alkalinizing agents, such as NaHCO3. Particular importance is attributed to the combination of glucose and Na at a specific ratio to optimize intestinal sodium, and thereby water uptake, through the sodium-glucose co-transport. Enhancing intestinal Na absorption by combining glucose and Na in an ORS has the potential to improve the alkalinizing effect of an ORS according the strong ion theory. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3 when administered orally. Nine healthy neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves underwent 3 oral treatments with 2-L solutions of NaHCO3 (150mmol/L), glucose (300mmol/L), and glucose + NaHCO3 (300mmol/L + 150mmol/L, respectively) in randomized order. Arterial and venous blood was obtained before treatment and in 30-min intervals thereafter for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations. Urine was collected volumetrically to determine urine volume, osmolality, pH, net acid excretion, and renal Na excretion after treatment. Plasma volume changes were extrapolated from plasma protein concentration changes. Treatment and time effects were tested with repeated measures ANOVA. Only subtle differences between oral administration of NaHCO3, with and without glucose, were observed for the change of the standard HCO3 concentration relative to baseline. No differences in plasma Na, plasma volume expansion, renal Na, net base excretion, urine volume, or pH could be identified between animals treated orally with NaHCO3 with and without glucose. Similarly, no differences in blood glucose concentration, plasma volume expansion, urine volume, or renal glucose excretion were observed in the 8h after treatment when comparing oral glucose treatment with and without NaHCO3. Our results indicate that combination of NaHCO3 with glucose in a hypertonic ORS only had a minor effect on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3, which is unlikely to be of clinical relevance. The combination of NaHCO3 and glucose neither improved Na, glucose, nor water absorption in euhydrated neonatal dairy calves, questioning the relevance of a specific ratio between Na and glucose in ORS for calves.

Regulation of Two Renal Chloride Transporters, AE1 and Pendrin, by Electrolytes and Aldosterone

The renal handling of salt and protons and bicarbonate are intricately linked through shared transport mechanisms for sodium, chloride, protons, and bicarbonate. In the collecting duct, the regulated fine-tuning of salt and acid-base homeostasis is achieved by a series of transport proteins located in different cell types, intercalated and principal cells. Intercalated cells are considered to be of less importance for salt handling but recent evidence has suggested that the anion exchanger pendrin may participate in salt reabsorption and blood pressure regulation. Here, we examined the regulated expression of two functionally related but differentially expressed anion exchangers, AE1 and pendrin, by dietary electrolyte intake and aldosterone. Cortical expression of pendrin was regulated on mRNA and protein level. The combination of NaHCO3 and DOCA enhanced pendrin mRNA and protein levels, whereas DOCA or NaHCO3 alone had no effect. NaCl or KHCO3 increased pendrin mRNA, KCl decreased its mRNA abundance. On protein level, NH4Cl, NaCl, and KCl reduced pendrin expression, the other treatments were without effect. In contrast, AE1 mRNA or protein expression in kidney cortex was regulated by none of these treatments. In kidney medulla, NaHCO3/DOCA or NaHCO3 alone enhanced AE1 mRNA levels. AE1 protein abundance was increased by NH4Cl, NaHCO3/DOCA, and NaCl. Immunolocalization showed that during NH4Cl treatment the relative number of AE1 positive cells was increased and pendrin expressing cells reduced. Thus, pendrin and AE1 are differentially regulated with distinct mechanisms that separately affect mRNA and protein levels. Pendrin is regulated by acidosis and chloride intake, whereas AE1 is enhanced by acidosis, NaCl, and the combination of DOCA and NaHCO3.

Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Formulation for Carbonate Reservoirs

This paper presents a systematic study to investigate the applicability of alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) process as an enhanced oil recovery method to Saudi Arabian carbonate reservoirs. Several alkalis were first screened to test their compatibility with the injected sea water that has large quantities of divalent ions. Then surfactant-polymer, alkali-surfactant, and alkali-surfactant-polymer interactions at the reservoir temperature (90○C) were investigated. Static adsorption of surfactant on reservoir carbonate rocks were also investigated at the same temperature. Interfacial tension (IFT) measurements were made between the slugs formulated and crude oil from the same reservoir. Two surfactants were tested, Triton X-102 and Ethoxylated sulfonate (Dodiflood B1083), and the polymer tested was FLOCON 4800C. The results of the compatibility tests showed that the ASP slug has to be prepared using softened seawater and be protected by a pre- and after-flush softening seawater slugs. B1083 surfactant was found to be a promising candidate surfactant for the adverse conditions of the Saudi Arabian carbonate reservoir. A combination of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 was found to significantly reduce the adsorption level of B1083 surfactant on carbonate rock at low surfactant concentrations ( < 1% by wt.). This is very desirable for formulation of a cost-effective ASP slug.

Effects of urinary potassium and sodium ion concentrations and pH on N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats

The promoting activities of low and high sodium or potassium ion concentrations, under conditions of neutral as well as elevated urinary pH, in urinary bladder carcinogenesis, were investigated in rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Male Wistar rats were given 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then treated for 32 weeks with either control diet (group 1) or this diet supplemented with equimolar amounts of the following minerals: 2.34% NaCl (group 2), 2.98% KCl (group 3), 3.36% NaHCO3 (group 4), 1.68% NaHCO3 + 2% KHCO3 (group 5), or 4% KHCO3 (group 6). The alkalizing salts NaHCO3 and KHCO3 induced comparable increases in urinary pH and elevated urinary sodium or potassium ion concentrations respectively. The combination of NaHCO3 + KHCO3 similarly caused an elevation of the urinary pH and less increased sodium and potassium ion concentrations. In the groups fed NaHCO3 and KHCO3 either alone or in combination, the incidences of papillary/nodular hyperplasia, papillomas and carcinomas in the urinary bladder had increased as compared to controls. NaCl and KCl also induced high urinary sodium or potassium ion concentrations without alteration of urinary pH. This was accompanied by increased incidences of simple hyperplasia, papillary/nodular hyperplasia, and/or papillomas but no carcinomas. The present results indicate that the potassium ion is as potent as the sodium ion in promoting urinary bladder carcinogenesis under conditions of elevated urinary pH, and that both the sodium and potassium ions may exert weak promoting activity under conditions of neutral urinary pH.

In vitro and in vivo studies of cellular lysis of oral bacteria by a lysozyme-protease-inorganic monovalent anion antibacterial system.

Compared with anion-activated cell lysis of oral bacteria damaged with either lysozyme or trypsin, cells which were treated with both of these enzymes showed a far greater degree of lysis. This was true regardless of whether turbidimetric, DNA release, or electron microscopic assays were used to monitor the lytic process. At an acidic pH of 5.2 and an NaHCO3 concentration of 100 mM, the kinetics of lysis for two different serotype c strains of Streptococcus mutans were similar. At 0 to 100 mM bicarbonate, however, differences in the lytic susceptibilities of the two strains were evident. At pH 5.2, NaHCO3, but not NaSCN, NaCl, or NaF, was effective in promoting cell lysis of the oral bacteria. At apparent sublytic concentrations of NaHCO3, lysis was achieved by adding appropriate concentrations of NaSCN, NaCl, or NaF to the lysozyme-protease-damaged cells. In in vivo studies, hamsters given a combination of NaHCO3, NaCl, and NaSCN were found to have significantly reduced levels of S. mutans on their molar teeth compared with that found in controls or animals exposed to any one of the salts alone or to a combination of chloride and thiocyanate only. The results suggest that bicarbonate is an essential anion which, together with the other major salivary inorganic monovalent anions, plays an active role in the lysis and ultimate elimination of cariogenic bacteria.