Combination Of Money Research Articles

On the dynamic capital structure of nations: Theory and empirics

We develop a dynamic model of the optimal capital structure of a nation from a corporate finance perspective. A stochastic model is developed to determine the optimal combination of fiat money, domestic-currency debt, and foreign-currency debt for a nation to fund economic growth and development. We then test the implications of the model based on an analysis of data for 22 emerging economies. Consistent with the theoretical model, our findings indicate that the combination of money and debt depends on the trade-off between the inflation risk of fiat money and domestic-currency debt, and the default risk of foreign-currency debt.

The doge worth 88 billion dollars: A case study of Dogecoin

In the modern financial system, the ability to create money is in the hands of a few central institutions. Blockchain networks, and by extension cryptocurrencies, were created with the promise of giving that power to users. The most well-known example of a blockchain technology achieving such decentralization is Bitcoin, but its popularity has arguably been matched by an alternative-currency named Dogecoin. Unlike other cryptocurrencies, which have marketed themselves on differentiating technical features, Dogecoin’s allure likely stems from its cultural roots as a meme. Where cryptocurrency is typically regarded as a difficult topic to grasp, the introduction of Doge’s (2013) most popular meme, into the crypto-space increased crypto’s accessibility to new participants. Consequently, Dogecoin exists in two economies: the financial economy and the cultural meme economy, with the latter having unprecedented tangible impacts on the former. Dogecoin’s unique cultural significance provides an example of how blockchain can succeed in promoting alternative money systems. At its peak in 2021, Dogecoin achieved a market capitalization of $88 billion. Where analysis of the Dogecoin phenomenon is lacking in the current literature, we will fill that gap with a case study of Dogecoin. By studying Dogecoin as a combination of money and meme, we can further our understanding of how to better promote social finance initiatives through the virality of memes.

What determines the successfulness of a crowdsourcing campaign: A study on the relationships between indicators of trustworthiness, popularity, and success

Crowdsourcing has risen as a prominent way to outsource work to people reachable online. A critical predictor for the success of crowdsourcing campaigns on the market depends on the crowdsourcer’s ability to signal credibility towards the potential workers. Therefore, this study investigates which indicators of trustworthiness on crowdsourcers' profiles (gamification-based, transparency, and experience) and level of monetary compensation predict crowdsourcee participation and consequent crowdsourcing campaign success. This study analyzes data of 101 crowdsourcing tasks from a popular Chinese crowdsourcing platform “Xiao Yu’er”. We employ the methods of Structural Equation Modelling and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to find out that gamification-based indicators of trustworthiness were positively associated with task popularity and further successfulness of the crowdsourcing task. Furthermore, in addition to profile credibility based on gamification-based indicators being sufficient, combinations of money with transparency and money with experience can substitute lack of other indicators as way to signal sufficient credibility.

Single- and cross-commodity discounting among adults who use alcohol and cannabis: Associations with tobacco use and clinical indicators

BackgroundDelay discounting assessments typically involve choices between an immediate outcome and a larger amount of the same outcome after a delay. Real-world choices, however, more often involve qualitatively different alternatives. The primary aim of this study was to examine single- and cross-commodity discounting of money, alcohol, and cannabis, along with clinical measures of alcohol and cannabis use among people who use both alcohol and cannabis, yet differ in tobacco cigarette smoking status (i.e., dual- versus tri-use). MethodsAn online crowdsourced sample (N = 318) of people who reported using alcohol and cannabis in the past week completed single- and cross-commodity discounting assessments across each combination of money, alcohol, and cannabis. We recruited a balanced number of people who did and did not also use tobacco cigarettes and examined associations between discounting, tobacco use, and clinical indicators. ResultsPeople who reported using tobacco cigarettes in addition to alcohol and cannabis tended to engage in significantly higher rates of harmful alcohol and cannabis use than those who reported using only alcohol and cannabis. Cross-commodity discounting was significantly associated with patterns of harmful alcohol and cannabis use while no associations emerged for single-commodity discounting. ConclusionsCross-commodity discounting provides a nuanced account of intertemporal choice by incorporating relative commodity valuation and appears to characterize harmful alcohol and cannabis use more clearly than single-commodity arrangements. Further cross-commodity research is needed to better understand the interplay between temporal location and relative commodity value among people who use multiple substances.

Time equals money?: A randomized controlled field experiment on the effects of four types of training vouchers on training participation

Organizations aiming to help their employees in fostering their human capital offer training, but not all employees participate. Some organizations therefore experiment with training vouchers that typically offer financial means for training to motivate training participation. However, the effectiveness of such vouchers remains suboptimal, arguably due to lack of clarity on- and variation in the mechanisms of such vouchers. The present paper uniquely employs Conservation of Resources theory to compare the effectiveness of four types of vouchers with different combinations of money and time as well as different (i.e. firm internal and external) governance on training participation. To this end, 230 employees in a large Dutch insurance company were randomly assigned to one of the four voucher types or a control group. For eleven months, training participation was monitored and a concurrent questionnaire measured several personal characteristics as potential covariates and moderators. We find that the voucher type that allows employees to freely choose between a training budget and training days most strongly encourages training participation. Vouchers that provide employees with either working days or a training budget did not improve training participation significantly compared to the control group. Moreover, moderation analyses suggested that the training participation of employees provided with non-flexible vouchers appears to depend more strongly on personal characteristics, and particularly components from the Reasoned Action Approach. These findings suggest that to encourage training participation organizations should best offer flexible vouchers that provide employees a free choice between money and working time to spend on training. Moreover, the findings demonstrate the applicability of Conservation of Resource theory to training vouchers and address the need for recognizing subjectivity within this theoretical framework.

Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD): A Financial Account of Rastin Banking

This paper introduces Rastin Swap Deposit account as a new banking deposit account which is interest-free and is based on Swap Contract in Rastin Banking. In this depositing by opening the deposit, the depositor is entitled to use an interest-free loan to the amount and duration that his resources have been being deposited and then return the money back to the bank. Depositor and bank agree that a combination of money and duration be selected in such a way that the products of amount and duration in both operations of depositing and loaning be the same. From the time of depositing to the first maturity (the date that depositor requests loan), the depositor is lender and bank is borrower; and from the time of the first maturity to second maturity (the date that depositor returns the money back to the bank) depositor is borrower and bank is a lender. Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD) can be issued in both local and foreign currencies.
 JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63

Motivation and opportunity for conflict-induced migration: An analysis of Syrian migration timing

How do civilians decide when to leave their homes during conflict? Existing research emphasizes the role of violence in driving civilian migration decisions. Yet, migration timing often does not correspond with the timing of violence. To explain this discrepancy, I argue that violence fits within broader considerations of motivation and opportunity to migrate. Witnessing violence triggers post-traumatic growth that delays narrative ruptures and the subsequent migration that they motivate. Civilians who have ‘wasta’ – an advantaged social position resulting from some combination of money and connections – have the opportunity to migrate safely. Civilians who possess both motivation and opportunity migrate earlier. I use over 170 structured interviews with Syrian refugees in Turkey to test this argument. Descriptively, respondents who did not witness violence (early motivation) left their homes seven months earlier, on average. Respondents with wasta (opportunity) left their homes one full year earlier, on average. Respondents who both did not witness violence (early motivation) and had wasta left their homes approximately one and a half years earlier, on average. Cox proportional hazard models reveal that respondents only migrated earlier in the conflict if they had both early motivation and opportunity. Open-ended responses from the interviews support the quantitative results and help explain their causal mechanisms. These findings contribute to understandings of conflict-induced migration, civil war, and the Syrian conflict.

Was Development Assistance a Mistake?

Development assistance is the combination of money, advice, and conditions from rich nations and international financial institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund designed to achieve economic development in poor nations. This article argues that development assistance was based on three assumptions that, with the benefit of hindsight (although a wise few also had foresight), turned out to be mistaken.

Money Games: Currencies and Power in the Contemporary World Economy

Abstract: A well‐known cliché has it that “money makes the world go round” Certainly, monetary arrangements, specifically exchange‐rate mechanisms, can serve to show the degree to which markets and states intersect to direct the workings of the world economy. It is common to assume that the singular model over recent decades has been a neoliberal one based on independent floating exchange rates. I challenge this assumption by showing that a number of different combinations of money and power have operated in the recent past, creating a number of distinctive “money games”. Only one of these, the globalist/transnational, is facing a particularly severe crisis. The others, what I term the classic/territorial, integrative/shared, and imperialist/substitute provide available alternatives. The recent history, geographical features, and future prospects of the various money games are the main concerns of the essay. The analysis welcomes the recent financial crisis as providing an opportunity to further pluralize political‐economic visions beyond the perceived dominant one‐size‐fits‐all neoliberal ideology of the globalist regime.

The evolution of the Chinese Communist Party's policy on the bourgeoisie (1949–1952)

From its very beginning, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had a shifting policy towards the bourgeoisie. Until the early 1940s, it maintained a relatively stable policy which successfully isolated the monied classes in China and helped it overthrow the rule of the KMT. But with the establishment of the new regime, the CCP Central Committee came under conflicting pressures: on the one hand it continued its former policy out of political expediency; on the other hand, based on traditional socialist political theory and Soviet experience, it kept a close watch on the bourgeoisie and even proposed targeting them as the chief enemy of next revolution. After the establishment of the PRC, as a result of the failing economy and the new government's lack of economic support and political experience, the CCP firmed up its policies on the bourgeoisie. However, with the bourgeoisie and capitalism still prominent elements in Chinese society, the communists became uncertain about which direction to take. As the CCP Central Committee had anticipated, officials of both the party and the government often gave way to corruption after taking over major cities. The Central Committee regarded this particular combination of money and power as a “violent attack” against the new communist regime by the bourgeoisie as a whole. In order to tighten its grip on national power, the Central Committee launched two anti‐corruption movements known as the Three‐Antis and the Five‐Antis. These movements were in fact aimed at the bourgeoisie as a whole, and succeeded in destroying the basis for capitalist business in the New China. Encouraged by this outcome, the CCP launched a policy of socialist transformation aimed at depriving Chinese capitalists of their means of production. Thus the CCP gradually and inevitably moved away from its original policy of cooperation with the national bourgeoisie.

Was Development Assistance a Mistake?

Development assistance is the combination of money, advice, and conditions from rich nations and international financial institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund designed to achieve economic development in poor nations. This article argues that development assistance was based on three assumptions that, with the benefit of hindsight (although a wise few also had foresight), turned out to be mistaken.

Future Directions for Collaborative Strategies

Like all politics, adult and continuing education is local. Future directions for the field and its national associations should benefit local programs and the adult learners they serve. This column explores features of collaboration that could strengthen educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged adults. Collaboration is a major future theme for national associations and local providers of adult and continuing education. A long standing example is social justice and progress for less advantaged adults regarding their literacy, employment, and especially citizenship. The following rationale is focused on local collaborative programs. However, national and international political, cultural, and economic factors greatly influence local conditions and should be the target of additional adult and continuing education efforts. Several recent publications help illuminate local strategies that can enrich our efforts and partnerships. In his 2000 book Riches for the Poor, Earl Shorris analyzes his innovative course for economically less advantaged adults focused on their roles as citizens. He emphasizes Socratic dialogue and humanities content designed to help participants escape from multigenerational poverty. Much of his rationale in the first half of the book is relevant to many people in adult and continuing education concerned with education, social change, and progress for economically less advantaged adults. He urges them to creatively use praxis of knowledge and action instead of reaction and resistance. The intended result is an active search for wisdom to place first things first. Shorris ascribes the power of more affluent people to a combination of money, ideas, and concerted effort as citizens. By contrast, less affluent people tend to be surrounded by many constraining economic, social, and political influences that contribute to isolation, relative deprivation, violence, depression, and self-destruction. He views education and public participation as an expanding route to power and progress. Similar ideas are central to Richard Wood's 2002 book, Faith in Action, which analyzes faith communities' adult education and community organizing on behalf of economically less advantaged adults. This shared theme of local collaboration regarding adult education for increased social justice makes his book very relevant to the Futures effort. The following highlights suggest a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between such programs and the broad range of adult and continuing education on public issues with the emphasis on diversity and collaboration. As noted earlier, other types of educational opportunities for adults address the national and international structural issues that greatly influence local conditions. There are many parallels between Wood's analysis of coalitions of faith communities and community organizing and coalitions of adult education providers focused on community problem solving. We could learn much from each other. In each instance of local collaboration, adults with little political experience learn how to engage in collective action, participate in civic society;, and gain greater access to social capital by creating and sustaining networks of solidarity beyond their extended family. …

Money Management Patterns of Dual-Earner Families in Israel

The purpose of the present study is to assess money organizing patterns and banking arrangements in dual-earner families and how they are affected by both the economic and social context. A log linear analysis of data from the International Social Survey Program for working couples in Israel indicates that the combination of money organizing patterns and banking arrangements enables meaningful distinction between traditional, modern and individualistic spousal economic behavior modes. A further comparison of demographic, employment and attitudinal effects suggests that both the economic and social context approaches are necessary to identify the factors associated with different spousal economic behavior modes. Both the spouses' labor force positions and their attitudes regarding family roles contribute to their using a particular mode.

Fine Wines and Fish Oil: The Life of Hugh Macdonald Sinclair

Fine Wines and Fish Oil: The Life of Hugh Macdonald Sinclair

Money and wage contracts in an optimizing model of the business cycle

This article presents an explicitly computable business cycle model with optimizing agents in an economy with money and wage contracts. We start from the well-known Long-Plosser-McCallum real business cycle model and extend it in two directions: First, money is introduced, still maintaining the market clearing assumption. Secondly, this monetary model is studied under the assumption of predetermined wages. An explicit solution is given in both cases. It appears that the combination of money and nonclearing markets allows to give a synthetic view between usual ‘real business cycles’ results and traditional Keynesian ones. We apply it in particular to specify the cyclical properties of real wages and prices.

A Regional Survey of Lighting Education Resources among Colleges and Universities

A study was conducted to survey the state of lighting education resources among colleges and universities offering lighting related programs within a 275 mile radius of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A 19–item questionnaire was mailed to 70 schools in eight states and the District of Columbia. Twenty–nine questionnaires (41%) were returned. Of the respondents teaching lighting, the majority (72%) felt teaching resources were inadequate. The two greatest needs were a modelmaking/testing facility and measurement equipment. The least needed resources were library references and a mainframe computer. The major obstacle to resource adequacy was combinations of money, space, and equipment. It is suggested that greater communication between educators, businesses, and professional organizations as to the availability of low cost solutions and the development of a consortium to share expensive resources might contribute to a solution.

Money and health messages as incentives for smoking low tar/nicotine cigarettes: changes in consumption and exhaled carbon monoxide.

SummaryCigarette brands advertised as ‘low’ tar are increasing sales yearly; undoubtedly because smokers hope they are less hazardous than ‘high’ tar/nicotine cigarettes. However, it is questionable how much switchers to ‘low’ tar/nicotine brands actually reduce their exposure to toxic components in smoke. A switching project examined the cigarette purchases over fifteen weeks of 121 paid volunteers in four experimental and one control group (separately within sex). Experimental groups received differing combinations of money and/or health message incentives to encourage switching to brands with lower tar/nicotine delivery. Subjects in all but one experimental group significantly decreased tar/nicotine exposure; controls did not. Money incentives produced the greatest decrease. The effect of health messages was unclear. Switchers' exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) remained higher than would be expected from the theoretically lower CO delivery of their brands. Small increases in number of cigarettes smoked per day did not account adequately for the persistently high exhaled CO.

Patience, More Than Its Own Reward: A Note on Price Discrimination

Patience, More Than Its Own Reward: A Note on Price Discrimination

An Agenda for Research in Medical Education

The 1960's stand recorded as the decade in which national goals for American society became inseparable from national goals for medicine and medical education. Federal legislation has established equal access of all citizens to the full benefits of modern health care as a basic social right. Equal access is to be promoted by removal of economic and social barriers, by innovations in the delivery of health services, and by increasing the numbers of health care personnel. What was before a philosophical view has become a guiding principle: medical education must be consciously directed to meeting the medical care needs and demands of society on the local, regional, and national levels. Far reaching decisions will be made, and quickly, because the combination of money and mandate is uniquely persuasive. However, medical schools cannot fully adapt in one spasm of pragmatic decisions. Their capacity to respond is limited in part by the