Combination Of Fish Meal Research Articles

Pengaruh tingkat yang berbeda dari substitusi tepung ikan dengan tepung darah pada pakan ikan mas Cyprinus carpio L. dalam wadah terkontrol

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility using of blood meal on the growth rate and nutrient utilization of C. carpio L., as well as feeding with various levels of blood meal inclusion. The results showed that the absolute growth of common carp in treatment 1 with a combination was 10% higher than the other treatments. The daily growth rate of common carp in treatment 1 (1,8% / day) was higher than other treatments. Likewise, with the feed change value, treatment 1 showed significantly different from other treatments. The combination of fish meal and blood meal showed significantly different results from the results of statistical tests

The Digestion Level of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Different Combination Feeds

Digestibility is food substances from feed consumption that are not excreted into the feces, and the difference between food substances consumed and those excreted in the feces is the amount of food that can be digested. Information about the digestibility value of food is very important as a basis in assessing the quality of food and designing fish feed rations.This research was conducted to determine the level of the feed digestibility in nirvana tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed with a combination of fish meal and maggot flour. This research was conducted at the Hatchery Campus of BAPPL STP Serang, Banten from September-December 2019. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. There were 225 fish used in the testing with an average weight of 0.16 grams. The culture media used was a plastic container with a size of 60 x 41 x 34 cm. Feeding was carried out for 50 days, with a frequency of twice a day, and the dose of feeding was 3% of the biomass.The results showed the total digestibility parameter of feed, protein digestibility of feed and the highest protein retention in the treatment of 50% of the combination feeds , with the highest total digestibility value of 56.97 ± 3.41 and the lowest of 42.08 ± 0.42, the highest protein digestibility with a value of 87.33 ± 0.95and the lowest of 83.11 ± 1.30 and the highest protein retention with a value of 14.83 ± 0.22and the lowest of 11.69 ± 1.05.

Magot Flour Performance in Increases Formula Feed Efficiency and Growth of Nirwana Race Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Tilapia is an economically important fish and is widely cultivated in Indonesia. More food in tilapia farming uses fish meal which needs to be replaced because of dependence as an imported product that affects production costs. One of the local raw materials that can be used as a source of animal protein is magot. This study aims to analyze the right proportion of magot flour with a combination of fish meal and magot flour in feed so as to produce maximum growth and feed efficiency for tilapia seeds. This research was conducted in September to December 2019. Test fish used were tilapia seeds measuring 1-2 cm with an average weight of 0.16 g with a stocking density of 1 fish / m3. Fish are fed twice a day with a percentage of daily feeding of 3% of fish biomass. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatment in this research is, treatment A = substitution of fish meal 100% with magot flour 0%, B = substitution of fish meal 75% with magot flour 25%, C = substitution of fish meal 50% with magot flour 50%, D = substitution of flour fish 25% with 75% magot flour, E = substitution of 0% fish flour with 100% magot flour. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) if there were significantly different treatment effects followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the addition of magot flour 50% gave a significant result (P <0.05) on protein retention with a value of 14.83%, a specific growth rate with a value of 2.00%, absolute weight growth with a value of 4.34 g, and efficiency of utilization feed with a value of 93.59%. No effects were found in the the feed consumption rate and fish survival. Treatment C combination of 50% fish meal and magot flour can give the best results for the growth of Nirwana race Tilapia.

Total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal does not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Limited availability of sustainable feed ingredients is a significant concern in salmon aquaculture. Insects may become an important, sustainable resource for expanding the raw material repertoire. Herein, we present data from a 16-week seawater feeding trial with Atlantic salmon (initial body weight, 1.4 kg) fed either a reference diet with a combination of fish meal, soy protein concentrate, pea protein concentrate, corn gluten and wheat gluten as protein source, or a test diet wherein all the fish meal and most of the pea protein concentrate were replaced by black soldier fly larvae meal. The gut health of fish was evaluated using endpoints including organ and tissue indices, histopathology variables and gene expression indicative of lipid metabolism, immune responses, barrier functions and detoxification/stress responses. A higher relative weight of distal intestine was found in fish fed the insect meal diet. Steatosis of enterocytes was observed in the proximal and mid intestine in both diet groups, albeit, less severe in the proximal intestine of fish fed the insect meal diet. Inflammatory morphological changes, similar to those induced in the distal intestine by standard soybean meal, were present in all the examined intestinal segments, with a higher degree of submucosa cellularity in the proximal intestine of insect meal diet fed fish, the only notable diet effect. Few differentially expressed genes were identified in the proximal or distal intestine. In summary, total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal did not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon.

Effects of Animal Proteins in Practical Diets on Growth and Economic Performance of Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate animal proteins, either alone or in combination (1:1:1), on the growth performances and economic benefit of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Four iso-proteinous (40%) diets were prepared, using fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal as major protein source in diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while diet 4 consisted of an equal proportion (1:1:1) of the above protein sources. Triplicate groups of fish (0.53 ± 0.02 g) were randomly stocked in 12 earthen ponds at a stocking density of 40,000 ha−1. Fish fed diet 4 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percent weight gain and SGR % per day−1 compared to the fish fed diets 1, 2, or 3. Significantly higher apparent protein efficiency ratio (1.25) and lower apparent feed conversion ratio (2.00) were also observed in fish fed diet 4. Total yield (1,123 kg ha−1) and net profit (Tk. 116,569 ha−1) were also higher in fish fed diet 4. It can be concluded that the combination of fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal is more effective for climbing perch than any of the three protein sources alone.

An integrated assessment of gross marine protein sources used in formulated microbound diets for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) larvae

A series of three feeding trials was conducted to determine the influence of different marine protein sources on growth, survival and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels in barramundi larvae. Experimental diets including various proportions of fish meal, squid powder, mussel meal and krill meal were assessed in 14-day feeding trials. The suitability and appropriate inclusion levels of these protein sources for microbound diet formulations were assessed in an integrated manner, relating protein quality indices (amino acid profile and digestibility) to larval performance indices (growth, survival and thyroid hormone level) to elucidate mechanisms underlying the nutritional regulation of growth promotion in Lates calcarifer. Larvae fed diets containing a combination of fish meal and squid powder showed greater growth than larvae fed diets containing either mussel meal or krill meal. Larvae fed diets containing a 9:1 ratio of fish meal to squid powder, on a gross protein basis, had a higher final mean dry weight than those fed all other diets except the diet containing an 80:20 ratio of fish meal to squid powder, which had an intermediate value. Fish meal and squid powder were found to have a high nutritional value as protein sources for L. calcarifer larvae, by virtue of a synergistically favourable amino acid profile, moderate to high digestibility and low water solubility. The digestibility of squid powder was found to be significantly higher than that of fish meal, indicating that further development of this diet may benefit from processing techniques to increase fish meal digestibility. Thyroxine (T4) levels were found to relate strongly to growth, but did not relate specifically to any particular dietary composition, indicating that T4 is an appropriate indicator of growth performance in L. calcarifer larvae, though may not directly and quantitatively mediate nutritional growth promotion.

Weaning of bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) from live food to microparticulate diets made with decapsulated cysts of Artemia and fishmeal

Two experiments were carried out to test microparticulate diets forweaning hatchery-produced larvae and juveniles of bullseye pufferSphoeroides annulatus. The diets were formulated with differentprotein sources: diet 1 with a combination of decapsulated cysts ofArtemia and fishmeal, and diet 2 with a combination offishmeal, squid, tuna gonad and shrimp meal. In the first experiment60-days-old fish were weaned with the microdiets over five days. Fishsurvival after 11 weeks of feeding was 92% for diet 1, 85%for diet 2, and 95% for the control fish fed Artemianauplii. Once it was determined that bullseye puffer can be adequatelyreared with artificial dry diets, diet 1 was used to test earlier timesfor weaning to reduce the period of Artemia feeding. In thesecond experiment, three different times were tested for initiation ofweaning in sibling fish larvae, i.e., at 29, 34, and 39 days post-hatch.Small differences in weight, length and survival were found amongweaning treatments after 23 days of feeding. When weaned at day 29post-hatch, fish larvae grew from an initial weight of 38.4 mg andlength of 11.1 mm to a final weight and length of 405.7 mg and 25.1 mmrespectively. Final survival in this treatment was 49.3%. Thereduced period of Artemia feeding would provide an economicalalternative for the species to take into consideration for its cultureat commercial scale.

Effect of squid meal in dry pellets on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex

SUMMARY: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary squid meal or a combination of squid meal and krill meal as part of the protein source in dry pellets on the spawning of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex. Five months prior to spawning, 7-year-old fish were divided into three groups of 10 fish each (male : female ratio, 5 : 5). The control group was fed a raw fish mix (RF) and the other two groups were fed either steam-dry pellets with squid meal replacing 50% of their fish meal (fs-DP) or steam-dry pellets containing equal proportions of fish, squid and krill meals (fsk-DP). Feeding was carried out once every other day in 5 × 5 × 5 m floating net cages and the fish were transferred to 65 m3 indoor tanks for spawning. Eggs and yolksac larvae produced were evaluated for their quality and those obtained during the first 2 weeks of spawning were sampled for chemical analysis. The fish had an average bodyweight of 3.5 ± 0.4 kg at spawning. Although egg production of the RF group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the dry pellet groups, the fs-DP group produced the best quality eggs with higher fertilization and hatching rates. The fsk-DP group had the lowest egg production and quality. Lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of eggs and yolksac larvae were dependent on the broodstock diets. These results show that the combination of fish meal and squid meal in dry pellets for striped jack improved egg quality but not production whereas the combination of fish meal, squid meal and krill meal was not effective.

The kinetics of riboflavin secretion by Eremothecium ashbyii nrrl 1363

For riboflavin production a highly flavinogenic strain Eremothecium ashbyii is used. Vitamins are classified as chemical substances that control and effect the physiological processes; Riboflavin is one among them. The deficiency of riboflavin in human beings results in the cracking of lips and corners of mouth (cheilosis); nerve tissues are affected. For riboflavin production a highly flavinogenic strain Eremothecium ashbyii NRRL 1363 was used. Investigations were conducted in shake flask using inexpensive and abundantly available raw materials. Among the stimulants, a combination of hog casings and beef extract stimulated the highest and promoted the maximum riboflavin yield followed by the combination of fish meal and beef extract. The fermented broth (an enriched, riboflavin concentrate) can be directly used as a feed grade riboflavin. To upgrade it to pharmaceutical grade further investigations are required.

Dietary protein requirement of juvenile golden shiners ( Notemigonus crysoleucas) and goldfish ( Carassius auratus) in aquaria

Two feeding trials were conducted to establish the dietary protein level required to optimize weight gain, feed efficiency, survival, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and whole-body protein of juvenile golden shiners and goldfish. The individual average initial weight of both golden shiners and goldfish was 0.2 g. Semipurified diets contained 21.2, 25.3, 28.9, 31.1 or 34.5% protein from a combination of fish meal and casein. Estimated available energy of the diets averaged 2.8 kcal/g, based on digestible energy values of these feed ingredients for catfish. Golden shiners and goldfish were raised in flow-through aquaria with a water temperature of 25±2°C for 6–8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency were best in fish fed diets containing 28.9% protein or more in all experiments. The PER values declined in fish fed diets containing more than 28.9%. Survival was independent of diet, and whole-body protein was not a reliable indicator of protein requirement. There were no differences in requirements attributable to fish species. Quantitative protein requirements of golden shiners and goldfish were similar to those reported for other warmwater species. The calculated dietary energy/protein ratio that supported best performance of these baitfish (9.7 kcal/g) was similar to that reported for other warmwater species. Because golden shiners and goldfish fed diets containing 29% protein showed optimal performance in the absence of natural food, the use of feeds containing 32% protein in pond culture of these fish does not seem warranted, especially because they derive significant amounts of nutrients from pond biota.

Effects of Supplemental Protein Source on lntraruminal Fermentation, Protein Degradation, and Amino Acid Absorption

Cannulated steers were used to determine the effects of supplemental soybean meal, heated soybean meal, fish meal, and a combination of fish meal, heated soybean meal, and corn gluten meal on intraruminal protein degradation and absorption of AA from the small intestine. Organic matter digestion in the reticulorumen was greater in steers fed diets supplemented with soybean meal, but whole tract digestibility was not affected by protein source. Total and bacterial CP flows to the abomasum were lower in steers fed diets supplemented with fish meal than in steers fed diets supplemented with heated soybean meal or the combination supplement. Dietary CP flow was 33.5% higher in steers fed diets supplemented with heated soybean meal than in steers fed diets supplemented with soybean meal, fish meal, or the combination supplement. Less essential and nonessential AA flowed to the abomasum and were absorbed from the small intestine of steers receiving diets supplemented with soybean meal. Digestibility of small intestine AA was 21.9% lower in steers receiving the soybean meal treatment. Abomasal flows of Met and Thr and absorption of Lys, Met, and Thr were increased in steers fed diets containing heated soybean meal, fish meal, and the combination supplement. These results suggest that the supply of AA deficient in microbial CP (Lys, Met, and Thr) can be increased and that absorbed AA balance can be changed markedly by selection of rumen escape protein supplements.

Effect of Dietary Calcium Level and Ingredient Composition on Plasma Calcium and Shell Quality in Laying Hens

Three experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to study the effect of changes in ingredient composition of diets varying in calcium level on various parameters. Calcium at 2.75 and 3.5% were compared in a corn-soy diet (CS) or diets containing alfalfa meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), torula yeast, fish meal, or a combination of fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast. Egg breaking strength in two of three experiments was significantly improved by higher calcium while rate of egg production was improved only in one. Egg shell quality was not significantly affected by changes in ingredient composition. However, calcium in plasma in hens fed the CS diet was significantly higher than for hens fed all of the more complex diets except the one with DDGS. Both diffusable and nondiffusable calcium were affected. Plasma calcium was elevated by the higher dietary calcium in only one of the three experiments. No significant differences were observed in tibial ash, plasma estradiol, plasma phosphorus, or egg weight.

Activation of Hepatic Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System in Broiler Chicks by Diet Changes

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diet composition on activity of the microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were fed for 10 days either a corn-soy (CS) diet or diets supplemented with a combination of fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (FAY) or individually with fish meal (FM), alfalfa meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or torula yeast (TY). Activities of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase were increased when chicks were fed FAY, FM, TY, or DDGS compared with those fed CS. In another experiment chicks were fed the CS and FAY diets to 4 weeks of age. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase were significantly increased in birds fed the FAY diet. Activities of NADPH and NADH-cytochrome C reductase were not affected. These results show that the hepatic microsomal MFO system is activated by changes in diet composition and suggest that this activation may be responsible for reducing estradiol and liver lipid levels when similar diets are fed to laying hens.

Evaluation of ‘Khesari dal’ ( Lathyrus sativa) in calf starter

In order to evaluate ‘Khesari dal’, abundantly available in India, a growth study was conducted on 24 1-week-old pure bred Jersey calves. A restricted amount of milk feeding with different calf starters with and without ‘Khesari dal’ along with other common protein sources was used. The control group (T 0) had exclusively fish meal with the recommended amount of milk (250 litres in total). Group T 1 had a combination of fish meal and ‘Khesari dal’, group T 2 had ‘Khesari dal’ and roasted soybeans, and group T 3 had ‘Khesari dal’ and groundnut cake, all with restricted milk (200 litres). Weekly body weight gains were taken for 150 days. It was observed that average body weights of groups T 1 and T 3 compared very well with the control (T 0, 66·98 kg; T 1, 67·77 kg and T 3, 64·82 kg), whereas group T 2, where ‘Khesari dal’ was used with soybean, gave significantly lower (58·65 kg) average body weights ( P < 0·01). The study indicated the possibility of the inclusion of this product at a level of 30% without any adverse effects.

The Vitamin D Content and Hemoglobin Building Properties of Dehydrated Kelp for Chicks

DEHYDRATED kelp (seaweed) is reccommended and sold for a variety of uses in both human and animal nutrition. The kelp is sold as such and by some manufacturers as an ingredient in proprietary feed supplements. Manamar, a combination of fishmeal, kelp and salt, is an example of such a proprietary feed. It was found to have rickets-preventing properties by Halvorson (1932) when fed at 10 percent of the ration. This may be due to the fact that the fishmeal used in manufacturing Manamar may be a source of vitamin D or that vitamin D is present in the kelp. It is claimed by the manufacturers that kelp contains vitamin D. For this reason it is recommended and being used in some commercial poultry feeds to supply the antirachitic factor. One phase of the trial herein reported was outlined to determine the antirachitic properties of kelp.The analysis of the manufacturers .