Complex Combination Research Articles

Влияние перинатального анамнеза несовершеннолетних правонарушителей на формирование их личности

Relevance of the problem. Adverse perinatal events resulting from a complex combination of social, physiological and environmental factors may be associated with an increased risk of developing criminogenic behavior in minors. The purpose of this study was to expand knowledge about biological risk factors, including adverse perinatal events, for the formation of a psychophysiological portrait of a juvenile offender. Material and methods of the study. A retrospective cohort non-randomized continuous study of the anamnesis of mothers (148 people) whose children were convicted of illegal actions was conducted.Results and discussion. The following were revealed: immature attitude of mothers to contraception (high difference in parity, repeated termination of pregnancy for social reasons; inattentive attitude to pregnancy (late registration or failure to attend antenatal clinics), insufficient overall weight gain during pregnancy, hypotension of pregnant women, late gestosis of pregnant women, home births; social diseases during pregnancy (socially significant diseases, sexually transmitted infections, maternal hypotrophy); unfavorable psychosocial background of pregnancy (inadequate behavior during childbirth, abandonment of the child, registration with the PND, registration of the family with social services, lack of education of the mother). Children with such a perinatal history develop a special personality type characteristic of organic pathopsychological syndrome. Conclusion. The results convincingly indicate an increased risk of personality disorder among children born to mothers with unfavorable obstetric-gynecological, somatic and social history. It is necessary to take into account the anatomical and physiological predicates of criminogenic behavior, since they can help in creating a preventive medical and social youth policy and avoid high levels of morbidity, mortality and social stigmatization among juvenile offenders.

In vitro studies of the combination between berberine chloride and a Copper(II) complex against Triple negative breast cancer

In this study, the copper(II) complex [Cu(chromoneTSC)Cl2]•0·.5H2O•0.0625C2H5OH (where chromoneTSC = (E)-N-Ethyl-2-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)-hydrazinecarbothioamide) was synthesized and characterized; then used to carry out in vitro studies in combination with berberine chloride (BBC). The ligand and complex were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed by using the CCK-8 viability assay in cancer MDA-MB-231 VIM RFP and non-cancer MCF-10A cell lines. The IC50 values for the complex and BBC were 21.2 ± 1.6 and 48.3 ± 2.4 μM, respectively at 24 h incubation, while the IC50 value of the combination treatment was 9.3 ± 1.5 in cancer cells. The co-treatment group significantly increased the number of cells in G2 phase, indicating the growth arrest of cancer cells. Moreover, the combination group showed induction of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. There was also a study on the effect of the combination treatment on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) as biomarkers of necroptosis. The results showed activation of necroptosis after treatment with the combination of the copper complex and BBC via the activation of RIPK3–MLKL pathway.

FISIOTERAPIA NO PÓS CIRÚRGICO DE MASTECTOMIA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Introduction: Cancer is a growing global concern, affecting nearly 40% of people in North America and more than one million in Australia. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, with significant rates also in Brazil, especially in the Southeast and South regions. Early diagnosis is crucial, influenced by factors such as gynecological history and heredity. After treatment, patients face significant side effects, including pain and loss of functional capacity. Oncology physiotherapy plays a vital role in rehabilitation, with techniques such as complex decompression physiotherapy and early exercise proving beneficial. New approaches, such as combining botulinum toxin A with physical therapy, offer hope in post- treatment management. Background: The increasing prevalence of cancer highlights the need to integrate rehabilitation with cancer care to minimize patient suffering. The comprehensive approach is essential for breast cancer, with post-treatment rehabilitation being crucial for managing complications and improving quality of life. Physiotherapy plays an essential role, with techniques such as complex decompression physiotherapy and combinations of therapies emerging as promising. These multidisciplinary and personalized approaches aim to improve patients' physical and emotional well-being. Objectives: To investigate the role of physical therapy interventions in breast cancer rehabilitation, identifying studies, analyzing procedures, summarizing findings, assessing quality, and formulating recommendations for future research. Method: This comprehensive review explores the role of physical therapy in the treatment of breast cancer by analyzing 16 clinical trials selected after strict application of exclusion criteria. The objective is to understand the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions in improving the quality of life of patients. The search focuses on articles obtained from academic sources and uses relevant keywords to optimize the selection of studies. Results and Discussion: Recent studies on physical therapy interventions in the treatment of breast cancer highlight a range of approaches and outcomes. While some interventions, such as botulinum toxin A infiltration, have not shown efficacy, others, such as kinesiotherapy, have demonstrated improvements in quality of life. The research highlights the importance of updating physical therapy practices to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients.

Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Achieving a Net Zero Carbon Economy in Emerging Economies: A Combination of PLS-SEM and fsQCA Approaches to Digital Inclusion and Climate Resilience

In this paper, we examine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in sovereignty and carbon neutrality, emphasizing digital inclusion and climate-resilient AI strategies for emerging markets. Considering the previous studies on AI for carbon neutrality and digital inclusion for climate research along with technology policy frameworks as a guide, this paper undertakes Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with AI strategies and carbon neutrality outcomes. At the same time, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is used to reveal different configurations leading to achieving climate resilience. The model covers various aspects of AI-enabled policy, including technology adoption, policy frameworks, digital literacy, and public engagement. Survey data were collected from key stakeholders in climate policy, technology sectors, and local communities using a structured survey to understand their attitudes towards negative emissions technologies from prominent experts in emerging countries like Vietnam, Italy, Malaysia, and Greece. PLS-SEM results reveal the importance of AI in developing carbon neutrality, a critical AI strategic dimension (Data analytics capability and policy support). Some aspects of the fsQCA findings present heterogeneous outcomes, highlighting complex combinations of digital inclusion, AI adoption, and climate resilience which are industry-specific. This study would further enrich the literature concerning climate strategies by exploring AI, digital inclusion, and carbon neutrality interactions. Theoretically, practical and enriching suggestions for future research are derived to help AI intelligence infuse sustainable climate actions.

A Study of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time-Window and Three-Dimensional Loading Constraints in Land–Sea Transport

This paper addresses the capacitated vehicle routing problem with time-window and three-dimensional loading constraints in land–sea transport (3L-CVRPTWLS, which is an extension of the 3L-CVRP) to minimize the total cost of land–sea transport. The 3L-CVRPTWLS considers the online packing environment and port-of-destination (POD) constraint, which are clearly of practical significance in freight distribution. Due to its high degree of combinatorial complexity, the literature on this problem is very limited. To solve the 3L-CVRPTWLS, we develop a general deepest-bottom-left-fill (DBLF) and layer heuristic for packing and a hybrid variable-neighborhood tabu search for the routing phase (HLVNTS) based on the “packing first, routing second” (P1R2) strategy. HLVNTS reduces the average total number of vehicles by 2.51% and the average total travel distance by 27.62% in a shorter amount of time. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in the tested instances in terms of both computational efficiency and solution quality. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of the POD constraint on the total transportation cost. This study may provide some important support for the sustainable development of land–sea transport and help to protect the environment.

Beyond Semiotic Representation: A Study of Emotion in Ukrainian Children’s Paintings

<p>As part of the project of Ukrainian children support, <em>Mom, I See War</em> presents, on its official website and social media, more than 4,000 drawings by children from war-affected areas (mainly Ukraine). Based on the artworks in this platform, the study goes deeper from the mere symbolic interpretations, and discusses the various stages of emotional expression within. Through a close-reading of different aspects within the drawings, the study is performed within the theoretical framework of emotion study, political and cultural theory. While each painting contains a complex combination of various personal emotion, the paper makes a general outlining of all the paintings as a whole, and analyses the various stages of emotional expression among the whole group. In a reaction towards war conditions, four stages of emotion are presented, including fear, pain, anger and hope.<strong></strong></p>

Synergistic Palladium/Silver/Ligand Catalysis for C−H Alkenylation of 2,1,3‐Benzofused Heterodiazoles

AbstractThe combination of palladium and silver complexes has emerged as a bimetallic catalytic system in C−H activation, frequently outperforming palladium‐only systems. Beyond the conventional roles of silver (I) salts serving as oxidants, halide scavengers, and Lewis acids, Pd−Ag bimetallic synergism has been shown to facilitate C−H cleavage. In this study, we explore the incorporation of a pyrazolopyridone (PzPyOH) ligand into a Pd−Ag bimetallic catalytic system, which together promote both C−H cleavage and migratory insertion processes. This synergistic approach enables dehydrogenative C−H alkenylations at the C4 position of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole, 2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, and 2,1,3‐benzotriazole with alkenes. These results demonstrate the potential of combining novel ligands with heterobimetallic systems to facilitate other elementary steps beyond C−H cleavage, suggesting their broader applicability in C−H functionalization.

Brief Review on Fermentation Process and Food Additives

People’s interest in healthy eating and quality food is growing these days. There are various sources through which we learn about the advantages and disadvantages of foods, their benefits and some of their harmful effects on humans. Since school, young people are excited and discuss topics related to the composition of food and the role of its components - fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Theirstructure and properties are studied in the subject Chemistry and environmental protection in the profiled classes. The obtained theoretical knowledge is a basis on which young people form a culture of nutrition, striving to be healthy and energetic. More and more of them choose to continue their studies in specialties related to nutrition. The aim of the present study is to present knowledge from the field of Food Chemistry that is useful for human health. Food chemistry is an evolving discipline studying the chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components in foods. Foods are a complex combination of chemicals, many of which are vital to our survival. An important part of food content are food additives such as emulsifiers, food colourings, flavourings and preservatives, the main characteristics of which will be presented in the article. Examples of food additives and sweeteners that are harmful to human health are also given. The experimental part of the article describes fermentation as a chemical technology, as well as the importance of alcoholic, acetic acid and lactic fermentations. As an expected result, information about chemical technologies and food additives in food will enrich the knowledge of adolescents on the one hand, and on the other hand, will be beneficial for their proper development and good health. In addition, students can focus on studying food chemistry and realize themselves professionally in this field.

Sources and Transformation of Nitrate in Shallow Groundwater in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area: Hydrogeochemistry and Isotopes

Nitrate is among the most widely occurring contaminants in groundwater on a global scale, posing a serious threat to drinking water supplies. With the advancement of urbanization and mountainous agriculture, the nitrate in the groundwater of Wanzhou District in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has formed a complex combination of pollution sources. To more accurately identify the sources of nitrate in groundwater, this study integrates hydrochemical methods and environmental isotope techniques to analyze the sources and transformation processes in shallow groundwater nitrate under different land-use types. Furthermore, the Bayesian isotope mixing model (MixSAIR) is employed to calculate the contribution rates in various nitrate sources. The results indicate that nitrate is the primary form of inorganic nitrogen in shallow groundwater within the study area, with nitrate concentrations in cultivated groundwater generally higher than those in construction land and forest land. The transformation process of nitrate is predominantly nitrification, with little to no denitrification observed. In cultivated shallow groundwater, nitrate mainly originates from chemical fertilizers (36.3%), sewage and manure (35.4%), and soil organic nitrogen (24.7%); in forested areas, nitrate primarily comes from atmospheric precipitation (35.3%), chemical fertilizers (31.3%), and soil organic nitrogen (22.1%); while in constructed areas, nitrate mainly derives from chemical fertilizers (46.0%) and sewage and manure (32.2%). These results establish a scientific foundation for formulating groundwater pollution control and management strategies in the region and serve as a reference for identifying nitrate sources in groundwater in regions with comparable hydrogeological features and pollution profiles.

EXPRESS: Beyond the Pair: Media Archetypes and Complex Channel Synergies in Advertising

Prior research on advertising media mixes has mostly focused on single channels (e.g., television), pairwise cross-elasticities, or budget optimization within single campaigns. This is starkly detached from advertising practice where (i) there is an increasingly large number of media channels available to marketers, (ii) media plans employ complex combinations of channels, and (iii) marketers manage complementarities among many (i.e., more than pairs) channels. This research empirically learns complex channel complementaries using Latent Class analysis. Latent classes have three useful properties: (i) they account for non-random selection of channels into campaigns, (ii) they capture pairwise and higher-order interactions between channels, and (iii) they allow for meaningful interpretation. We empirically describe the most common media channel archetypes and estimate their relationship to the effectiveness of a set advertising campaigns on a set of common brand-related performance metrics. We use a dataset of 1,083 advertising campaigns from around the world run between 2008 and 2019. We find that there is not a systematically “best” media mix that correlates to dominant performance across all metrics, but clear patterns emerge given specific metrics. We find that traditional channels (TV, outdoor) are commonly paired with digital channels (Facebook, YouTube) in high-performing campaigns. We also find that current marketing practice appears far from optimal, and simple strategies have the potential to increase brand mindset metric lifts by 50% or more.

Compositionality and Sentence Meaning: Comparing Semantic Parsing and Transformers on a Challenging Sentence Similarity Dataset

Abstract One of the major outstanding questions in computational semantics is how humans integrate the meaning of individual words into a sentence in a way that enables understanding of complex and novel combinations of words, a phenomenon known as compositionality. Many approaches to modeling the process of compositionality can be classified as either “vector-based” models, in which the meaning of a sentence is represented as a vector of numbers, or “syntax-based” models, in which the meaning of a sentence is represented as a structured tree of labeled components. A major barrier in assessing and comparing these contrasting approaches is the lack of large, relevant datasets for model comparison. This article aims to address this gap by introducing a new dataset, STS3k, which consists of 2,800 pairs of sentences rated for semantic similarity by human participants. The sentence pairs have been selected to systematically vary different combinations of words, providing a rigorous test and enabling a clearer picture of the comparative strengths and weaknesses of vector-based and syntax-based methods. Our results show that when tested on the new STS3k dataset, state-of-the-art transformers poorly capture the pattern of human semantic similarity judgments, while even simple methods for combining syntax- and vector-based components into a novel hybrid model yield substantial improvements. We further show that this improvement is due to the ability of the hybrid model to replicate human sensitivity to specific changes in sentence structure. Our findings provide evidence for the value of integrating multiple methods to better reflect the way in which humans mentally represent compositional meaning.

Visual Modeling Languages in Patient Pathways: Scoping Review.

Patient pathways (PPs) are presented as a panacea solution to enhance health system functions. It is a complex concept that needs to be described and communicated well. Modeling plays a crucial role in promoting communication, fostering a shared understanding, and streamlining processes. Only a few existing systematic reviews have focused on modeling methods and standardized modeling languages. There remains a gap in consolidated knowledge regarding the use of diverse visual modeling languages. This scoping review aimed to compile visual modeling languages used to represent PPs, including the justifications and the context in which a modeling language was adopted, adapted, combined, or developed. After initial experimentation with the keywords used to describe the concepts of PPs and visual modeling languages, we developed a search strategy that was further refined and customized to the major databases identified as topically relevant. In addition, we consulted gray literature and conducted hand searches of the referenced articles. Two reviewers independently screened the articles in 2 stages using preset inclusion criteria, and a third reviewer voted on the discordance. Data charting was done using an iteratively developed form in the Covidence software. Descriptive and thematic summaries were presented following rounds of discussion to produce the final report. Of 1838 articles retrieved after deduplication, 22 satisfied our inclusion criteria. Clinical pathway is the most used phrase to represent the PP concept, and most papers discussed the concept without providing their operational definition. We categorized the visual modeling languages into five categories: (1) general purpose-modeling language (GPML) adopted without major extension or modification, (2) GPML used with formal extension recommendations, (3) combination of 2 or more modeling languages, (4) a developed domain-specific modeling language (DSML), and (5) ontological modeling languages. The justifications for adopting, adapting, combining, and developing visual modeling languages varied accordingly and ranged from versatility, expressiveness, tool support, and extensibility of a language to domain needs, integration, and simplification. Various visual modeling languages were used in PP modeling, each with varying levels of abstraction and granularity. The categorization we made could aid in a better understanding of the complex combination of PP and modeling languages. Standardized GPMLs were used with or without any modifications. The rationale to propose any modification to GPMLs evolved as more evidence was presented following requirement analyses to support domain constructs. DSMLs are infrequently used due to their resource-intensive development, often initiated at a project level. The justifications provided and the context where DSMLs were created are paramount. Future studies should assess the merits and demerits of using a visual modeling language to facilitate PP communications among stakeholders and use evaluation frameworks to identify, modify, or develop them, depending on the scope and goal of the modeling need.

Scalable, data-assimilated models predict large-scale shoreline response to waves and sea-level rise

Coastal change is a complex combination of multi-scale processes (e.g., wave-driven cross-shore and longshore transport; dune, bluff, and cliff erosion; overwash; fluvial and inlet sediment supply; and sea-level-driven recession). Historical sea-level-driven coastal recession on open ocean coasts is often outpaced by wave-driven change. However, future sea-level-driven coastal recession is expected to increase significantly in tandem with accelerating rates of global sea-level rise. Few models of coastal sediment transport can resolve the multitude of coastal-change processes at a given beach, and fewer still are computationally efficient enough to achieve large-scale, long-term simulations, while accounting for historical behavior and uncertainties in future climate. Here, we show that a scalable, data-assimilated shoreline-change model can achieve realistic simulations of long-term coastal change and uncertainty across large coastal regions. As part of the modeling case study of the U.S. South Atlantic Coast (Miami, Florida to Delaware Bay) presented here, we apply historical, satellite-derived observations of shoreline position combined with daily hindcasted and projected wave and sea-level conditions to estimate long-term coastal change by 2100. We find that 63 to 94% of the shorelines on the U.S. South Atlantic Coast are projected to retreat past the present-day extent of sandy beach under 1.0 to 2.0 m of sea-level rise, respectively, without large-scale interventions.

Eating and Drinking with Acknowledged Risks (EDAR) in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Clinicians in Japan and the UK.

Eating and drinking are fundamental to life. However, older patients are often restricted with oral intake due to feared risk of aspiration. Eating and Drinking with Acknowledged Risks (EDAR) is an alternative process which enables comfort, dignity, and autonomy for these patients. While national guidance has been developed for EDAR in the UK, other ageing societies such as Japan do not have such guidance. To understand the perspectives and experiences of healthcare professionals regarding the complex decision-making process around EDAR we planned a mixed methods study comparing the two countries. This was the qualitative phase of the study. Twelve healthcare professionals (two doctors, nurses and speech and language therapists each in Japan and the UK) participated in semi-structured interviews on their roles and experiences related to EDAR in older adults. We analysed the data thematically, and three themes emerged: (1) healthcare professionals and healthcare systems, (2) priorities in decision-making and (3) relationship with family and patient. There were many similarities but also differences across the countries, in the setting, training and individual experience. Decision-making was shaped by a complex combination of individual, structural and cultural factors, which indicated in the Japanese culture a greater likeliness to defer clinical decision-making and to side with families' wishes. Healthcare professionals' experiences and attitudes towards EDAR differed depending on various factors related with the individual and environment. The next quantitative phase of our research aims to establish the mechanism to increase confidence around EDAR in professionals and training options.

Stem cell models of TAFAZZIN deficiency reveal novel tissue-specific pathologies in Barth syndrome.

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare mitochondrial disease caused by pathogenic variants in the gene TAFAZZIN, which leads to abnormal cardiolipin (CL) metabolism on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although TAFAZZIN is ubiquitously expressed, BTHS involves a complex combination of tissue specific phenotypes including cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delays, with a relatively minimal neurological burden. To understand both the developmental and functional effects of TAZ-deficiency in different tissues, we generated isogenic TAZ knockout (TAZ-KO) and WT cardiomyocytes (CMs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In TAZ-KO CMs we discovered evidence of dysregulated mitophagy including dysmorphic mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, differential expression of key autophagy-associated genes, and an inability of TAZ-deficient CMs to properly initiate stress-induced mitophagy. In TAZ-deficient NPCs we identified novel phenotypes including a reduction in CIV abundance and CIV activity in the CIII2&CIV2 intermediate complex. Interestingly, while CL acyl chain manipulation was unable to alter mitophagy defects in TAZ-KO CMs, we found that linoleic acid or oleic acid supplementation was able to partially restore CIV abundance in TAZ-deficient NPCs. Taken together, our results have implications for understanding the tissue-specific pathology of BTHS and potential for tissue-specific therapeutic targeting. Moreover, our results highlight an emerging role for mitophagy in the cardiac pathophysiology of BTHS and reveal a potential neuron-specific bioenergetic phenotype.

Military Leadership in a VUCA Environment and BANI Scenario: A Systematic Literature review

The World has been subjected to successive and rapid changes that modified its order and given rise to a constant state of certainty of uncertainties, as a fluid state of accelerated change and vagueness in the global scenario. For some authors we are living in an environment of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity (VUCA), as for others in a Brittle, Anxious, Nonlinear and Incomprehensible (BANI) scenario that affects organizations, with serious implications for their leadership and management. In the case of countries' military organizations, this affects the operations’ design, the type of equipment used and fundamentally their training, from which we highlight leadership. So, how is military leadership characterized in a VUCA world and BANI scenario? According to this research question we carried out a systematic literature review with a qualitative approach doing an update of a previous similar study carried out by the authors, looking for new publications that could enrich the comprehension of the topic. Thus, studies were searched in different databases, according to the selected criteria. Guided by the review question we adopt the PRISMA protocol for screening process divided into three phases: identification, screening and inclusion of studies. So, eleven studies were added . Data collected point out that as traditional leadership models are unable to faithfully reflect the modelling of new challenges and realities and military leadership in a VUCA world and BANI scenario is characterized by a complex combination of competencies in a personal, relational and organizational level. Among them the capacity to think out of the box, to be creative, innovative, intuitive, resilient, flexible and adaptative, based on a state of constant awareness and mindfulness to see the global situation and make the best decisions. No other study was found addressing the same research question. So, it seems to be the first study to systematically analyze military leadership in a VUCA environment. This way, it can be a contribution to understanding this topic and to frame future empirical studies.

Report on laser-induced fluorescence transitions relevant for the microelectronics industry and sustainability applications

A wide variety of feed gases are used to generate low-temperature plasmas for the microelectronics and sustainability applications. These plasmas often have a complex combination of reactive and nonreactive species which may have spatial and temporal variations in density, temperature, and energy. Accurate knowledge of these parameters and their variations is critically important for understanding and advancing these applications through validated and predictive modeling and the design of relevant devices. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) provides both spatial and temporally resolved information about the plasma-produced radicals, ions, and metastables. However, the use of this powerful diagnostic tool requires the knowledge of optical transitions including excitation and fluorescence wavelengths which may not be available or scattered through a huge literature domain. In this paper, we collected, analyzed, and compiled the available transitions for laser-induced fluorescence for more than 160 chemical species relevant to the microelectronics industry and the sustainability applications. A list of species with overlapping LIF excitations and fluorescence wavelengths have been identified. This summary is intended to serve as a data reference for LIF transitions and should be updated in the future.

B2(OH)4 and Et3N-BH3: A New Combination of Reagents for the Mild and Efficient Photoreduction of Nitro(hetero)arenes

AbstractAnilines are a common motif in many bioactive compounds and their production through the reduction of nitroarenes has become an essential method for their synthesis. We demonstrate that the combination of an amine-borane complex and hypoboric acid (tetrahydroxydiborane) under visible light irradiation can accomplish the reduction of nitroarenes to the corresponding anilines. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the generation of boryl radicals via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) step from the photoexcited nitroarene. Involvement of a parallel thermal pathway is demonstrated with the high reaction efficiency being partially attributed to both routes.

Multi-omics approaches define novel aphid effector candidates associated with virulence and avirulence phenotypes

BackgroundCompatibility between plant parasites and their hosts is genetically determined {Citation}both interacting organisms. For example, plants may carry resistance (R) genes or deploy chemical defences. Aphid saliva contains many proteins that are secreted into host tissues. Subsets of these proteins are predicted to act as effectors, either subverting or triggering host immunity. However, associating particular effectors with virulence or avirulence outcomes presents challenges due to the combinatorial complexity. Here we use defined aphid and host genetics to test for co-segregation of expressed aphid transcripts and proteins with virulent or avirulent phenotypes.ResultsWe compared virulent and avirulent pea aphid parental genotypes, and their bulk segregant F1 progeny on Medicago truncatula genotypes carrying or lacking the RAP1 (Resistance to Acyrthosiphon pisum 1) resistance quantitative trait locus. Differential gene expression analysis of whole body and head samples, in combination with proteomics of saliva and salivary glands, enabled us to pinpoint proteins associated with virulence or avirulence phenotypes. There was relatively little impact of host genotype, whereas large numbers of transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed between parental aphids, likely a reflection of their classification as divergent biotypes within the pea aphid species complex. Many fewer transcripts intersected with the equivalent differential expression patterns in the bulked F1 progeny, providing an effective filter for removing genomic background effects. Overall, there were more upregulated genes detected in the F1 avirulent dataset compared with the virulent one. Some genes were differentially expressed both in the transcriptome and in the proteome datasets, with aminopeptidase N proteins being the most frequent differentially expressed family. In addition, a substantial proportion (27%) of salivary proteins lack annotations, suggesting that many novel functions remain to be discovered.ConclusionsEspecially when combined with tightly controlled genetics of both insect and host plant, multi-omics approaches are powerful tools for revealing and filtering candidate lists down to plausible genes for further functional analysis as putative aphid effectors.

What's Important (Arts & Humanities): Temple of Healing.

This literary investigation dives into the complex combination of scientific knowledge, creative expertise, surgical skills, and fundamental humanistic qualities that constitute the orthopaedic profession. This poetic perspective conveys the essence of orthopaedic surgery techniques by figuratively describing the processes involved in bone and joint operations and commenting on the meticulous labor that doctors undertake with sinews, sockets, tendons, and bones. It emphasizes the human body's resilience and the restorative power of orthopaedic interventions, depicting how surgeons navigate the complexities of human anatomy to repair injuries and alleviate degenerative conditions, not only restoring physical strength but also giving patients a renewed sense of life and mobility. "Temple of Healing" is a dedication to orthopaedic surgeons, stressing the combination of art and science in their work and highlighting the enormous influence of orthopaedic surgery on patient quality of life.