Combination Of Bile Acids Research Articles

Metabolic disorder and intestinal microflora dysbiosis in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

ObjectiveChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare acquired immune-mediated neuropathy. Although microbial infection is potentially a contributing factor, a causative link between CIDP and microbial infection remains unclear. There is also no definitive biomarker for CIDP diagnostics and therapies. The present study aimed to characterize the serum metabolic profile and gut microbiome structure in CIDP.MethodsTargeted metabolomics profiling of serum, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and metagenomics sequencing of stool samples from a cohort of CIDP and non-CIDP subjects were performed to evaluate serum metabolic profiles and gut microbiome structure in CIDP subjects relative to healthy controls.ResultsMetabolome data revealed that the bile acids profile was perturbed in CIDP with bile acids and arachidonic acid enriched significantly in CIDP versus non-CIDP controls. Metagenome data revealed that opportunistic pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Megamonas funiformis, and genes involved in bacterial infection were notably more abundant in CIDP subjects, while gut microbes related to biotransformation of secondary bile acids were abnormal in CIDP versus non-CIDP subjects. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in secondary bile acids were associated with altered gut microbes, including Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides caccae, and Ruminococcus gnavus.ConclusionBile acids and arachidonic acid metabolism were disturbed in CIDP subjects and might be affected by the dysbiosis of gut microbial flora. These findings suggest that the combination of bile acids and arachidonic acid could be used as a CIDP biomarker and that modulation of gut microbiota might impact the clinical course of CIDP.

Pengaruh suplementasi mix feed additive (bile acid dan yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pada pakan terhadap performa itik pedaging

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of giving bile acid and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in feed on performance of ducks. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) experimental method, with 4 treatments and each treatment consisting of 5 replications. The parameters observed included feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion ratio. The trial feed treatment in this study used a combination of bile acid and yeast Saccharomyces cerrevisiae added with different concentrations to ducks. The results showed that the addition of bile acid and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the feed had a significant effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and had no significant effect on body weight gain. The results showed that the addition of bile acid (bile acid) and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the feed at a dose of 3.0 g / kg of feed influenced the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of ducks.

Cultivation of Spore-Forming Gut Microbes Using a Combination of Bile Acids and Amino Acids.

Spores of certain species belonging to Firmicutes are efficiently germinated by nutrient germinators, such as amino acids, in addition to bile acid. We attempted to culture difficult-to-culture or yet-to-be cultured spore-forming intestinal bacteria, using a combination of bile acids and amino acids. The combination increased the number of colonies that formed on agar medium plated with ethanol-treated feces. The operational taxonomic units of these colonized bacteria were classified into two types. One type was colonized only by the bile acid (BA) mixture and the other type was colonized using amino acids, in addition to the BA mixture. The latter contained 13 species, in addition to 14 species of the former type, which mostly corresponds to anaerobic difficult-to-culture Clostridiales species, including several new species candidates. The use of a combination of BAs and amino acids effectively increased the culturability of spore-forming intestinal bacteria.

The Liver at the Nexus of Host-Microbial Interactions.

The liver receives blood from the intestine, from the spleen, and directly from the heart and holds a vital position in vertebrate physiology. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism, bile secretion, maintaining blood sterility, serum homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and immunological activity. This article provides our perspective on the liver as a nexus in establishing and maintaining host microbial mutualism. We discuss the role of the liver not only in sanitizing the blood stream from penetrant live microbes, but also in metabolizing xenobiotics that are synthesized or modified by intestinal microbes, and how microbiota modify the signaling potential of bile acids. The combination of bile acids as hormones and the metabolic control from pervasive effects of other absorbed microbial molecules powerfully shape hepatic metabolism. In addition, intestinal microbial metabolites can be sensed by liver-resident immune cells, which may disturb liver homeostasis, leading to fibrosis and liver cancer.

Mo1837 Beneficial Effects of Diazoxide on Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

The pathognomonic feature of reflux esophagitis secondary to gastro-esophageal reflux disease is the presence of dilated intercellular spaces in the stratified squamous lining of the esophagus. Bile acid is a major constituent of gastro-esophageal refluxate. In our present study, we developed a novel in vitro transwell culture model for stratified esophageal squamous epithelium. We grew h-TERT transformed primary esophageal cell line EPC1 on polyester transwell surfaces, apically and basally supplemented with calcium enriched media, and observed that the EPC1 cells gradually stratify into a 11-layered squamous epithelium in 7 days. This epithelium also demonstrated well-formed cell junctions, essential for formation of the stratified epithelium. When the EPC1 cells on transwells were treated with a combination of bile acid and pH5, there was loss of epithelial barrier function. Electron microscopy and confocal imaging of the cell junctions showed disruption of adherens junction, tight junction and desmosomes, thus leading to dilated intercellular spaces. At the cellular level, the combination of bile acid and pH5 induced β-catenin phosphorylation and reduced SMAD-1/5/8 phosphorylation, both of which can lead to loss of cell junction proteins. In conclusion, combination of bile acid at low pH in our trasnwell culture model mimicked the effects of gastro-esophageal reflux in vivo, possibly by modulating WNT and BMP signaling pathways.

Current aspects in pharmacologic use of bile acids

It has been established that combination of bile acids with amphotericin B has potential Leishmanicideal effect and combination with ciprofloxacine has improved its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. PHARMACADYNAMIC EFFECTS: Bile acids have analgesic and hypoglycemic effect. They also have anti-HIV effect probably suppressing virus transmission from cell to cell. New studies of natural bile acids and new synthetic bile acids have revealed that they are not only adjuvants to existing active principles in pharmaceutical forms, but they can act as new therapeutic agents. However, it is necessary to study their possible mechanisms, but they are not crucial for their therapeutic application. Toxicological and pharmacological studies will determine the role of newly synthesized bile acids and their salts in current therapy.

Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid, analogues of ursodeoxycholic acid and combination of bile acids on bile acid synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes

The effect of individual 7β-hydroxy bile acids (ursodeoxycholic and ursocholic acid), bile acid analogues of ursodeoxycholic acid, combination of bile acids (taurochenodeoxycholate and taurocholate), and mixtures of bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol in proportions found in rat bile, on bile acids synthesis was studied in cultured rat hepatocytes. Individual steroids tested included ursodeoxycholate (LJDCA), ursocholate (UCA), glycoursodeoxycholate (GUDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA). Analogues of UDCA (7-methylursodeoxycholate, sarcosylursodeoxycholate and ursooxazoline) and allochenodeoxycholate, a representative of 5α-cholanoic bile acid were also tested in order to determine the specificity of the bile acid biofeedback. Each individual steroid was added to the culture media at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μM. Mixtures of taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDCA) and taurocholate in concentrations ranging from 150 to 600 μM alone and in combination with phosphatidylcholine (10–125 μM) and cholesterol (3–13 μM) were also tested for their effects on bile acid synthesis. Rates of bile acid synthesis were determined as the conversion of added lipoprotein [4- 14C]cholesterol or [2- 14C]mevalonate into 14C-labeled bile acids and by GLC quantitation of bile acids secreted into the culture media. Individual bile acids, bile acid analogues, combination of bile acids and mixture of bile acids with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol failed to inhibit bile acid synthesis in cultured hepatocytes. The addition of UDCA or UCA to the culture medium resulted in a marked increase in the intracellular level of both bile acids, and in the case of UDCA there was a 4-fold increase in β-muricholate. These results demonstrate effective uptake and metabolism of these bile acids by the rat hepatocytes. UDCA, UCA, TUDCA and GUDCA also failed to inhibit cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity in microsomes prepared from cholestyramine-fed rats. The current data confirm and extend our previous observations that, under conditions employed, neither single bile acid nor a mixture of bile acids with or without phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol inhibits bile acid synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. We postulate that mechanisms other than a direct effect of bile acids on cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase might play a role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis.

Pancreaticobiliary factors in the modulation of small intestinal enterokinase in the rat

Chronic pancreaticobiliary diversion was employed to study the modulation of enterokinase in the small intestine of adult rats. Diversion resulted in apparent trophic changes of the proximal bypassed portion of the intestinal mucosa. An almost complete loss of mucosal enterokinase activity in the proximal duodenum but no increase of enterokinase in the segments distal to reentry of the common duct was found in the pancreaticobiliary-diverted rats. The effect on the enterokinase activity in the proximal segment was specific in that no other brush-border enzymes measured in that segment were decreased. The decrease in enterokinase was partially prevented by dietary supplementation with pancreatic trypsinogen and completely avoided with the addition of a combination of bile acids and trypsinogen. Supplementation with bile acid alone did not preserve the enterokinase levels in the bypassed rats. The results suggested that trypsinogen is the primary factor responsible for modulating enterokinase levels in the proximal small intestine, with bile acids acting as a modifier.