Combat Mode Research Articles

Modeling and Simulation of UAV Task Assignment and Execution in Designated Area Based on Order Strike Theory

Abstract Since 2023, local conflicts have intensified and local wars have occurred frequently. The term “order strike” has appeared on the battlefield many times and is one of the hot spots in the study of modern warfare. Order strike has the characteristics of small scale, fast response, low cost, etc. It is a distributed combat mode proposed by the US military on the basis of theories of “Kill Chain” and “Mosaic Warfare”, etc. This paper takes the UAV penetration and strike against large targets as research case, and builds a new type of UAV penetration and strike combat platform based on the theory of “order strike”, combined with the technologies of “ StarLink “ satellite network reconnaissance and intelligent UAV control. This combat platform can continuously monitor the designated area and effectively strike the hostile targets invading the area. Finally, we conducted a preliminary simulation and initial effectiveness evaluation of the method proposed in this paper through multi-agent simulation.

Research on the optimal desertification combat mode considering the governance cycle

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the most effective approach for governments and enterprises to combat desertification by considering the governance cycle. The focus is on understanding how the government can incentivize enterprises to actively engage in desertification combat efforts.Design/methodology/approachBoth the government and the enterprise are treated as rational entities, making strategic choices for joint participation in combating desertification. Recognizing the dynamic nature of the desertification combat area, differential game models are employed to identify the optimal mode for combating desertification.FindingsThe findings underscore the significant influence of the governance cycle duration on the selection of desertification combat modes for government and enterprise. A cooperative mode is best suited to a short governance cycle, while an ecological subsidy mode is optimal for a longer cycle. Enhancing governance technology and shortening the governance cycle are conducive to combating desertification. Reducing taxes alone may not be an effective control strategy; rather, the government can better motivate enterprises by adopting tax rate policies aligned with the chosen governance mode.Originality/valueThis research contributes by elucidating the impact mechanism of the government cycle’s length on the desertification combat process. The results may offer valuable insights for governments in formulating strategies to encourage corporate participation in combating desertification and provide theoretical support for selecting optimal desertification combat modes.

Film Review: Jagun Jagun, Nigeria, 2023. Produced by Euphoria 360 Media. Netflix. 129 minutes, Yoruba (with English subtitles). No price reported. Directed by Tope Adebayo and Adebayo Tijani

I intend to argue in this review that the Yoruba film Jagun Jagun represents the transition of the Yoruba Travelling Theatre into the big screen motion picture. It has been a remarkable transformation from stage crafts to filmic crafts, while still retaining the “family” involvement in the vibrant business innovations of the New Nollywood. Doing this focuses on configuring the interface between technology and entrepreneurship with its attendance use of traditional visual elements, songs, dance, imageries, metaphors and other Yoruba poetic renditions for aesthetic values. However, it is noted that the inappropriate mingling of both traditional and modern visual effects influenced by the Western postmodernist style in filmic framing, composition, sound, music and war combat mode. Generally, the film occludes the postcolonial thematic relevance in the modern political African leaders in their visionless Machiavellian ideology.

Defect Trend Analysis for a Military Turbojet Engine: Case Studies

Turbojet engines are currently used for military application under training and combat modes. Their operation at extreme conditions often unscheduled with need based throttle excursions lead to high cyclic stresses on engine components and unusual demands on line replaceable units and accessories. As a result, a number of engines are forced for premature withdrawal from service affecting the flight schedule of the operator. This present paper presents the trend analysis of various defects encountered in a military turbojet engine and its accessories. This analysis will help in identifying the probable causes of the defects, time of engine withdrawal and whether they are of reoccurring nature or isolated cases so that corrective action can be initiated to avoid such snags in future.

Evaluation of vulnerability of MAV/UAV collaborative combat network based on complex network

In recent years, the Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MAV/UAV) collaborative combat mode has become an important mode. Therefore, it is important to assess the vulnerability of Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Collaborative Combat Networks (MUCNs). In this paper, we analyze the meaning of nodes and edges of MUCNs, propose five vulnerability indicators, and construct a vulnerability indicator system of MUCNs. In addition, the network contribution method is proposed to aggregate the vulnerability indicators of MUCNs. Finally, through simulation, the effectiveness of the network contribution method is demonstrated by comparing and analyzing with three commonly used indicator aggregation methods. This paper can provide a reference for designing MUCNs with lower vulnerability and a vulnerability evaluation method for the development of MAV/UAV collaborative combat strategies.

Review of the Research Progress in Combat Simulation Software

To address the new functional requirements brought by the introduction of new weapons and new combat modes, a comprehensive survey of the research progress in the area of combat simulation software is performed from the perspective of software engineering. First, the top-level specification, simulation engine, and simulation framework of combat simulation software are reviewed. Then, several typical combat simulation software systems are demonstrated, and the relevant software frameworks are analyzed. Finally, combining the application prospect of artificial intelligence, metaverse, and other new technologies in combat simulation, the development trends of combat simulation software are presented, namely intellectualization, adaptation to an LVC (live, virtual, and constructive) system, and a more game-based experience. Based on a comprehensive comparison between the mentioned simulation frameworks, we believe that the AFSIM (Advanced framework for simulation, integration, and modeling) and the E-CARGO (Environments—classes, agents, roles, groups, and objects) are appropriate candidates for developing distributed combat simulation software.

Applications of Supercavitation Drag Reduction Technology in Naval Gun Underwater Attack and Defense Warfare

China has lagged behind in the construction of underwater attack and defense system for a long time, and there is still a lack of effective means for rapid anti submarine and underwater short-range / terminal defense in large areas. This paper analyzes the characteristics of underwater combat targets and equipment, and puts forward the combat mode of naval gun underwater attack and defense system based on supercavitation drag reduction technology. This paper expounds the application and development status of supercavitation drag reduction technology in the field of gun weapons, analyzes the key technologies involved in the development of naval gun underwater attack and defense combat, and looks forward to the application prospect of new naval weapons, which can provide technical support for improving the comprehensive combat capability of naval gun.

Research on the Mode for New Quality Air Defense Weapons Integration into Air Defense System

To address the evolving problem of how to applicate the increasingly developed laser, microwave, electromagnetic rail gun and other new quality air defense weapons after they are integrated into the air defense system, this paper summarizes three development states of the new quality air defense weapons system, namely, a small amount of equipment, a large number of equipment and intelligent integration, based on the performance development of new quality air defense weapons. For the first time, the system proposes three combat modes of new quality air defense weapons, namely, “pointed mode”, “layered mode” and “networked mode”, the air raid threat and application of each mode are clarified. This will provide ideas and methods for the operational application of new air quality defense weapons at different stages of development.

UAV Cluster Behavior Modeling Based on Spatial-Temporal Hybrid Petri Net

Currently, we are facing an increasing trend in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in various activities, both civilian and military. The application of UAVs in the battlefield has received extensive attention amid a global new military revolution. A UAV cluster is a large and complex real-time feedback system that integrates a communication and sensor network, control system, calculation, and physical process. The heterogeneous UAVs conduct complex behaviors, which requires a comprehensive description and analysis of UAV cluster modeling. The integrated modeling of the heterogeneous UAV cluster is of great significance and value to test and verify the new combat mode. In this paper, we present a novel representation framework based on the Petri nets. We used a spatial-temporal hybrid Petri net to illustrate the discrete state and continuous process of a heterogeneous UAV cluster system, and effectively achieved the fusion of a physical and computational process and interaction event modeling in the cluster system. Finally, the formal verification of UAV cluster attack mission modeling was carried out by UPPAAL, suggesting the proposed modeling method is feasible and effective.

Role Assignment Mechanism of Unmanned Swarm Organization Reconstruction Based on the Fourth Directed Motif.

With the rapid development of intelligent unmanned technology, unmanned combat swarms are faced with a highly aggressive, highly uncertain, and highly dynamic battlefield environment, and the operation mode of unmanned combat has gradually shifted from single-platform operations to swarm networking collaboration combat development. Aiming at the typical characteristics of the unmanned swarm combat system, this paper proposes a role assignment model for organizational reconfiguration at the swarm layer and builds an unmanned swarm organization reconfiguration role-assignment mechanism model (SORAM) based on the fourth-order directed motif. The method starts from the organizational domain of the swarm system and takes the task as the the dependent variable of the role assignment of the swarm organization, quantifies the importance of the motif from a statistical point of view, and establishes a multi-objective model considering the similarity of the structure. The swarm reconfiguration role optimization method of SR-NSGA-2 provides a reference for the online adaptation of the swarm links. Finally, combined with a simulated combat simulation case, the usability and effectiveness of the method are tested.

Cooperative maneuver decision making for multi-UAV air combat based on incomplete information dynamic game

Cooperative autonomous air combat of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is one of the main combat modes in future air warfare, which becomes even more complicated with highly changeable situation and uncertain information of the opponents. As such, this paper presents a cooperative decision-making method based on incomplete information dynamic game to generate maneuver strategies for multiple UAVs in air combat. Firstly, a cooperative situation assessment model is presented to measure the overall combat situation. Secondly, an incomplete information dynamic game model is proposed to model the dynamic process of air combat, and a dynamic Bayesian network is designed to infer the tactical intention of the opponent. Then a reinforcement learning framework based on multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient is established to obtain the perfect Bayes-Nash equilibrium solution of the air combat game model. Finally, a series of simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the simulation results show effective synergies and cooperative tactics.

Modeling method of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm behavior based on spatiotemporal hybrid Petri net

The more and more widely used UAV swarm operations have received great attention in the new global military revolution of informatization, and the integrated modeling of UAV swarms has great significance and value for the testing and verification of combat modes. Aiming at the modeling and simulation requirements of combat scenarios, taking the collaborative combat process of heterogeneous UAV swarms as the research object, starting from the modeling of a single UAV, on the basis of the formalization and mathematical description of the single combat process, this paper employs Petri nets based on the hybridization of time and space to describe the discrete states and continuous processes of heterogeneous UAV swarm systems, and effectively solves the problems of the fusion between physics and computing processes, and modeling of interactive events in swarm systems. UPPAAL is selected to formally verify the modeling of UAV swarm strike mission, which shows that the proposed modeling method is feasible and effective.

Formability Characteristics and Penetration Performance of Micro-Jets from Different Materials

A micro-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm has high flexibility and intelligent unmanned flight and stealth capabilities. Moreover, it can attack both single and group targets, which will occupy dominant positions in the future information war. To satisfy the new micro-UAV swarm information combat mode and contribute to the advances in ammunition flexibility, efficiency, miniaturization, and multipurpose applicability, a 10 mm caliber micro-shaped charge warhead was designed in this study. The results indicate that the micro-shaped charge can be assembled with a micro-UAV swarm to efficiently damage the targets without relying on the weapon launch velocity. To realize a lightweight and high-efficiency micro-shaped charge structure, the formability of Teflon, nylon, polycarbonate (polycarb), and metallic copper liners was studied using the finite element analysis. The penetration efficiencies of different micro-jets on gelatin targets were compared and analyzed. It was found that the micro-shaped charge nylon and Teflon jets could pass through the gelatin target and transfer more energy to it compared with copper. The observed penetration aperture was also larger. Although the penetration depth of the polycarb jet to the target was the smallest, the penetration aperture was the largest. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for the development of micro-shaped charge technology.

Intelligent Guidance and Control Methods for Missile Swarm.

High-speed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are more and more widely used in both military and civil fields at present, especially the missile swarm attack, and will play an irreplaceable key role in the future war as a special combat mode. This study summarizes the guidance and control methods of missile swarm attack operation. First, the traditional design ideas of the guidance and control system are introduced; then, the typical swarm attack guidance and control methods are analyzed by taking their respective characteristics into considering, and the limitations of the traditional design methods are given. On this basis, the study focuses on the advantages of intelligent integrated guidance and control design over traditional design ideas, summarizes the commonly used integrated guidance and control design methods and their applications, and explores the cooperative attack strategy of missile swarm suitable for the integrated guidance and control system. Finally, the challenges of missile swarm guidance and control are described, and the problems worthy of further research in the future are prospected. Summarizing the guidance and control methods of missile will contribute to the innovative research in this field, so as to promote the rapid development of unmanned swarm attack technology.

Development of an image-based body condition score for giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) and a comparison of zoo-housed and free-ranging individuals

Historically, giraffes (Giraffa spp.) in zoos are known to have a high prevalence of deaths associated with serous fat atrophy, which has been linked to the impression that as browsers, they are more difficult to feed appropriately compared to grazing ruminants. Therefore, one could expect zoo-housed giraffes to be peculiar in that they might have, on average, a lower body condition than their free-ranging conspecifics. We collected photographs of free-ranging and zoo-housed individuals and used information on sex, age, body mass, and height for a subset of the zoo animals to develop and validate a body condition score (BCS). We developed an overview BCS for the shoulder area (4 levels) and hip area (7 levels), and validated and applied the score to 532 free-ranging and 232 zoo-housed giraffes. The rib area was not useful for BCS; skin folds in the rib area occurred across all BCS hip levels but were particularly prominent at higher BCS hip. The BCS hip was positively correlated with body mass index for adult female giraffes, suggesting it reflects body condition. The BCS hip differentiated better between age, gender, season in free-ranging animals, and habitat (zoo vs. free-ranging). The BCS shoulder was less precise, most likely because the visibility of the shoulder does not only reflect subcutaneous adipose tissue, but also muscle tissue and skin thickness, especially in males as an adaptation to the giraffe’s typical mode of intraspecific combat. Using the shoulder score or the presence of skin folds on the side of the thorax/abdomen for routine BCS application is therefore not recommended. Juvenile animals had the highest BCS hip (6.04±0.69 for free-ranging, 6.00±1.07 for zoo), which decreased with age in both populations. Adult males in the wild generally had higher BCS hip (3.52±1.35) scores than the females in the wild (3.31±1.31), indicating the increased energetic strain on females due to reproduction. This was not the case in zoo animals. In contrast to our prediction, zoo-housed animals had higher scores than the free-ranging population (4.53±1.54; 3.74±1.55; P<0.001), especially compared to the free-ranging population scores from the end of the dry season (3.46±1.56; P<0.001). This indicates that on average, zoo-housed giraffe are less constrained by dietary resources than their free-ranging counterparts, and corresponds to reports of an improvement of zoo diets in European zoos and the subjective impression of a reduced incidence of serous fat atrophy in recent years. Nevertheless, the highest score, often equated with obesity in other BCS systems, was observed in both zoos and in the wild, possibly excluding obesity as a pathological condition in this zoo-housed giraffe population. While low scores should be avoided in zoo-housed giraffes, there are no indications so far that high scores in our BCS are detrimental. The hip-based BCS is easily applicable to free-ranging animals by direct observation or based on photographs, and allows for reproducible data collection to monitor giraffes at a population level.

The Influence and Development Trend of Information Weapons and Equipment on Modern Warfare

The new technological revolution with information technology as the core has not only promoted the development of information weapons and equipment, but also it has accelerated the transformation of war to information. Firstly, this paper analyzes the profound impact of information weapons and equipment on modern warfare and it discusses the new changes from four aspects: combat concept, combat field, combat mode and combat theory. Secondly, the paper also analyzes the development trend of information weapons and equipment, and it believes that there will be development in four directions: intelligence, systematization, new fields and military civilian integration. The article holds that only by fully mastering the application and development law of information weapons and equipment can we build an information army and win the future information war.

Study on the Jamming-Position Maneuver Algorithm of Off-Board Active Electronic Countermeasure Unmanned Surface Vehicles

The existing off-board active decoys face such common technical problems as short action time, limited jamming power, and difficult control over deployment situation and effective directive jamming beam direction. For this reason, this paper introduces a new mode and process of anti-missile combat, which places the radar active decoy on an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) to collaborate with the surface warship during the off-board active anti-missile combat. Following the principles of radar terminal guidance centroid jamming, a real-time calculation method for the effective area of off-board active jamming is developed, and the jamming position maneuver strategy under the collaboration of the USV and the surface warship is proposed to implement the off-board active anti-missile combat. The proposed strategy satisfies the needs of long-time, high-power, stable, and effective off-board jamming against incoming anti-ship missiles. This paper further verifies the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in the simulated and live firing confrontations.

Actor–critic-based decision-making method for the artificial intelligence commander in tactical wargames

In a tactical wargame, the decisions of the artificial intelligence (AI) commander are critical to the final combat result. Due to the existence of fog-of-war, AI commanders are faced with unknown and invisible information on the battlefield and lack of understanding of the situation, and it is difficult to make appropriate tactical strategies. The traditional knowledge rule-based decision-making method lacks flexibility and autonomy. How to make flexible and autonomous decision-making when facing complex battlefield situations is a difficult problem. This paper aims to solve the decision-making problem of the AI commander by using the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method. We develop a tactical wargame as the research environment, which contains built-in script AI and supports the machine–machine combat mode. On this basis, an end-to-end actor–critic framework for commander decision making based on the convolutional neural network is designed to represent the battlefield situation and the reinforcement learning method is used to try different tactical strategies. Finally, we carry out a combat experiment between a DRL-based agent and a rule-based agent in a jungle terrain scenario. The result shows that the AI commander who adopts the actor–critic method successfully learns how to get a higher score in the tactical wargame, and the DRL-based agent has a higher winning ratio than the rule-based agent.

A TRANSDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE OF THE CURRENT CRISIS SITUATION IN THE WORLD

This short communication aims to be a contribution on the transdisciplinary perspective of the relationship between spirituality and the current global crisis situation due to Covid-19. KEYWORDS: Current global crisis situation, Covid-19 combat modes, Indian spirituality, A transdisciplinary perspective of the current crisis situation.

A study of blockchain technology development and military application prospects

Once blockchain technology is successfully applied, it will certainly trigger revolutionary changes in the military development and combat mode, which are beyond the traditional military command and management scope. In the future, blockchain technology, by combining with military artificial intelligence, Internet of things, cloud computing and big data, will have priority to be applied in military management, support, security and even command. It is of great significance to excavate the military application potential of blockchain technology and scientifically predict its impact and influence on the military field, so as to improve the combat effectiveness of the army and promote its transformation and development.