Columnar Varieties Research Articles

Cultivation of columnar varieties of apricot using agrotechnological methods and biotechnology on loamy soils

Cultivation of columnar varieties of apricot using agrotechnological methods and biotechnology on loamy soils

POLLEN QUALITY AND SELECTION OF POLLINATORS OF CULTIVARS OF COLUMNAR TYPE APPLE

The apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a flowering tree whose productivity depends on successful cross-pollination. The efficiency of the pollination process significantly affects the quantity and quality of apple fruits. In addition to the basic requirements for fruit set and tree productivity, the presence of different pollen sources (different cultivars of the orchard) has a positive effect on fruit quality parameters. It is possible to make a profit from an apple orchard several years after planting, so the choice of cultivar is very important, because the economic feasibility of growing plants depends on it. The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of pollen of columnar apple cultivars and the selection of pollinator cultivar. The research was carried out during 2019–2022 at the V. L. Symyrenko Department of Horticulture of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. According to the results of the research, it was established that in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine, the investigated columnar varieties form pollen of medium viability, pollen tubes reach a medium length, insufficient cross-fertility is observed, and the best pollinators for them are universal pollinators, Golden Gem’ and Professor Springer’ cultivars. In general, columnar fruit set is good from free pollination. Several conditions are necessary for satisfactory cross-pollination, namely: flowering of the pollinator cultivar must be simultaneous with the main cultivar; the pollinator cultivar must have pollen of high viability; the location of the pollinator cultivar should be near the fruit-bearing tree; the garden requires the presence of bees and other insects during flowering.

PRODUCTIVITY OF 20 YEAR PLANTS COLUMNAR APPLE-TYPE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF KYIV REGION

Differentiation of generative buds is one of the most important biological processes of plant transition from vegetative to generative state. The study of the productivity of apple trees in the process of its formation, by analyzing the formation of rudimentary organs and their successive development into vegetative and generative organs, which are elements of productivity, allows to establish the features of this process in complex fruit formations of different ages. Knowing the level of influence of meteorological factors on the passage of II-XII stages of organogenesis, we can recommend more specific soil and climatic conditions for growing columnar varieties. Plants of columnar varieties of apple differ from traditional almost complete absence of lateral branching, the formation of crops on simple and complex rings (fruit formations), which are located on the trunk of the tree, as well as dwarf growth, early fruiting and high yields. In the studies, trees of columnar varieties on medium-sized rootstock 54-118 differed significantly in height, trunk diameter, crown width and density of fruit formations on the trunk. As the height of the trees increases, the number of fruit formations on the plant increases, resulting in an increase in the potential for higher yields. Considering the realization of reproductive potential in stages, we noted changes in the participation of different age areas of the trunk (complex rings) in the formation of the actual harvest. In the conditions of Kyiv region, columnar apple cultivars react differently to environmental conditions at certain stages of organogenesis. The efficiency of differentiation of generative buds of columnar varieties is influenced in one way or another by meteorological factors. For introduced varieties, the increase in the level of Σaсtt≥10, precipitation and average daily air temperature has a negative effect on the formation of generative potential at III-IV stages of organogenesis, as evidenced by the high negative correlation between the ratio of generative buds to their total number and these factors (r > -0.80–0.96). The influence of these meteorological factors on the varieties of Ukrainian selection is weak and moderate, which indicates the best adaptive properties of these varieties. The influence of the age of the trunk on the formation of plant productivity is minimal or absent (from 0 to 3%).

Evaluation of Priokskoe columnar apple variety from All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding

The use of adaptive, scab-immune, stable-fruiting columnar apple tree varieties of domestic selection enhances profitability of commercial horticulture for a higher competitive power of national agricultural market. The diversity of columnar varieties remains little, yet offering a promising line of selection given a rising interest in this form of apple tree. The research aimed to comprehensively assess the economic and biological potential of the Priokskoe columnar variety to produce recommendations on its introduction in home and industrial gardening. A number of promising selected and elite genotypes, as well as five cultivars (Priokskoe, Poeziya, Vostorg, Orlovskaya Yeseniya, Girlyanda) have been identified from the extensive hybrid fund of columnar apple trees established at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding for over 40 years. Priokskoe was the Institute’s first early-fruiting columnar variety starting at the third year post-inoculation on low-medium vigour rootstock. Average yield at planting density 14,000 plants/ha on dwarf stock 62-396 makes 49.1 t/ha and 78.3 t/ha — in the crown of skeleton-forming stock 3-17-38 at planting density 3,333 plants/ha. Priokskoe is a strong-vigour category among columnar varieties. A 7-year tree height on dwarf rootstock 62-396 was 217.3 cm, a crowned tree height on stem stock 3-4-98 — 281.7 cm. The variety’s winter hardiness is sufficient for its cultivation in the Middle Chernozem zone at no risk of irreversible winter loss. The Rvi6 gene-conditioned scab immunity enables improvement of the orchard phytosanitary situation via reduced chemical burden. The adaptability, economic and biological traits of the Priokskoe columnar variety ensure it a worthy rating among the current apple tree assortment recommended for intensive industrial horticulture.

Evaluation of economically valuable traits of the columnar variety Poesia and the prospects of its use in breeding

One of the most promising forms of apple trees for super-intensive gardens on a new genetic basis is the columnar apple tree. Within the framework of the breeding program of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Selection, 5 columnar apple tree varieties were created and released, one of which is the Poesia variety. The article presents an assessment of the suitability of the columnar apple tree variety Poesia for intensive gardening and prospects of its use in breeding work to create competitive varieties of the new generation. According to complex of economically valuable traits, the variety is characterized by winter-hardiness, early maturation, high yield – for the first 7 years of fruiting, the average variety yield on dwarf rootstock 62–396 was 41.6 t/ha, immunity to scab (gene Rvi6), greatly reducing the pesticide load in the garden. The fruits have an attractive appearance, which is rated with 4.4 points (on a five-point scale), sweet and sour taste (4.3 points). It was established that the Poesia variety is a donor of columnar shape (Co gene) and immunity to scab (Rvi6 gene). With its participation, eight selected forms and one elite seedling have already been created.

Interdisciplinary teams in apple breeding and co-authors of varieties

The article presents the results of 64 years apple breeding work at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (RRIFCB) and shows the high role of the interdisciplinary team. It is noted that at the RRIFCB, leading institute for fruit crop breeding in Russia, over the past period 54 apple varieties of different ripening periods have been created and included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use. Among them 19 are first in Russia and in the world triploid varieties derived from intervalent crossings of type 2 × 4; 24 immune to scab (with the Vf gene), including the first immune to scab domestic variety Imrus (immune Russian) and 5 columnar scab immune varieties. Triploid apple varieties are characterized by more regular fruiting by years, high fruit marketability and partial self-fertility. Scab immune apple varieties when introduced into orchards contribute to a more favourable environmental situation in the orchards and their surroundings and reduce the cost of additional chemical treatments. Columnar varieties make it possible to create super-intensive orchards with an early abundant yield and to simplify and reduce labor-intensive costs for the formation and care of trees. The creation of all these types of varieties was possible thanks to a large interdisciplinary team, which in addition to the main breeder includes specialists of many other specialties: variety specialists, phytopathologists, biochemists, geneticists (about 20 researchers). Among the 54 new apple varieties created at the RRIFCB, only one variety Pamyat Voinu was created by one breeder and two varieties (Orlik and Orlovskoye Polosatoye) were created by the main author and one co-author. The rest of the varieties were created by three and more co-authors. Specialists of different specialties (interdisciplinary teams) are needed for successful breeding work. The success of breeding work also largely depends on the volume of the hybrid fund. With a large amount of material in the plant nursery and breeding orchard, a more rigorous selection for the desired characteristics is possible.

Особливості формування продуктивності колоноподібних яблунь

The purpose. To determine potential of productivity and efficiency of its implementation at different stages of organogenesis of columnarity of apple-tree depending on variety and age of trunk areas. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative, generalizations. The study was spent in 2016–2018 in plantings of primary high quality probe of columnar varieties of apple-trees of 7-, 8- and 15-, 16-years old on a stock 54-118. Trees are grown under the scheme 4x1 m. Determination of stages of organogenesis and calculation of quotient of statistical assessment is realized according to procedure Isaeva I.C. Results. The probed columnar varieties on IIIrd, IVth stages of organogenesis differed by efficiency of differentiation of regenerative gemmas among themselves and on years. During Xth, XIth stages of organogenesis there were losses of potential productivity due to decrease of flowers, ovaries and fruits. As a whole the highest level of implementation of potential productivity was observed at varieties President, Valuta and Tantsovshchitsa which trees counting for 1 potentially generative gemma generated 0,41–0,58 fruits, the lowest — at variety Sparta — 0,12. Conclusions. In Forest-steppe in combination with good soil-climatic conditions and high agro techniques plants of columnar varieties form tall potential of productivity. Its successful implementation in 7-, 8-years trees secures yearly crop within the limits of 2–12 kg for 1 tree depending on variety. The greatest participation in formation of economic crop, for example at variety Valuta, take part the oldest 7-, 8-years old trunk areas, at variety Favorit — 2–5-years old.

Лучшие зимние сорта яблони селекции ВНИИСПК для производства

The history of systematic purposeful apple breeding at the Orel Fruit and Berry Experimental Station (now the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding) is briefl y described. At the fi rst stage of the work North-American and folk breeding varieties were widely used in hybridization. At present, the main objectives in apple breeding are: 1) the creation of triploid varieties; 2) the development of scab immune varieties (V f ); 3) the creation of columnar varieties. Over 50 apple varieties have already been created and included in the State register of breeding achievements admitted for use, including 11 summer varieties, 5 autumn varieties and 30 winter varieties. Brief economical and biological characteristics of 30 zoned winter varieties and 10 winter varieties passing the state testing are given. Apple winter varieties with fruits that can be keeping in storage until the end of February and even until the end of May are of particular value. Such varieties were described previously: Aleksandr Boiko, Blagodat, Vavilovskoye and Ministr Kisilev. In this article the varieties Veniaminovskoye, Veteran, Den Pobedy, Ivanovskoye, Kulikovskoye, Svezhest, Sinap Orlovsky and Stroevskoye are described in more details. Scab immune variety Veniaminovskoye bears beautiful fruit with high taste qualities and these fruit are capable to be stored till the end of February. Fruit of the Veteran variety have got high taste estimation and are capable to to be stored till middle March without losing their commodity qualities. Triploidy variety Den Pobedy is characterized by high commodity and consumer qualities of fruit that are capable to be stored till March. Scab immune variety Svezhest is characterized by the longest keeping quality of fruit. The fruit of this variety are stored till late May and longer. The fruit of well-known variety Sinap Orlovsky are capable to be stored till May having high taste qualities. The introduction of apple varieties with a long-term keeping quality of fruit will contribute to providing the population with fresh fruit almost all year round.

Создание новых сортов колонновидной яблони для насаждений интенсивного типа

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of improving the apple assortment by creating new columnar varieties that combine in their genotype compact growth habit, high productivity, fruit quality, scab resistance and resistance to adverse abiotic environmental factors. The researches were held in proper genetics and breeding lab on the base of apple hybrid fund in the Breeding and Genetical Centre affiliated to I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center in 2008-2017. More than 20 000 seedlings were used as biological objects of researches. The seedlings were obtained as a result of diallel crossings and topcross-crossings of old russian apple varieties of domestic origin, promising donors and sources of high winter resistance, columnar growth habit, and scab resistance, all of them were selected in the Breeding and genetic center of I. V. Michurin Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Crops and introduced. The experimental researches were based on methods of observations, as well as hybridologic analysis, modeling of stress-factors and comparison of the obtained data with the use of genetic & statistical methods. During hybridization, cultivation and study of hybrid seedlings, elite forms and varieties, the conventional methods of breeding and variety were used. New highly productive (25-35 t/hectare), winter resistant (-38…-40 °C), disease resistant, with high fruit quality columnar apple varieties Gotica, Geyzer, Stela, Strela, Kaskad were included into the State register of breeding achievement admitted to use. The highest economical efficiency was marked in columnar varieties Kaskad, Strela, Geyzer. The pro fi t per hectare in production of Kaskad variety was 413,4 thousand rubles with its pro fi tability in 248,7 %, this fact signi fi cantly exceeds the level of reference varieties.

Рост и плодоношение колонновидных сортов яблони селекции ВНИИСПК в интенсивном саду

Breeding for columnar apple varieties has been carried out at FSBSI All Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding since 1984. By now, adaptive and productive columnar varieties having fruit of high quality have been developed (‘riokskoye’ ‘oezia’ ‘ostorg’ ‘irlianda’ ‘rlovskaya Yesenia’ ‘Sozvezdie’, etc.). These varieties have immunity to scab (Vf). ‘Zeliony Shum’ and ‘Priokskoye’ have the most vigorous habit; the height of 6-year trees of these varieties on 62-396 rootstock is 205.8 cm and 201.9 cm, respectively. ‘Girlianda’ (0.8 cm), ‘Poezia’ (0.9 cm), ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ (1.0 cm) as well as control variety ‘Moskovskoye Ozherelie’ (0.6 cm) are characterized by the least quantity of lateral twigs per tree (≥15 cm in length). ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ and ‘Sozvezdie’ have early fruit-bearing among columnar varieties; three years after inoculation they bore yield 84 centner/ha. During the fi rst four years of fruiting ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Priokskoye’ were the most fruitful varieties with the average yield of 259 centner/ha, 228 centner/ha and 224 centner/ha, respectively, while control ‘Valuta’ and ‘Moskovskoye Ozherelie’ had authentically lower yields (165 and 141 centner/ha, respectively). (‘Priokskoye’, ‘Poezia’, ‘Vostorg’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ are characterized by a complex of valuable commercial traits (adaptability, early fruit-bearing, high productivity and scab immunity) and are worth of wide production trials. The establishing of columnar apple orchards contributes to the improvement of the environment in the orchard since it decreases the use of toxic chemicals per area unit, provides more comfortable work conditions in the orchard, signifi cantly reduces the pre-fruiting period of the orchard and gives the possibility to obtain high yields of highly qualitative apples.

Freshwater stromatolites with the cone-in-cone structure from the Neogene lacustrine sediments of Vietnam

Morphological features of the columnar-stratiform stromatolites, which resemble the cone-in-cone structure, from Neogene lacustrine sediments of northern Vietnam are analyzed. Their structural-textural peculiarities and interrelations with the host terrigenous sediments of a stromatolitic buildup are discussed. It is shown that stages of the growth of columns are recorded in the succession of vertically oriented carbonate plates, which form stromatolites, and in the serrate surface protrusions of the plates at their contacts with host sediments. It is established that replacement of the columnar stromatolites by the stratiform varieties in the section can be related to variations in the intensity of terrigenous material influx to the sedimentation basin. Stratiform stromatolites were formed during relatively slow accumulation of sedimentary material. Appearance of the columnar varieties is attributed to intensification of sedimentation.