OHQ vol. 111, no. 4 settlers down the Oregon Trail that set the stage for the treaty councils of 1855. As Fisher notes, many “Indian” histories end with the treaties, the presumption being that Indians dutifully removed to their assigned reservations to be assimilated into mainstreamAmerican society. The treaty councils,however,are just the beginning of Fisher’s story, not the beginning of the end. The treaties created“treaty tribes”— The Yakama Nation and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla and Warm Springs Reservations — with all the rights reserved to those tribes by treaty. The “Columbia River Indians” are not mentioned in the treaties. They are a“Shadow Tribe,”descendants of“renegade Indians”who, in the decades post-treaty, opted out of reservation life and its paternalistic surveillance to continue to live as best they could, following the examples and teachings of their elders and in the face of at times violent confrontations with white settlers and government authorities . Fisher details the response of these offreservation Indians through subsequent eras of U.S. Indian policy and the recognition of Indianrights:theallotmentera,theIndianNew Deal, the Termination Policy post– World War II, the fishing rights wars leading to the 1974 Boldt decision, and the Self-Determination Policies that hold sway today. Columbia River Indians never disappeared and never abandoned their River identities and River homes. The most severe test came with the construction of Columbia and Snake River dams, most painful of all, The Dalles Dam, which in 1957 flooded Celilo Falls at the heart of Columbia River Indian life. Yet not even the dams could kill their spirit. In the late 1980s, the Mid-Columbia River Council,the“ChiefsandCouncilof theColumbia River Indians,”asserted their collective right to intervene when legal actions by the United States government affected Indian families living along the Columbia River. Most of the Indians so represented were enrolled with recognized tribes, mostly with the Yakama Nation.In fact,several Columbia River Indians had served as Tribal Council members,even as Tribal Council Chair, of the Yakama Nation, but they retained a sort of dual citizenship with divided loyalties. Their interests also diverged, as the scarce salmon resources of the Columbia River fisheries — which they claimed as their particular birthright — were increasingly subject to the management decisions of tribal authorities in collaboration with state and federal agencies. Those battles continue today. What lessons should we learn from Shadow Tribe? First and foremost, that Indian peoples are survivors,having met daunting assaults on their sense of person and place, rolling with the punches but always getting up on their feet to fight another round. They are driven by deeply rooted loyalties to the places where their ancestors are buried, often now beneath the Columbia River lakes trapped behind each dam.Their original language is in grave danger of dying, but there are hopeful signs that each new generation of Indians will reach back and take hold of who they are as unique peoples. Eugene S. Hunn University of Washington, Seattle Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee: U.S. Empire and the Transformation of an Indigenous World, 1792–1859 by Gray Whaley The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2010. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. 320 pages. $65.00 cloth. $24.95 paper. In Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee, Gray Whaley traces the relatively rapid colonization of western Oregon from the date of direct contact between Natives and Europeans in 1792 to Oregon’s statehood in 1859. He argues that the dramatic transformations that marked these decades must be analyzed within the context of imperialism because the region was Reviews an important site of European and American expansionist competition from the start. Whaley’s dual focus — on Native and settler perspectives and on the colony’s relationship to empire — creates a compelling study that makes an important contribution to Pacific Northwest historiography. Whaley outlines a unique approach for analyzing the Euro-American colonization of the region by positing two metaphors that evoke the ways Natives and newcomers simultaneously conceived of the physical space that became western Oregon. The word Illahee, from Chinook Jargon, represents the indigenous peoples’view of their homeland.It encompassed a range of relationships...