Colorless Substance Research Articles

Transparent Concrete: A Brief Review

Abstract: World is actively engaged in the creation of unique materials and technologies since the dawn of human civilization. Humans are different from other animals in that we want to live easier, more sophisticated lives. Concrete is nothing short of a miracle for human evolution in this era of constant advancement. One of those cutting-edge varieties of concrete is transparent concrete, which not only dispels the stereotype of concrete as a lifeless, colorless substance but also contributes to energy conservation, one of the main issues facing the modern world. Concrete that transmits light, sometimes referred to as translucent concrete. Due to incorporated light optical elements, the material has light-transmissive qualities. The concrete block allows light to pass through it from one end to the other. Therefore, in order to get maximal light penetration, fibers must travel through the entire object. Natural light in buildings is obstructed by the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings. The use of artificial light has significantly increased as a result of this issue.

Bioenzyme–nanoenzyme–chromogen all-in-one test strip for convenient and sensitive detection of malathion in water environment

The presence of pesticide residues in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. The presence of these residues can result in significant harm to aquatic ecosystems and can negatively impact the health of aquatic organisms. Consequently, this issue requires urgent attention and effective measures to mitigate its impact. However, developing sensitive and rapid detection methods remains a challenge. In this study, an all-in-one test strip, which integrated bioenzymes, nanoenzymes, and a chromogen, was developed in combination with an enzyme labeling instrument for a highly sensitive and convenient sensing of malathion residues. The oxidase activity of heme chloride (Hemin) in the strip can catalyze the oxidation of H2O2 and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue-colored oxide. Simultaneously, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) present in the strip can break down l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate to produce ascorbic acid (AA). This AA then acts to reduce the oxidized form of TMB, turning it into a colorless substance and leading to the disappearance of its fluorescent signal. In the presence of a pesticide, the activity of ALP is inhibited and formation of AA is blocked, thereby preventing the reduction of oxidized TMB and producing a colored signal. According to this principle, the integrated test strip detected the target pesticide with high performance as per the optical density value determined via an enzyme marker. The detection limit of the test strip was 0.209 ng/mL with good sensitivity. The method was used for detecting malathion in actual river water samples, and the recoveries were in the range of 93.53 %–96.87 %. The newly devised technique effectively identified malathion in samples of natural water. This research has introduced a novel approach for the precise and convenient surveillance of pesticide remnants. Additionally, these discoveries could inspire the advancement of proficient multi-enzyme detection systems.

Homogeneous electroanalysis coupled with colorimetry dual-mode sensing of silver ion in water based on target-inhibited peroxidase activity of Pt@ZIF-8 nanozyme

Electrochemical sensing is the commonly used method for the detection of heavy metal silver ion (Ag+), while the conventional electrochemical sensors generally require the existence of electrode modifications and even electrodeposition step coupled with a single-mode readout. Herein, by preparing ZIF-8 organometallic frame load with platinum nanoparticles (Pt@ZIF-8) as nanozyme and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as colorless substance, taking advantage of the superior peroxidase activity of Pt@ZIF-8 that can catalyze the oxidation of OPD to product electroactive/yellow 2,3-diaminophenazinc and the target-inhibited effect towards nanozyme activity from Ag+, a homogeneous electroanalysis coupled with colorimetry (HEA-CM) dual-mode sensing platform was designed for the first time to detect Ag+. Furthermore, the colorimetric images were converted on a smartphone to digital signals for the quantitative analysis. The designed strategy could offer multiple advantages such as electrodeposition-free, modification-free and dual channel readout. After investigating the sensing mechanism and experimental parameters, the analytical performance of the designed strategy was evaluated, obtaining extremely low detection limit (0.034 nM), reliable recovery rate (99.61 %-101.6 %) and wide linearity. This work offered an effective method for the simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and multiplexed determination of Ag+, and also opened a new pathway for the detection of other heavy metals based on HEA-CM dual-mode strategy.

Water Purifications Methods in Ayurveda and Contemporary Methods

Abstract: Water is the essential source on the earth for living organism and plants. Water cover over 70% of the earth surface and is very important for the people as it is essential requirement of human life. It is an inorganic, tasteless, odourless and colourless substance but still half of world specially developing countries are far from the goal to full fill the daily pure water requirement of Lack of pure drinking water, sanitation and hygiene result in the loss of 0.4 million lives annually in India. According to WHO 80% of the diseases are water born and even can cause epidemics. As per WHO world water day report approximate 3.4 million people mostly children die from water related diseases. The chief water borne infection and diseases are bacterial, viral & parasitic diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitic, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection& GIT disorders through polluted water.

Nanozyme and Stimulated Fluorescent Cu-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-MOFs) Functionalized with Engineered Aptamers as a Molecular Recognition Element for Thrombin Detection in the Plasma of COVID-19 Patients.

An essential tool in the management and control of the COVID-19 pandemic is the development of a fast, selective, sensitive, and inexpensive COVID-19 biomarkers detection method. Herein, an ultrasensitive and label-free biosensing strategy was described for the colorimetric and fluorimetric detection of thrombin. A dual-mode aptasensing method based on integrating engineered ssDNA with a stimulated fluorescent enzyme-mimetic copper-based metal–organic framework (Cu-MOF) as a molecular recognition element for thrombin was investigated. Cu-MOFs displayed stimulated fluorescence and enzyme-mimetic peroxidase activities that oxidize the chromogenic colorless substance TMB to blue-colored oxTMB. The thrombin-based aptamer (ssDNA) can be immobilized on the Cu-MOF surface to form a functionalized composite, ssDNA/MOF, and quench the stimulated fluorescence emission and the enzymatic activity of the Cu-MOF. Later, addition of thrombin recovers the fluorescence and enzymatic activity of the MOF. Thus, a turn-on colorimetry/fluorimetry aptasensing probe was designed for the detection of thrombin. Based on colorimetric assay, 350 pM was recorded as the lower limit of detection (LOD), while based on the fluorescence mode, 110 fM was recorded as the LOD (when S/N = 3). The label-free aptasensing probe was used successfully for the detection of thrombin in COVID-19 patients with satisfactory recoveries, 95–98%. Since the detection time of our aptasensor is relatively rapid (45 min) and due to the low-cost precursors and easy-to-operate characteristics, we believe that it has great potential to be used in point-of-care testing (POCT).

Colorless Chemical Substance Detection in the Degradation of Tetracycline Based on Operando 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Colorless Chemical Substance Detection in the Degradation of Tetracycline Based on Operando ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Simulation and Modeling of an Integrated Process Route for the Synthesis of Vinyl Chloride Monomer from Acetylene: Factorial Design Method and Artificial Neural Network

Vinyl Chloride gas is a nonirritating and colorless substance. It is usually colorless at a concentration lower than 3900 ppm (10,000 mg/m3). Vinyl Chloride is simply compressed to liquid for storage and shipping. At a concentration between 200 and 500 mg/m3, a Sweetish odor of Vinyl Chloride may be detected. This research paper is focused on the simulation of an integrated process route for the synthesis of Vinyl chloride Monomer from Acetylene via Aspen Hysys Simulation as well as the Factorial Design of the experiment with MINITAB 17.0. Fit Regression and Artificial Neural Network were employed for the modeling of the responses. Molar flow rates of acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) predicts the conversions of acetylene and hydrogen chloride. A recycle unit is added to the process flow diagram and the maximum conversion of C2H2 and HCl is found to be 99.90 and 99.80 %, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) gives the results of the statistical correlation between the independent variables and response variables. The simulation and modeling results reveal that the Artificial Neural Network model gives better prediction and analysis of the process route with correlation coefficient (R squared values) of 97.921 % and 98.423 % for the conversion of C2H2 and conversion of HCl, respectively compared to the Factorial Design Method model with R squared values value of 79.47 % and 73.70 % for the conversion of C2H2 and conversion of HCl, respectively.

Influence of Rootstocks on Winter-Hardiness of Plum Generative Buds During the Wintering Period in Two Growing Regions

Abstract The selection of appropriate rootstock is the main precondition for obtaining a high yielding and sustainable plum orchard. In the Northern climate, plum overwintering is especially important, where winter hardiness of flower buds is one of indicators. This investigation was carried out during three wintering periods (2010–2013) at the Institute of Horticulture in Pūre (Latvia) and the Polli Horticultural Research Centre (Estonia), in orchards planted in 2001. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks on the viability of flower buds during winter for two plum cultivars in two growing regions. European plum ‘Victoria’ and hybrid plum ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ grafted on eight clonal and eight seedling rootstocks were used in the investigation. Bud samples were taken two times during winter: end of January and end of March. The viability of flower buds and flowering intensity were determined in the laboratory. The viability was determined as dehydrogenase activity using triphenyl tetrazole chloride (0.5%), where in living cells the colourless substance due to enzymatic activity turns into a brightly coloured product — formasan. The optical density of colour was determined with a spectrophotometer at 485 nm. Both cultivars ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ and ‘Victoria’ had higher flower bud viability in Polli compare to Pūre. In both growing regions, the highest activity of dehydrogenases for cultivar ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ was on rootstocks ‘Myrobalan’, ‘St. Julien INRA 2’, ‘Wangenheims Zwetsche’ and for cultivar ‘Victoria’ — on rootstocks ‘Ackermann’, ‘Brompton’ seedlings, and ‘St. Julien d’ Orleans’. The dehydrogenase activity of in flower buds had a tendency to decrease during winter.

A hollow fiber prepared through combining polymethacrylate with manganese oxide as reusable oxidant with valence-selfstabilizing function for cation blue decolorization

By hydrolyzing polymethacrylate hollow fiber in sulfuric acid and then treating it in the aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, we obtained a hollow fibrous oxidant in which in-situ generated manganese oxide was immobilized by partly-hydrolyzed polymethacrylate. The prepared oxidant could oxidize cation blue into colorless substance; thus, it was very efficient at decolorizing cation blue. The results of TOC, FTIR and NMR revealed that the decolorization of cation blue was mainly caused by the cleavage of its double bond of C and N. The oxidant could interact with water to produce oxygen species such as O2·- during decolorization. The oxygen species could help the oxidant to keep its Mn valence unchanged; thus, the oxidant was stable and reusable in decolorizing cation blue. The oxidant could be used up to 5 cycles without any loss in its oxidation activity. It only took less than 30 min to remove 95% of cation blue from 10 mL of its solution with the concentration of 20 mg/L for each cycle.

Sesquiterpene lactones – occurrence and biological properties. A review

Sesquiterpene lactones are secondary metabolites commonly found in higher plants as well as mosses, lichens, and fungi. Currently, over 5000 of such compounds have been identified with a majority isolated from Asteraceae plants. They are characterised by different chemical structures associated with the presence of various carbon pathways and functional groups, which exert an impact on their pharmacological activity. These colourless substances are soluble in fats, alcohols, or water. They are often bitter ingredients regarded as bitter compounds. They are accumulated mainly in leaves, flower parts and seeds; less frequently, they are present in roots. Sesquiterpene lactones exhibit multidirectional biological activity: some of them have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antiparasitic, antifungal, and bacteriostatic effects. Therefore, high hopes are placed on the medical and pharmaceutical use of these substances. Lactone compounds are also regarded as a potential source of new active substances used in agriculture to combat plant pathogens

Evaluation of oxidant and anti-oxidant balance in Behcet’s disease and its correlation with disease activity

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a multi-system, progressive disease which usually presents with oral aphthous and genital ulcers. It may involve other organs such as the eyes, joints, nervous and vascular systems. Although the origin of BD is unknown, it is proposed that immunological, viral, and toxic factors are responsible. The current study evaluated the oxidant/antioxidant balance (redox index) in Behcet’s disease and its correlation with disease activity. Thirty BD patients were enrolled in the study based on International Study Group (ISG 1992) criteria. An age- and gender-matched control group was selected from healthy hospital staff. In this study, 3, 3, 5, 5 tetramethylbenzene (TMB) was used to determine oxidant/antioxidant balance. In the first enzymatic reaction, TBM was oxidized to a colorful cation. In the second chemical reaction, the colorful cation was regenerated to a colorless substance. In such way, the redox index was achieved. The redox index was significantly higher in the BD group than in the healthy group (P=0.0140). The mean redox index varied significantly in different levels of disease activity and was higher in patients with a severe case in comparison with those with a moderate form (P=0.038). There was a positive correlation between disease activity and redox index (r=0.450; P=0.013). A positive correlation was observed between the redox index and the WBC count in patients (P=0.033). The findings of this study demonstrate the presence of oxidative stress in BD, and the severity of BD has a moderately positive correlation with the redox index.

A Low-Cost Imaging Method for the Temporal and Spatial Colorimetric Detection of Free Amines on Maize Root Surfaces.

Plant root exudates are important mediators in the interactions that occur between plants and microorganisms in the soil, yet much remains to be learned about spatial and temporal variation in their production. This work outlines a method utilizing a novel colorimetric paper to detect spatial and temporal changes in the production of nitrogen-containing compounds on the root surface. While existing methods have made it possible to conduct detailed analysis of root exudate composition, relatively less is known about where in the root system exudates are produced and how this localization changes as the root grows. Furthermore, there is much to learn about how exudate localization and composition varies in response to stress. Root exudates are chemically diverse secretions composed of organic acids, amino acids, proteins, sugars, and other metabolites. The sensor utilized for the method, ninhydrin, is a colorless substance in solution that reacts with free amino groups to form a purple dye. A detection paper was developed by formulating ninhydrin into a print solution that was uniformly deposited onto paper with a commercial ink jet printer. This “ninhydrin paper” was used to analyze the chemical makeup of root surfaces from maize seedlings grown vertically on germination paper. Through contact between the ninhydrin paper and seedling root surfaces, combined with images of both the seedlings and dried ninhydrin papers captured using a standard flatbed scanner, nitrogen-containing substances on the root surface can be localized and concentration of signal estimated for over 2 weeks of development. The method was found to be non-inhibiting to plant growth over the analysis period although damage to root hairs was observed. The method is sensitive in the detection of free amines at concentrations as little as 140 μM. Furthermore, ninhydrin paper is stable, showing consistent color changes up to 2 weeks after printing. This relatively simple, low-cost method could contribute to a better understanding of root exudates and mechanisms used by plants to interact with the complex soil environment during growth and development.

Methamphetamine and psychiatry: A story of the colourless substance of abuse.

The current paper aims to provide an overview of methamphetamine in its historical context, integrated with a current understanding derived from animal studies and clinical experience. Despite over a century of clinical experience, methamphetamine remains a troublesome substance. There remains an urgent need at multiple levels from various sectors to combat this ongoing problem, and psychiatry has an essential role in this endeavour.

Camphor poisoning presenting as acute diffuse demyelination of brain

Camphor is a colorless substance available in solid and liquid form. Volatile oil form of camphor is the active ingredient of Vicks Vaporub, and Tiger Balm ointments. These ointments are commonly used as home remedies for treatment of cough, cold and for topical analgesics. They are inexpensive, over the counter remedies, hence widely used in India. Neurological complication due to camphor toxicity reported is headache, mental confusion and seizures. Here we report, a case of diffuse white matter lesions in a young female due to accidental camphor inhalation while working in factory that manufactures vicks and tiger balm. The case highlights camphor as a possible cause of toxic demyelination hence potentially exposed workers should be educated about health and safety measures to prevent such complication.

A Case of Sudden Death due to Lighter Refill Gas Inhalation / Cakmak Gazi Inhalasyonuna Bagli Ani Gelisen Olum Olgusu

A component of lighters refill tubes, butane is a colourless and flammable substance with gasoline-like or natural gas odour. The abuse of easily accessible lighter gas butane is increasing among children and adolescants and this abuse causes euphoric effects. Inhalants are the most commonly used drug after alcohol and tobacco among adolescents. In the literature, it is reported that butane inhalation directly affects central nervous system, respiratory and cardiovasculer systems. To prevent this increasing trend, we believe that society, especially youth, should be educated through precautionary educational activities, sales of lighter refill tubes should be monitored and be made age-restricted, and lighter refill tubes should have warning signs that everyone would understand and attract attention. We present a case of the sudden death of a seventeen-year-old male due to inhaling butane containing lighter refill gas with friends along with the autopsy findings and the results of toxicology and histopathology investigations.

Investigation of Novel Opuntia Ficus-indica Mucilage Nanofiber Membrane Filtration for Water Systems

ABSTRACTNanofiltration technology is being investigated as a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable mechanism of sustaining industrial and public water systems. Nanofiber membranes are part of the family of filtration devices being used to remove inorganics and organics from water systems. This study investigates the use of the natural material, Opuntia ficus-indica (Ofi) cactus mucilage, as a tool for nanofiber membrane filtration. Mucilage is a natural, non-toxic, bio-compatible, biodegradable, inexpensive and abundant material. Mucilage is a clear colorless substance comprised of proteins, mono-saccharides, and polysaccharides. It also contains organic species, which give it the capacity to interact with metals, cations and biological substances promoting flocculation for removing arsenic, bacteria, E. coli, and other particulates from drinking water. This natural material has the potential to be used as a sustainable method for water filtration and contaminant sensing. Therefore, mucilage nanofiber membranes were electrospun with volume ratios of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polystyrene (PS) to mucilage comparing the interaction of non-polar solvents. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) from PSAnalytical was used to evaluate electrospun nanofiber membranes made from volume ratios ranging from 30:70 to 70:30 of mucilage: polyvinyl alcohol, mucilage: polystyrene-D-limonene, and mucilage: polystyrene–toluene in different proportions. The mucilage nanofiber membranes were used as filtration devices for 50 ppb arsenic solutions. Arsenic, being a toxic substance, acts as a deadly poison in water systems and has plagued societal preservation for centuries. The total arsenic content in the samples were measured before and after treatment. Comparative tests were also performed using 1) coated and non-coated GVWP 0.22 µm and 0.45 µm filters from Millipore and 2) columnar flow through Pasteur glass pipets filled with 0.5 g of pre-washed sand from Fisher Scientific and 0.01 g of mucilage nanofibers. Results show mucilage: polystyrene nanofiber membrane filters were capable of removing arsenic from test solutions, in terms of the percentage of arsenic removed. These data elucidate that mucilage nanofiber membranes have the potential to serve as the basis for the next generation of economically sustainable filtration devices that make use of a natural non-toxic material for sustainable water systems.

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.

A New Miniaturized Planar Chromatography

Planar chromatography or thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the oldest and most versatile techniques within the huge family of modern separation science methods. Without doubt, the main advantage of TLC is its simplicity. Fast and efficient fractionation and/or separation of multicomponent mixtures can be performed using just small strip of filter paper (working as the stationary phase) and few milliliters of water or water-organic solvent (acting as the mobile phase) poured into a glass jar operating as the chromatographic chamber. But even this equipment may be reduced if we replace the container with mobile phase by a small glass capillary or syringe tip filled with the liquid phase (Fig. 1). Under such conditions the movement of a given eluent through the paper is entirely driven by capillary forces. Therefore, no pump or any different pressure gradient device is required for the chromatographic run, which may be also performed in two dimensions. It should be noted that contrary to its column counterpart, a number of individual samples may be analyzed simultaneously. TLC allows parallel separations limited only by the plate width along the start line direction. If the components of interest are colored the eye can act as surprisingly sensitive detector. Colorless substances can be simply detected via a number of selective (like ninhydrin) or non-selective (e.g. iodine vapor) visualization reagents. Planar chromatography based on common filter paper provides probably the simplest and cheapest experimental setup for an effective separation of selected optical isomers, e.g., amino acids, considering the fact that native cellulose (operating as the chromatographic stationary phase) has chiral properties. Interestingly, in its simplest form, circular micro-planar chromatography has been reported as a fast optimization and mobile phase selection tool for complex sample separation [1]. In general, planar chromatography has enormous educational potential for demonstration and teaching of separation science principles, including all aspects of qualitative and quantitative analysis [2]. During my postgraduate education I was really lucky to start my experience with chromatography working under supervision of Professor Henryk Lamparczyk, who prematurely passed away at the end of 2012. He was an enthusiast for solving any complex research problems via the simplest possible, methodological approach. Therefore, in his laboratory, despite GC and HPLC machines, he applied planar chromatography extensively as a fast experimental data acquisition tool. Such TLC-generated retention data sets were often used for further chemometric calculations and physicochemical investigations. He successfully supervised and mentored a number of important research projects concerning temperature effects in planar chromatography, focusing on the thermodynamic study of macrocycles and their interaction with n-alcohols and the separation of bile acids using temperature-controlled TLC. Based on planar chromatographic data, he clearly demonstrated, that the general behavior of the solute molecules in chromatographic systems can be explained on the basis of solutephase reversible interactions like electrostatic (van der Waals) forces and stereoselective molecular fitting to stationary and mobile phases. Lamparczyk successfully proposed an electrostatic retention index system common to GC, HPLC and TLC based on the experimental data Published in the topical collection Miniaturized and New Featured Planar Chromatography and Related Techniques with guest editor Pawel K. Zarzycki.

Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of alpha-santonin derivative

Synthesis is based on cooperation of equimol quantity of chloralhydrate thiosemicarbazid with sodium acetate, adding alpha-santonin, extracted from Artemisia cina Berg. ex Polyak, in spirit. The extraction of composition is 90%. The construction of extracted santonin thiosemicarbazon proved by the methods of IR-, H-1NMR-spectroscopy. Santonin thiosemicarbazon (C16H21O3N3S) obtained as chromatographically clean, colorless substance, easily soluble in dimethylsulfocside and dimethylformamide, but badly soluble in methanol and chloroform. UV-spectrum has maximum absorption at 270±2nm wave lengths in neutral environment (95% ethyl spirit). At IR-spectrum (cm-1) there are stripes of absorption at 2942.15, 2898.02, 2870.33 (C-H, CH2, CH3 groups), 1772.99 (–C=O in γ-lactone cycle), 1225.751 (C=S). At NMR-spectroscopy of santonin thiosemicarbazon there are signals of protons of the third methyl group at 1.02m.d (3H, singlet C10-CH3), the methyl group at γ-lactone cycle at 1.13 ppm. (3H, doublet, J=6.5Hz, C11-CH3). The lactone proton is presented as doublet at 5.59 ppm. (1H. doublet, J=5Hz, C6-H). The proton signal of N-H group is presented as singlet at 11ppm. The anti-cancer activity of santonin thiosemicarbazon is detected against these strains of cancers: solid Ehrlich carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the breast glands (Ca755), melanoma B16, Lewis lung carcinoma (LL), Walker carcinosarcoma, Pliss lymphosarcoma (LSP), sarcoma 45 (S-45).

Influence Of Age On Red Wine Colour During Fining With Bentonite And Gelatin

Two fining agents (bentonite and gelatin) have contributed to the reduction of colour of Pinot Noir wine of different ages. Bentonite caused more significant changes in the colour of young wines. Colour intensity, coloured anthocyanin forms, and polymers were reduced to a greater extent, while colourless anthocyanins and total phenolic substances were reduced to a lower extent. Smaller changes in coloured substances resulted from wine treatment with gelatin. The intensity of the share of yellow colour decreased and the intensity of the share of red colour, together with dA% value, increased. The influence of bentonite on the colour of the wine decreased while the influence of gelatin increased with wine ageing.