Color Classification Research Articles

Leveraging Deep Transfer Learning for Precision in Similar Color and Texture-Based Fruit Classification

Worldwide, the most enormously produced fruits, including bananas, papayas, mangoes, and guavas, are found in India. Over the years, agricultural production in India has consistently increased. There is still a massive gap between per capita demand and supply due to losses, including post-harvest. With adequate processing facilities, a clear scope exists to reduce this post-harvest wastage. In recent years, research in cutting-edge technology like computer vision (CV), Artificial Intelligence, and image processing has played an important role in sorting as well as grading fruits. Fruits in similar colors and textures increase the difficulty of identification. Deep learning networks are used to adapt and recognize complex patterns, especially in visual tasks. Utilizing deep transfer learning facilitates achieving excellent results expeditiously. This paper uses the deep transfer learning approach to classify fruits with similar color and texture, namely guava, avocado, lime, apple, pear, mango, and pomelo sweetie. This study introduces a novel model derived from integrating DenseNet, MobileNet, and EfficientNet architectures. The model’s performance is systematically assessed using different optimizers, contributing to a comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy. Simulation findings indicate that MobileNetV1 when paired with the Adam optimizer, surpasses other models in terms of training time, accuracy, and testing time.

Perceptual categorization and perceptual concepts

Abstract Conceptualism is the view that at least some perceptual representation is conceptual. This paper considers a prominent recent argument against Conceptualism due to Ned Block. Block's argument appeals to patterns of color representation in infants, alleging that infants exhibit categorical perception of color while failing to deploy concepts of color categories. Accordingly, the perceptual representation of color categories in infancy must be non-conceptual. This argument is distinctive insofar as it threatens not only the view that all perception is conceptual, but also views that restrict the Conceptualist thesis to perceptual categorization. However, I contend that it fails at two stages. Block's arguments for the perceptual representation of color categories in infancy, and against color concept deployment in infancy, are unpersuasive. Thus, Block has not vanquished Conceptualism. I draw out implications for debates about the perception–cognition border and for the question of whether explicit categorization occurs in perception.

The colonisation of the colour pink: variation and change in Māori’s colour lexicon

Abstract All languages exhibit basic colour terms that manifest how distinct linguistic systems categorise colour. Māori, the language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, demonstrates an instructive case where drastic innovations in colour terminology took place in response to environmental and cultural influences. We demonstrate how and when Māori accrued new colour terms to replace existing ones in its immediate ancestor, Proto-Eastern-Polynesian, and eventually coined new colour terms through borrowing from native words for nature to match the English colour categories that did not previously exist in Māori – except for the colour pink. While contemporary Māori is at the same stage as English (Stage VII) in Berlin and Kay’s colour term hierarchy, the evidence is that Māori was at Stage IV pre-colonisation, possessing only five native colour categories. The evolution of Māori’s colour categories thus illuminates how colonisation may impact the basic vocabulary of a language, both in the Māori settling a new land in the 13th century and in their subsequent language contact with English colonisers in the 19th century.

The darker perspective behind skin lightening practices and its effect on mental Health

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In Pakistan, individuals seem to have a strong preference for a light skin tone due to it being one of the criteria that defines “beauty” universally. There is a plethora of research that has investigated the implications of darker skin color and the role media and culture has played in it. The current study aims to find out the reasons people seek fairer skin tones as well as the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among them in Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted over a period of 6 months in the dermatology OPD of Fatima Hospital Baqai Medical University, Karachi where 250 individuals participated (196 = females, 54 = males) by non-probability purposive sampling. Just over 60% (172 individuals) of the sample size indicated that they fell in the dark skin color category. The results suggest that anxiety, depression, and stress have a significant association with skin tone (p-value< 0.05).RESULTS: The reasons for adopting skin-lightening treatments were diverse;90(36%) of participants reported that they are using the treatment for fairness because of their own will,87( 35) indicated media, and 73(29) selected relatives/friends/husbands. They were also asked to fill DASS-21 scale to determine the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression that come with the pressure of seeking fair treatments. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted that skin tone is an important determinant of mental health and impacts the lives of women and men individuals with darker skin face more anxiety, depression, and stress due to sociocultural pressure.

Semantic variation and semantic change in the color lexicon

Abstract Color terms show a remarkable variation in their possible lexicalization patterns across different languages. In the literature, the interest has been especially to describe the color lexicon of a certain language and to determine whether it may abide or not by Berlin and Kay’s universal evolutionary sequence, e.g., whether a certain color denomination may be considered as a basic color term, or whether a certain color category is lexicalized by more than one basic color term, by which criteria, etc. It has not been established, however, which are the most common lexical sources of basic color terms on a comparative basis, and which semantic changes are more common in this semantic field. On the basis of data drawn from 70 ancient and modern Indo-European languages, we aim at answering precisely these research questions concerning the origin and the development of basic color terms. We discuss the various lexical sources of the basic color terms for white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, gray, orange, pink, and purple, and we show the most important semantic changes leading to these color meanings. We also discuss to which extent these terms are likely to be inherited or borrowed. All this aims at being a contribution to the study of diachronic semantics.

The role of health literacy in adherence to the Mediterranean diet

Abstract Background Health literacy has emerged as a crucial concept in public health. It is considered a modifiable determinant influencing health-related decision. One such decision is the adoption of specific dietary patterns. The Mediterranean diet has garnered recognition as one of the healthiest diets. This study aims to explore the association between health literacy levels among adults in socially vulnerable contexts and their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Methods This study is part of a cluster-randomized trial conducted in primary schools from socially vulnerable contexts. A total of 469 parents of school-aged children agreed to participate. Health literacy was assessed using the Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the MEDAS questionnaire. Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables were self-reported via questionnaire. Parental BMI was calculated using weight/height^2. Education level was categorized into two groups (less than higher education and higher education), while professional status was classified based on the occupational categories of collar color. Generalized linear models were utilized for the analysis. Results Individuals with higher levels of health literacy present a greater odd to adhere to the Mediterranean diet (B = 0.022, 95% CI 0.010-0.035), even after adjusting for potential confounders (B = 0.019, 95% CI 0.006-0.032). Conclusions Health literacy emerges as a crucial factor influencing individuals’ dietary choices, as evidenced by its association with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet. These findings underscore the importance of implementing policies and initiatives aimed at promoting health literacy, particularly among individuals from socially vulnerable contexts. Enhancing public health interventions to bolster health literacy should be prioritized to foster better dietary decision-making. Key messages • Health literacy plays an important role in the adoption of Mediterranean diet among adults from socially vulnerable contexts. • Implementing policies to aim the promotion of health literacy, particularly among individuals from socially vulnerable contexts are necessary.

Quality Results of Cotton Fabric Coloring with Mangsi (Phyllanthus Reticulatus) Fruit Extract

The research was done to analyze the quality of the coloring result of mangsi (phyllanthus reticulatus) fruit extract as natural dyes in cotton fabric dyeing. Extraction method was carried out through maceration process using some solvents namley water, ethanol, acidic ethanol, methanol, and acidic methanol in a ratio of 1:10 with pre-mordanting and fixation using mordant alum, calcium carbonate, and ferrous sulphate. The conducted observations included color direction test, color opacity test and color fastness to soap washing test. The result of color direction was brown to yellow-orange and blue to dark blue. The value of color opacity on cotton fabrics was in the “medium” to “very opaque” color category. The resulting value of color fastness to soap washing test was in the “good” to “poor” category. The dyeing results on cotton fabric generated an even color.

Comp arison of c yclop legic refraction in ch i ldren w i th different iris c olou r cat eg ories: A cross- sec tio na l survey.

To compare the cycloplegic refraction in children with different iris colour categories and age groups. The cross -sectional study was conducted from December 2 022 to June 2023 at the Eye Clinic of Sehat Medical Complex, Hanjarwal, Lahore, and Khizar Eye Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised hyperopic children aged 5-12 years of either gender. Data regarding age, gender, iris colour, auto -refraction and retinoscopy before and after cycloplegic refraction was collected using a structured proforma. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 139 subjects, 73(52.5%) were males and 60(47.5%) were females. There were 79(56.8%) subjects aged 5-8 ye ars and 60(43.2%) aged 9 -12 years. The iris colour dis tribution was 23(16.5%) light, 80(57.6%) med ium and 36(25 . 9%) da r k, w ith a mean visual acuity of 0.7 ±0.6. There wa s a signi ficant differe nce in non - cyclopleg ic and cycloplegic refraction for different iris colours and age groups (p<0.05). Children with light iris colour accommodated more and needed a low concentration of cyclopentolate compared to those with m edi u m and dark ir is col ours. More accomm odation was noted among child ren ag ed 9-12 years.

Ensemble percepts of colored targets among distractors are influenced by hue similarity, not categorical identity.

Color can be used to group similar elements, and ensemble percepts of color can be formed for such groups. In real-life settings, however, elements of similar color are often spatially interspersed among other elements and seen against a background. Forming an ensemble percept of these elements would require the segmentation of the correct color signals for integration. Can the human visual system do this? We examined whether observers can extract the ensemble mean hue from a target hue distribution among distractors and whether a color category boundary between target and distractor hues facilitates ensemble hue formation. Observers were able to selectively judge the target ensemble mean hue, but the presence of distractor hues added noise to the ensemble estimates and caused perceptual biases. The more similar the distractor hues were to the target hues, the noisier the estimates became, possibly reflecting incomplete or inaccurate segmentation of the two hue ensembles. Asymmetries between nominally equidistant distractors and substantial individual variability, however, point to additional factors beyond simple mixing of target and distractor distributions. Finally, we found no evidence for categorical facilitation in selective ensemble hue formation.

A comprehensive framework of visual elements in brand logos: content analysis of top 500 global brands

PurposeDesigners must recognise the significance of a brand logo’s visual elements as they convey various meanings. While studies have attempted to collate visual elements, efforts have often been limited to specific types of visual elements (e.g. typefaces) or restricted to certain product categories. This study aims to conceptualise a comprehensive list of visual elements used in brand logos and to validate it based on the top 500 global brand logos across eight product categories.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive list was conceptualised through a combination of literature review, interviews with experts and observations of real brand logos. Using this exhaustive compilation, content analysis of the top 500 global brand logos was conducted to discern the prevalent trends of the visual elements in logos across various product categories.FindingsThe content analysis results highlighted an extensive preference for use of wordmark, no outline and horizontal proportion in brand logos. Overall, 42.6% and 31% of brands preferred using cool and neutral colours, respectively. Moreover, the preference for colour categories (warm/cool/neutral), font types (organic/geometric) and stacking of elements (horizontal/vertical/diagonal) varied across product categories.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by creating a comprehensive guidebook of visual elements of logos. It also offers guidance to in-house and third-party designers of companies for logo design to better understand the nuances of intellectual property related to logo elements and assists managers in comparing their brands’ visual identity with those of their competitors.

Microplastics in marine sponges (Porifera) along a highly urbanized estuarine gradient in Santos, Brazil

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously found in environmental matrices, particularly affecting aquatic systems. While several marine species have been widely used to assess MP contamination, sponges (Porifera) are less used. The MPs contamination was assessed in the sun sponge (Hymeniacidon heliophila) along a gradient at the Santos Estuarine System (Brazil). A 14-fold difference between concentrations (particles g−1) was verified between the most (1.40 ± 0.81) and least (0.10 ± 0.12) contaminated sites, confirming the local contamination gradient. The MPs found were primarily polypropylene, small (1.2–1000 μm), fibrous, and colored. Considering total concentrations, sizes and shapes these spatial patterns were similar those previously detected in molluscs obtained in the same sites. On the other hand, they differed in polymeric composition and color categories. Such findings give important initial insights into the potential role of marine sponges as putative sentinels of MPs contamination.

Drivers of continuous colour variation in the Madeiran wall lizard (Teira dugesii)

Abstract Animal coloration is often shaped by a myriad of factors that lead to differences in colour through changes in the chromatophores. Depending on how this variation is partitioned, coloration is often categorized as continuous or polymorphic. However, the boundaries between these two categories are not always clear. Here, we investigated whether the ventral coloration of the Madeiran wall lizard (Teira dugesii) varies continuously or corresponds to discrete colour morphs, via by-eye colour classification and visual modelling. By combining these two approaches, we show that T. dugesii coloration varies continuously and that colour classifications based on anthropomorphic approaches alone are ill suited to describe animal coloration. We also tested the influence of size, body condition, and sex as possible factors that might explain differences in T. dugesii coloration. We found that body condition, and especially size and sex, explain a great proportion of the variability observed in this species. These differences point to an effect of ontogeny, which might play a major role in colour development owing to the longevity of this species. Moreover, the sexual dichromatism that this species shows is indicative of an effect of sexual selection on coloration, perhaps explained by differences in circulating hormones.

Exploring the categorical nature of colour perception: Insights from artificial networks

The electromagnetic spectrum of light from a rainbow is a continuous signal, yet we perceive it vividly in several distinct colour categories. The origins and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain partly unexplained. We investigate categorical colour perception in artificial neural networks (ANNs) using the odd-one-out paradigm. In the first experiment, we compared unimodal vision networks (e.g., ImageNet object recognition) to multimodal vision-language models (e.g., CLIP text-image matching). Our results show that vision networks predict a significant portion of human data (approximately 80%), while vision-language models account for the remaining unexplained data, even in non-linguistic experiments. These findings suggest that categorical colour perception is a language-independent representation, though it is partly shaped by linguistic colour terms during its development. In the second experiment, we explored how the visual task influences the colour categories of an ANN by examining twenty-four Taskonomy networks. Our results indicate that human-like colour categories are task-dependent, predominantly emerging in semantic and 3D tasks, with a notable absence in low-level tasks. To explain this difference, we analysed kernel responses before the winner-takes-all stage, observing that networks with mismatching colour categories may still align in underlying continuous representations. Our findings quantify the dual influence of visual signals and linguistic factors in categorical colour perception and demonstrate the task-dependent nature of this phenomenon, suggesting that categorical colour perception emerges to facilitate certain visual tasks.

Swiping colors in virtual reality: Color categories in action

Swiping colors in virtual reality: Color categories in action

81 Evaluating the metabolome of beef carcasses with varied Longissimus lumborum color

Abstract Beef carcasses with non-normal color costs the United States industry billions of dollars annually. While dark cutters have long been attributed to long-term stress and glycogen depletion, few studies have aimed to understand other potential metabolomic markers of dark and light-colored beef. The objective of this study was to determine the metabolomic profile of carcasses possessing dark, intermediate, normal, and light lean according to RGB instrumental color evaluation. Over 9 consecutive months, 216 carcasses (n = 24/mo) from 4 color categories were collected from 2 commercial abattoirs. Carcasses were identified using L* values from industry grading cameras. Carcasses were classified into categories based on the least L* value from either side: dark (L* ≤ 55; n = 53), intermediate (55 &amp;lt; L* &amp;lt; 60; n = 54), normal (60 ≤ L* &amp;lt; 80; n = 54), or light (L* ≥ 80; n = 54). A 5.08 cm steak was collected from the longissimus lumborum from both carcass sides. Steaks were aged until 5 d postmortem, snap-frozen and homogenized into a powder. Metabolites were extracted by weighing 50 mg of sample into a tube with 50 μL of ribitol and 1.5 mL of 80% methanol and homogenized using a bead beater. Sample extract was dried with nitrogen gas before being reconstituted with 50 μL of methoxyamine hydrochloride and 50 μL of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane. Untargeted metabolomics was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mass spectral data were deconvoluted, aligned, and annotated using MS-DIAL. Total ion counts were normalized by the internal standard and log10 transformed prior to analysis. Data were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst by analysis of variance. Pathway analyses were conducted using the KEGG Bos taurus pathway library. Significance for all analyses was declared at FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05. Metabolite analyses identified 137 total features with 74 identified by the reference library and 45 were differentially expressed between carcass color categories. Malic acid was greatest in dark carcasses and least in normal and light carcasses (FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05). 1-methylgalactose, beta-D-galactose, sorbose, and phosphohexonoic acid was greatest in light carcasses, second in normal, third in intermediate, and least in dark carcasses (FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05). Methyl O-D-galactopyranoside, L-iditol, D-fructose-phosphate, and D-sorbitol 6-phosphate were greatest in light, intermediate in normal and intermediate, and least in dark carcasses (FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05). Uridine 5-diphospho-N-actetylglucosamine was greatest in light and normal and least in dark carcasses (FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05). Pathway analyses identified the pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamycin biosynthesis, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis as the likely metabolic pathways causing differences (FDR P &amp;lt; 0.05) between carcass color categories. These results identify metabolites of interests and pathways that may contribute to variation in beef color and indicate that differences within beef carcass color is a multifactorial problem centered around energy and protein metabolism.

Exploring the relationship of colour categorization with pork colour standards under different subjective and objective conditions

The impact of using incorrect lighting while subjectively scoring pork colour with subjective standards (Japanese, Canadian, and Kodak grey) was explored. Lightness was more important than a good colour match between standards and meat. Subjective and image-based automated scoring with Canadian standards were correlated at 0.71–0.77 (P < 0.001) with significant differences in scale distribution (D = 0.14–0.46; P < 0.002), primarily with moderately dark meat. Automated scoring on full colour and greyscale images were strongly related (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and showed matching score distributions when whole scores were used. Tracking automated colour categorization during blooming showed very good potential for reliable categorization after 1 min exposure to air for most meat colours, indicating that reliable automated on-line sorting of pork for colour is easily within reach.

Optical Methods for Optimizing Fluorescence Imaging Field of View and Image Quality in Surgical Guidance Procedures.

Cancer surgery is aimed at complete tumor resection and accurate lymph node detection. However, numerous blood vessels are distributed within the tumor, and the colors of the tumor, blood vessels, and lymph nodes are similar, making observations with the naked eye difficult. Therefore, tumors, blood vessels, and lymph nodes can be monitored via color classification using an operating microscope to induce fluorescence emission. However, as the beam width of the LED required to induce fluorescence emission is narrow and the power loss of the beam is significant at a certain working distance, there are limitations to inducing fluorescence emission, and light reflection occurs in the observation image, obstructing the view of the observation area. Therefore, the removal of reflected light is essential to avoid missing the diagnosis of the lesion under observation. This paper proposes the use of a beam mirror and polarizing filter to increase the beam width and beam intensity. The refraction and reflection effects of the beam were utilized using the beam mirror, and the rotation angle of the polarizing filter was adjusted to remove light reflection. Consequently, the minimum beam power using the beam mirror was 10.9 mW, the beam width was doubled to 40.2°, and more than 98% of light reflection was removed at 90° and 270°. With light reflection effectively eliminated, clear observation of lesions is possible. This method is expected to be used effectively in surgical, procedural, and diagnostic departments.

Addressing cities’ color issues and planning urban colors with regional features to preserve the history and culture of cities: the case of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou (China)

ABSTRACT Although there are many remarkable examples of color traditions from different parts of the world, many cities still face color-related issues, such as lack of regionality and clutter. Since the color issues of different cities vary, the solutions must also be different. This paper examines the old urban areas of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou in China as a case study to investigate how to solve urban color problems and shape the architectural color with regional characteristics. By exploring the spatial distribution of color categories and the interval distribution of color attribute values, this paper finds that the increase in colored buildings (especially along the main roads) and the excessive chromaticity of new buildings affect the regionality of urban colors. Therefore, we propose restoring urban color by establishing color zoning and controlling chromaticity to increase cultural diversity, promote economic vitality, and enhance people’s sense of belonging. The planning of urban color and the establishment of color patterns with regional characteristics are of positive significance for the development of urban history, culture, and habitat.

A potential biomarker for age-related macular degeneration disease: iris freckles

BackgraundTo determine the potential relationship between age-related macular degeneration and iris freckles.MethodIn this case-control study, iris photographs of 300 eyes of 300 patients diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration and 300 eyes of 300 healthy volunteers were obtained with the help of a high-resolution mobile phone camera. The evaluated iris photographs were classified according to the Descriptive Iris Color Classification Scale.ResultsThe average age of the AMD group is 73.05 ± 6.93, and the average age of the control group is 73.43 ± 5.72. (p = 0.124) While freckles were present in 200 (66.7%) of the patients in the AMD group, freckles were not observed in 100 patients (33.3%) of AMD group. While freckles were present in 142 (47.3%) of the patients in the control group, freckles were not observed in 158 of control group(52.7%). There was a significant difference in the presence of freckles between the two groups. (p < 0.001) The average number of freckles in the AMD group was 3.97 ± 3.07, and the number of freckles in the control group was 3.06 ± 2.55. (p = 0.001)ConclusionWe think that evaluation of iris details, especially the presence of iris freckles, should be used routinely in age-related macular degeneration screening. The risk of age-related macular degeneration can be predicted by evaluating iris details, which is an easy and inexpensive method.

Color Analysis of Brocade from the 4th to 8th Centuries Driven by Image-Based Matching Network Modeling

To achieve the color matching rules for the textiles discovered during Silk Road excavations between the 4th and 8th centuries, this research proposed an image-based matching network modeling method. The Silk Road facilitated trade and cultural exchange between the East and West, and the textiles found along the way depict the development of fabrics in a color scheme with great cultural significance. A total of 165 images with brocade patterns were collected from a book with a detailed description of the Western influences on textiles along the Silk Road. Two different clustering methods, including the K-means clustering method and octree quantization approach, were used to extract the primary and secondary colors. By combining the HSV color space with the PCCS color system, the color distribution was analyzed to discover the features of representative color patterns. The co-occurrence relationship of the auxiliary colors was explored using the Apriori algorithm, and a total of eight association rules were established. The results showed that the K-means clustering algorithm can show a better effect of color classification to obtain three primary colors and nine secondary colors. The matching mechanism with a visualized network model was also proposed, which showed that reddish-yellow tones are the main colors in the brocade patterns, and the light and soft tones separately account for 27% and 20%. Beige and brown are the most common colorways, with a confidence level of 47%. One style of brocade pattern was used to demonstrate different appearances within various color networks, which could be applied to 3D virtual fitting. This image-based matching network modeling approach makes the color matching schemes visible, and can assist fashion design with fabric features influenced by historical and cultural development.