Color QR Code Research Articles

Two Calix[3]Phenothiazine‐Based Amorphous Pure Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Supramolecules Mediated by Guest

AbstractHerein, two kinds of amorphous solid‐state supramolecular systems with purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from calix[3]phenothiazine (C[3]Pz) activated by 1,2‐/1,3‐dicyanobenzene (1,2‐/1,3‐DCB) are reported. Different from macrocycle‐confined guest phosphorescence emission, RTP of these two amorphous solid‐state supramolecular systems is entirely from the 1,2‐/1,3‐DCB rivets C[3]Pz cavity to form dense supramolecular complex through CH…π interactions, leading to two different phosphorescence emissions at 566/524 nm under 430 nm excitation, respectively. Although C[3]Pz shows a regular arrangement in the crystal, the vibration dissipation of the benzene ring results in C[3]Pz emitting only fluorescence at 508 nm at room temperature. 1,2‐DCB and 1,3‐DCB can act as molecular rivets to fix the C[3]Pz to inhibit molecular vibration so as to reduce nonradiative relaxation, which enables C[3]Pz to achieve effective RTP emission with 20.8–36.8% quantum yields. This kind of guest‐activated host RTP, which is fairly rare in supramolecular systems, is successfully used for color QR codes and information encryption.

Rate-Distortion-Based Stego: A Large-Capacity Secure Steganography Scheme for Hiding Digital Images.

Steganography is one of the most crucial methods for information hiding, which embeds secret data on an ordinary file or a cover message for avoiding detection. We designed a novel rate-distortion-based large-capacity secure steganographic system, called rate-distortion-based Stego (RD-Stego), to effectively solve the above requirement. The considered effectiveness of our system design includes embedding capacity, adaptability to chosen cover attacks, and the stability of the trained model. The proposed stego scheme can hide multiple three-channel color images and QR codes within another three-channel color image with low visual distortion. Empirically, with a certain degree of robustness against the chosen cover attack, we state that the system offers up to 192+ bits-per-pixel (bpp) embedding of a payload and leaks no secret-related information. Moreover, to provide theoretical foundations for our cost function design, a mutual information-based explanation of the choices of regulation processes is herein included. Finally, we justify our system’s claimed advantages through a series of experiments with publicly available benchmark datasets.

Visual cryptography scheme for secret color images with color QR codes

Visual cryptography scheme can divide the secret image into several shares. It can be used to enhance the secure transmission of the secret image on the Internet. Most schemes cannot fully restore the secret color image and generate meaningful shares. This paper proposes two new schemes by using color XOR to solve these problems. The first proposed scheme generates meaningless shares. The second proposed scheme can generate n−1 meaningful shares and a meaningless share. Based on the first proposed scheme, n−1 shares are modified to color QR codes in the second proposed scheme. These color QR codes can be decoded by the general decoder instead of the standard decoder. All shares are performed the color XOR to restore the secret color image completely. This paper uses some experiments to test two proposed schemes. Experimental results show that the two proposed schemes are feasible.

Distributed color QR code with high-capability and fast decoding

Considering incompatibility between the color QR code and the standard QR code decoder and insecurity of information storage in the open network environment, this paper proposes a distributed color QR code by analyzing the decoding process of the QR code, which employs the Shamir’s (k, n) secret sharing algorithm to ensure the security of the secret information and sets threshold to achieve compatibility with the standard decoder. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of threshold values on the performance of the proposed scheme, and determine the valid threshold value interval of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is feasible with a fast reading speed and high secret storage capacity within the threshold interval.

Optics-free imaging of complex, non-sparse and color QR-codes with deep neural networks.

We demonstrate optics-free imaging of complex color and monochrome QR-codes using a bare image sensor and trained artificial neural networks (ANNs). The ANN is trained to interpret the raw sensor data for human visualization. The image sensor is placed at a specified gap (1mm, 5mm and 10mm) from the QR code. We studied the robustness of our approach by experimentally testing the output of the ANNs with system perturbations of this gap, and the translational and rotational alignments of the QR code to the image sensor. Our demonstration opens us the possibility of using completely optics-free, non-anthropocentric cameras for application-specific imaging of complex, non-sparse objects.

FUZZY ENCODER FRAMEWORK FOR FOUR LAYERS COLOR QR CODE

QR code is a popular type of two-dimension barcode due to high demand of QR code which makes it an active research area specifically to overcome QR code limitation. One of QR code limitation is encoding data size limitation. In this paper, we proposed four layers QR code encoder utilizing fuzzy technique to overcome size limitation. The framework extended the maximum capacity for three layers color QR code by 25%. The fuzzy encoder will select the best-fit color QR code in the aspect of the number of colors according to the file size and the space on paper. Then, the encoder will divide the file into a maximum of four layers of a black and white QR code and give each layer a specific color by color multiplexing for those QR codes. We produced a color QR code with a maximum capacity of four times larger than existing black and white QR code. The encoder also proposed color reference on the locator pattern in the QR code to easily identify the number of colors used in the generated color QR code.

Algorithms of color QR codes formation for biometry tasks

Subject of Research. The paper considers an algorithm for the formation of color QR-codes for facial biometrics. Methods. The methods are based on image processing procedures, linear algebra methods and are implemented in MATLAB package environment. Main Results. We present a new graphics object: a color biometric QR code and a method of forming color QR codes in biometrics tasks. An algorithm for its implementation is described, a functional diagram of the device for its implementation is shown, examples of various variants of color biometric QR codes are given. Practical Relevance. The results obtained can be used in practical biometrics and its applications, and for creation of new types of test databases for face images

Robust and Fast Decoding of High-Capacity Color QR Codes for Mobile Applications.

The use of color in QR codes brings extra data capacity, but also inflicts tremendous challenges on the decoding process due to chromatic distortion-cross-channel color interference and illumination variation. Particularly, we further discover a new type of chromatic distortion in high-density color QR codes-cross-module color interference-caused by the high density which also makes the geometric distortion correction more challenging. To address these problems, we propose two approaches, LSVM-CMI and QDA-CMI, which jointly model these different types of chromatic distortion. Extended from SVM and QDA, respectively, both LSVM-CMI and QDA-CMI optimize over a particular objective function and learn a color classifier. Furthermore, a robust geometric transformation method and several pipeline refinements are proposed to boost the decoding performance for mobile applications. We put forth and implement a framework for high-capacity color QR codes equipped with our methods, called HiQ. To evaluate the performance of HiQ, we collect a challenging large-scale color QR code dataset, CUHK-CQRC, which consists of 5390 high-density color QR code samples. The comparison with the baseline method [2] on CUHK-CQRC shows that HiQ at least outperforms [2] by 188% in decoding success rate and 60% in bit error rate. Our implementation of HiQ in iOS and Android also demonstrates the effectiveness of our framework in real-world applications.

A Comparative Study of Recognition Rate of Color QR Code Printed on Tyvek and Cotton Material

This purpose of this study to analyze effect material properties have on change in QR code recognition rate according to change of materials by comparing recognition rate of color QR code. QR code applied to textile materials has the advantage of being washable and being applicable to lost child prevention goods or clothes or a person with dementia through record of information relating to the material or input of additional information, differently from QR code printed on the conventional paper. An effective method of entering QR code in textile materials is Digital Textile Printing(DTP), that facilitates printing by rapidly applying diverse information, and small quantity production. It is possible to tailor various QR codes according to use. Regarding samples to use, cotton material used in clothing products and Tyvek material recently applied to clothing and related products were selected. Reactive dyes were used for cotton, pigment was used for Tyvek, and QR code was printed with an inkjet printer by direct printing method. Printing methods and surface textures are different between cotton and Tyvek. It was revealed that consequent print results and results of recognition rate were different. Regarding color to be printed, 2015 S/S - 2017 S/S color presented by Pantone was used. Color combination affected recognition rate of color QR code. Understanding color combination, material properties and print characteristics may be helpful in increasing recognition rate of color QR code, and may contribute to usability of color QR code applied to textile materials in the future.

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

In this paper, an algorithm that embed watermarking into color QR code based on image normalization and contourlet transform is proposed, which is based on image normalization and invariant centroid theory. For the purpose of enhancing the invisibility and resistance to geometric attack of watermarking, we first encrypt the watermarking with chaotic method before information embedding, and then eliminate the effect of geometric change by utilizing image normalization. Based on the matrix singular value decomposition in contourlet domain, suggests an adaptive watermarking scheme that watermarks are embedded into the above resulted images. Corresponding, we perform inverse transform to the QR code which is attacked by geometric transformation and non geometric transformation including blurring, JPEG compression, noise addition, sharpening, scaling, rotation, and cropping before extracting the watermarking. Thus, we can prove the truth of the attacked QR code by the extracted watermarking which is recognizable.

A Virtual-Internetworking-Stack (VIS) Approach to Achieve a Flexible, Proprietary Security Model by Augmentation of the Transport Layer under the Collaborative Framework of Sine Wave Encryption Technique and Generation of Color QR Codes

Due to potentially peer works going on to address the loopholes in the existing system research works in Internet Security is never likely to saturate. The degree of one's need of security on Internet varies with one's economical, organizational and political position and the sensitivity of the information itself. This thesis envisages a Virtual Internetworking Stack (VIS), achieved by augmentation of the TCP/IP stack to befool possible cyber vigilance on one’s activities over the Internet. The model prescribes a secure session set-up randomly by exchanging colored QR codes, where the wavelength of the color determines the phase of a sinusoid used to encrypt/decrypt a message, which is understood only by a compatible and intended VIS-stack. Since, the augmentation of TCP/IP layer is done in the Kernel of the user’s Operating System, any message that this VIS-stack sends to another VIS-stack across the Internet, will be meaningless to the routers and gateways in between which participate in cyber vigilance; and an attempt to steal one’s information will be fooled by the proposed security model. We also present a vulnerability study and performance evaluation of the augmented TCP/IP stack, obtained by results of physically performed experiments.

Improved Color QR Codes for Real Time Applications with High Embedding Capacity

QR code is a special type of barcode that can encode information like numbers, letters, and any other characters. The capacity of a given QR code depends on the version and error correction level, as also the data type which are encoded. A QR code framework for mobile phone applications by exploiting the spectral diversity afforded by the cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) print colorant channels commonly used for color printing and the complementary red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels, which captures the color images had been proposed. Specifically, this spectral diversity to realize a three- fold increase in the data rate by encoding independent data the C, Y, and M channels and decoding the data from the complementary R, G, and B channels. In most cases Reed- Solomon error correction codes will be used for generating error correction codewords and also to increase the interference cancellation rate. Experimental results will show that the proposed framework successfully overcomes both single and burst errors and also providing a low bit error rate and a high decoding rate for each of the colorant channels when used with a corresponding error correction scheme. Finally proposed system was successfully synthesized using QUARTUS II EDA tools.