Color Power Angiography Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Multi-Frequency Shear Wave Absolute Vibro-Elastography (3D S-WAVE) With a Matrix Array Transducer: Implementation and Preliminary In Vivo Study of the Liver.

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is commonly regarded as the imaging-based gold-standard for liver fibrosis staging, comparable to biopsy. While ultrasound-based elastography methods for liver fibrosis staging have been developed, they are confined to a 1D or a 2D region of interest and to a limited depth. 3D Shear Wave Absolute Vibro-Elastography (S-WAVE) is a steady-state, external excitation, volumetric elastography technique that is similar to MRE, but has the additional advantage of multi-frequency excitation. We present a novel ultrasound matrix array implementation of S-WAVE that takes advantage of 3D imaging. We use a matrix array transducer to sample axial multi-frequency steady-state tissue motion over a volume, using a Color Power Angiography sequence. Tissue motion with the frequency components {40,50,60} and {45,55,65} Hz are acquired over a (90° lateral) × (40° elevational) × (16 cm depth) sector with an acquisition time of 12 seconds. We compute the elasticity map in 3D using local spatial frequency estimation. We characterize this new approach in tissue phantoms against measurements obtained with transient elastography and MRE. Six healthy volunteers and eight patients with chronic liver disease were imaged. Their MRE and S-WAVE volumes were aligned using T1 to B-mode registration for direct comparison in common regions of interest. S-WAVE and MRE results are correlated with R2 = 0.92, while MRE and TE results are correlated with R2 = 0.71. Our findings show that S-WAVE with matrix array has the potential to deliver a similar assessment of liver fibrosis as MRE in a more accessible, inexpensive way, to a broader set of patients.

Evaluation of 3D-CPA, HR-HPV, and TCT joint detection on cervical disease screening.

The application value of three-dimensional color power angiography (3D-CPA), high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) joint detection on cervical disease screening was investigated. In total, 1,900 patients that were examined in Gynecological and Cervix Clinic of Maternal and Child Care Service Center of Xuzhou from June 2012 to March 2015 were enrolled in the present study. After admission, the patients underwent TCT, HR-HPV and 3D-CPA examinations, and vascular morphology and typing, vascularization index (VI) were recorded. Colposcopic biopsy was performed in patients with a positive outcome of any of the three indices. Pathological diagnosis was taken as the golden standard to assess the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic rate, and Youden index of the three methods being used independently or jointly. Of the 1,900 patients, 276 cases (14.53%) were HR-HPV-positive, 214 cases (11.26%) were VI-positive and 164 cases (8.63%) were TCT-positive. A total of 418 cases were confirmed with a positive outcome of any of the three indices and a cervical biopsy was obtained. Of the 418 cases, 162 cases (38.75%) were diagnosed with chronic cervicitis, 146 cases with low-level cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (34.93%), 104 cases (24.88%) with high level CIN, 6 cases (1.44%) with cervical cancer. Histology more than low level CIN was defined as positive: i) screening results when the three methods were used independently: HPV was confirmed with the highest sensitivity (90.63%), VI with the highest specificity (83.95%), and HPV with the highest diagnostic accuracy (83.73%); ii) screening results under HPV+TCT and HPV+TCT+VI: HPV+TCT+VI was confirmed with the highest sensitivity and specificity: sensitivity (94.53%), specificity (81.48%), diagnosis coincidence rate (89.47%) and the highest Youden index of 0.760; and iii) vascular morphology and grading were significantly different in the early stage cervical carcinoma, high level CIM, and cervicitis groups. In conclusion, the joint detection of 3D-CPA, HR-HPV, and TCT improved the sensitivity and accuracy of cervical disease screening. 3D-CPA technology may therefore be used as an auxiliary screening method for cervical cancer.

Application of SonoVue combined with three-dimensional color power angiography in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of intrauterine adhesion

ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of the related indexes of three-dimensional color power angiography (3D-CPA) combined with SonoVue angiography in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of intrauterine adhesion (IUA). MethodsThe accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated between 3D-TVS and hysteroscopy. Endometrial thickness, volume (V), mean gray value (MG), vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), vascularization flow index (VFI), and other related indexes before and after the angiography were compared. According to the hysteroscopy findings, the patients were divided into three groups: mild, medium, and severe. The endometrial thickness at 3 months postoperatively and the pregnancy rates at 1 year postoperatively were compared. ResultsCompared with the hysteroscopy, sensitivity: 0.970 (0.021), specificity: 0.667 (0.086), (the values inside the bracket were the standard error), positive likelihood ratio: 2.909, negative likelihood ratio: 0.045. There was a significant difference in endometrial thickness and V between the three groups (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in MG, VI, FI, and VFI between the mild and severe group (P>0.05). During intravenous injection of SonoVue, the blood flow of each group increased (P<0.001), and the VI, FI, and VFI of each group were significantly different (P<0.05). Compared with the preoperative values, the endometrial thickness, V, MG, VI, FI, and VFI significantly changed at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). The mild group and high VI group had a higher pregnancy success rate at one year postoperatively. Conclusion3D-CPA can indirectly diagnose IUA, and may play an important role in prognosis assessment.

Experimental study of three-dimensional ultrasonography for evaluation of testicular torsion

Objective To investigate the value of three-dimensional power Doppler angiography (3D-PDA) in quantitative evaluation of the testical blood peffusion in testicular torsion.Methods Grayscale and 3D-PDA ultrasonography were applied respectively in 20 dogs without and with testicular torsion for 180°,270°,360° and 540°,immediately and after 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 h.The testis volume,vascularization index (VI),flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were observed and analyzed.Results The VI,FI and VFI in the torsional testis were 6.67 ± 0.67 to 0.19 ± 0.11,33.06 ± 1.43 to 11.61 ± 2.05 and 2.21 ± 0.27 to 0.02 ± 0.01,respectively,significantly lower than in control group (7.30 ±0.61,35.70 ± 1.35 and 2.61 ±0.25 respectively,P ＜0.05).The VI,FI and VFI in the testis after 360° of torsion were 2.75 ± 0.57 to 0.71 ± 0.18,20.65 ± 2.02 to 8.41 ± 1.67 and 0.57 ± 0.14 to 0.06 ±0.02 respectively,lower than in control group (7.18 ±0.76,35.38 ± 1.36 and 2.54 ±0.31,P ＜ 0.05).With the increasing trend of torsional angle and the time,the VI,FI and VFI were gradually decreased.Conclusion 3D-PDA has high specificity and sensibility in judging the blood perfusion and distribution of the testicular torsion and provides objective quantitative parameters. Key words: Spermatic cord torsion; Three-dimensional color power angiography; Vascularity index; Flow index

Value of three-dimensional color power angiography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors

Objective To evaluate the value of three-dimensional color power angiography(3D-CPA) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors.Methods 3D-CPA vascular parameters were collected and analyzed in 121 breast solid lesions (63 malignant,58 benign) in the 114 female patients.The diagnostic performances of each parameter were compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)cure.Results The parameters of intra-tumor flow index (FI1),flow index of shells with outside thickness of 3mm surrounding the breast tumors(FI2 ) and the ratio of FI2 and FI1 (G2) in malignant group were significantly higher than those in benign group( P ＜0.05,respectively).Analysis of the areas under ROC curve showed that the areas under FI2 curve was the largest.No significant difference( P ＞0.05) was found between the area under FI2 curve and the area under G2 curve.Comparing the area under FI2 curve to that under FI1,there was significant differences ( P ＜ 0.05).Taking FI2 ≥ 27.385 as the critical value,the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malignant breast tumors were 88.9％ and 81.0％,and the positive and negative predictive values were 83.6％ and 87.0％ respectively.Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of 3D-CPA parameter FI2 in the diagnosis of malignant breast tumors were higher than others,FI2 with the optimal critical value of ≥27.385 could help to identify malignant from benign breast tumors. Key words: Ultrasonography; Breast neoplasms; Diagnosis, differential; Three-dimensional color power angiography

Value of Three-Dimensional Color Power Angiography in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors

Value of Three-Dimensional Color Power Angiography in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors

Application on subclinical hypothyroidism with three-dimensional power Doppler angiography

Objective To quantify Doppler signal in subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT)patients and provide quantitative parameters with three-dimensional caor power angiography(3D-PDA) and color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI). Then analysis the relationship between the above indices and TSH, TPOAb and TGAb. Methods Thirty two patients with SHT(case group)and thirty two normal controls(control group)were examined by 3D-CPA and CDFI. Under the CDFI condition to exam Peak Systolic Velocity of Superior Thyroid Artery(PSV)and Resistive Index(RI) and Acceleration Time(AT). Meanwhile region of interested(ROI) were defined to obtain histogram and the quantification index: Mean Gray (MG) , Vascularization Index (VI) , Flow Index (FI) ,Vascularization Flow Index(VFI). Then analysis the relationship between the above indices and thyroid function parameters. Such as TSH and TPOAb. Results The difference between images of case group and control group was much significant. The quantification index MG (42 ± 4. 15), VI (18. 29 ± 1.86), FI (32 ± 2.1), VFI (9.6±0. 80) ,PSV(69. 2 ± 10. 1 cm/s) and AT(0. 072 ±0. 18 s) of case group were much higher than that of control group MG(37 ±2.65) ,VI(11. 7 ±0. 102) ,FI(24. 05 ± 1.56) and VFI(0. 33 ±0. 02) ,PSV(69.2 ± 10. 1 cm/s)and AT(0. 030 ±0. 01 s) (P ＜0. 05) ,PSV VI, Fl and VFI have positive correlation with TSH TPOAb and TGAb except RI. Conclusion 3D Color power angiography is a new good tool to assess the level of echo and blood flow quantitatively. It can provide important evidence for diagnosis and treatment of SHT. Key words: Three-dimensional color power angiography; Color Doppler flow imaging; Subclinical hypothyroidism

Relationship of mean color vessels density and microvessel density in rectal cancer and their clinical significance

Objective To explore the relationship of the mean color vessels density (MCVD) and pathologic microvessel density(MVD) in rectal cancers and their relation with T stags and lymph node metastasis.Methods MCVD were caculated preoperationly with transrectal color power angiography(TRCPA).After operation MVD was assessed immunohistochemically using anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody.The relationships within MCVD, MVD and T stages and lymph node metastasis were analysed.Results There were positive correlation between MCVD and MVD (r=0.763, P＜0.01) in rectal cancer.There were significant difference of MCVD and MVD in both the depth of carcinoma invasion and metastasis of lymphatic nodes( P＜0.05).Conclusions MCVD can display features of the blood supply and distribution of pathologic microvessels and reflect the development of rectal cancers.MCVD is a credible index to choose available treatment and to evaluate prognosis before operation of rectal cancer. Key words: Endosonography; Rectal neoplasms; Mean color vessels density; Microvessel density

Ultrasonic findings of osteosarcoma by three-dimensional color power angiography

Objective To evaluate the value of three-dimensional color power angiography(3D-CPA,) in osteosarcoma diagnosis. Methods Forty-three cases with osteosarcoma were detected with 3D-CPA to assess the vascular classification(3D-CPA Ⅰ to Ⅲ) and measure the vascular parameters including vascularization index(VI), flow index(FI) and vascularization-flow index(VFI). Results All of the 43 cases were classified into 3D-CPA Ⅲ type. The space structure shape of blood vessels and the origin of nutrient vessels was clear. The quantitative measurement showed that VI was 25.84±6.87,FI was 34, 18±2.93, VFI was 9.02±4.04. Conclnsions It is a new method to analyze and diagnose osteosarcoma with 3D-CPA because it can show the nutrient vessels and the embranchments of blood vessels clearly, tridimensionally and integrally and Bake quantitative or partial-quantitative analysis. Key words: Ultrasonography; Osteosarcoma

Assessment of three-dimensional sonographic features of polycystic ovaries after laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery

Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome-related infertility includes laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery. Three-dimensional (3-D) sonographic characterization of polycystic ovaries has been performed recently, including the study of the effect of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on ovarian volume. The impact of laparoscopic treatment on ovarian volume and vascular flow-patterns assessed by 3-D color power angiography (CPA), however, has not yet been elucidated. To measure ovarian volume, to evaluate and quantify intraovarian blood flow with 3-D CPA histogram analysis before and after laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery, and to compare the hormonal effects of surgery with 3-D sonographic findings. University hospital. Ten patients, aged 18-34 years, with polycystic ovary syndrome. Evaluation of serum and urinary hormone profiles as well as transvaginal 3-D ultrasonography were performed before and after laparoscopic ovarian surgery. Ovarian volume decreased, and 3-D CPA showed increased intraovarian flow intensity after laparoscopic electrocautery. Serum LH and T levels, ratios of urinary steroids reflecting 5 alpha-reductase enzyme activity, and androgen to cortisol metabolites decreased; serum FSH levels increased 1 week after laparoscopy and correlated well with changes of 3-D sonographic features. Seven patients ovulated regularly after surgery, and five pregnancies were conceived within 1 year. Three-dimensional ultrasonography may be a useful adjunct and noninvasive method for correlating clinical parameters with the blood flow alterations in polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

3383: Tumor vascularity measurements of musculoskeletal system by 3D color power angiography and the virtual organ computer-aided analysis imaging program

Objectives: The purpose of study was to assess tumor vascularity indices and quantitative analysis by 3D-color power angiography (CPA) and the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL), evaluating the value of diagnosis and differential diagnosis in malignant and benign tumor of musculoskeletal system.

Normative values of Doppler velocimetry of five major fetal arteries as determined by color power angiography

To produce normograms of Doppler indices of major fetal arteries and their ratios relative to the ascending aorta in a cohort of appropriately grown for gestational age fetuses. Prospective longitudinal study of 70 women with appropriately grown for gestational age fetuses between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation attending the Fetal Growth Clinic of a large UK teaching hospital. Doppler velocimetry of the middle cerebral (MCA), umbilical (UmA) and renal arteries (RA) and the ascending (AAO) and descending (DAO) aortas were studied using color power angiography. Ratios of the Doppler indices [pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio] were then calculated using the ascending aorta as the reference numerator for the other four vessels to produce normograms. Regression analysis was performed to determined the significance, if any, of the changes in these ratios with gestation. The normograms of the various Doppler indices were similar for the middle cerebral artery, ascending and descending aortas. There was an initial rise to a peak between 30 and 32 weeks and then a gradual return to values at 38 weeks similar to those at 24 weeks' gestation. In the renal artery, the indices showed very little variation with gestation. However, there was a gradual fall in the indices with gestation in the umbilical artery. The ratios of the various indices relative to that of the ascending aorta demonstrated an increase with gestation. The changes with gestation were statistically significant for the ratios of the indices from the ascending aorta to those of the middle cerebral, renal and umbilical arteries but not for those of the descending aorta. The vascular resistance in the five fetal arteries decreased towards the end of pregnancy and the ratios of their indices relative to those of the ascending aorta decreased from 24 to 38 weeks' gestation. Early subtle changes in circulation in compromised fetuses may be identified early from deviations in these normograms.

Normative values of Doppler velocimetry of five major fetal arteries as determined by color power angiography

Objective. To produce normograms of Doppler indices of major fetal arteries and their ratios relative to the ascending aorta in a cohort of appropriately grown for gestational age fetuses. Methods. Prospective longitudinal study of 70 women with appropriately grown for gestational age fetuses between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation attending the Fetal Growth Clinic of a large UK teaching hospital. Doppler velocimetry of the middle cerebral (MCA), umbilical (UmA) and renal arteries (RA) and the ascending (AAO) and descending (DAO) aortas were studied using color power angiography. Ratios of the Doppler indices [pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio] were then calculated using the ascending aorta as the reference numerator for the other four vessels to produce normograms. Regression analysis was performed to determined the significance, if any, of the changes in these ratios with gestation. Results. The normograms of the various Doppler indices were similar for the middle cerebral artery, ascending and descending aortas. There was an initial rise to a peak between 30 and 32 weeks and then a gradual return to values at 38 weeks similar to those at 24 weeks' gestation. In the renal artery, the indices showed very little variation with gestation. However, there was a gradual fall in the indices with gestation in the umbilical artery. The ratios of the various indices relative to that of the ascending aorta demonstrated an increase with gestation. The changes with gestation were statistically significant for the ratios of the indices from the ascending aorta to those of the middle cerebral, renal and umbilical arteries but not for those of the descending aorta. Conclusions. The vascular resistance in the five fetal arteries decreased towards the end of pregnancy and the ratios of their indices relative to those of the ascending aorta decreased from 24 to 38 weeks' gestation. Early subtle changes in circulation in compromised fetuses may be identified early from deviations in these normograms.

Role of Ultrasonography and Color Doppler in Identification of the Corpus Luteum of Early Pregnancy

A prospective study was conducted in 49 first-trimester pregnancies—39 with live intrauterine pregnancies and 10 with missed abortions. Transvaginal sonography and color Doppler recorded size, sonographic appearance, color flow pattern, peak systolic velocity, and resistance index of each corpus luteum. Gray-scale sonographic appearances revealed thick-walled cysts, hypoechoic to isoechoic rounded structures, thin-walled cysts, and bilocular thick-walled cysts in patients with live intrauterine pregnancies. In patients with missed abortions, the most common pattern was thick-walled cysts, followed by hypoechoic areas and simple cysts. It was concluded that the corpus luteum, a well-identified structure in one of the ovaries in early pregnancy, has a wide range of sonographic morphologies. Better delineation is possible with color Doppler and color power angiography. Knowledge of the various morphological patterns on sonogram and color Doppler can help differentiate the corpus luteum from true ovarian pathologies.

Expectant management of a cornual pregnancy followed up by serial transvaginal color power Doppler angiography and serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels

Expectant management of a cornual pregnancy followed up by serial transvaginal color power Doppler angiography and serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels

3-dimensional colour power angiography for staging human placental development

Maldevelopment of placental villous trees and their blood vessels results in impaired fetal growth, which can greatly compromise fetal, neonatal, childhood, and adulthood health. There are no means of directly assessing such maldevelopment. We have applied a new technique of imaging (colour power angiography [CPA]) with 3-dimensional reconstruction to assess directly villous development in human pregnancy in vivo in 20 uncomplicated pregnancies from 13 to 38 weeks' gestation. The chronology of villous trees was much the same in 3-dimensional CPA, scanning electron micrography, and classical histology from controls matched by age. This approach provides a unique opportunity to examine normal placental development directly, and should provide the bases for real-time investigation of placental pathology and a robust method for diagnosis and surveillance during pregnancy.

Longitudinal quantification of uterine artery blood volume flow changes during gestation in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction

To quantify and compare longitudinal uterine artery volume flow changes in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies and those complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Serial longitudinal study. Large UK Teaching Hospital Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department and Institute of Anatomy, RWTH Aachen, Germany. Pregnant women with accurately dated singleton pregnancies. Quantified uterine volume flow was prospectively measured by colour power angiography in (a) 32 women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry at 20 and 24 weeks of gestation and with risk factors for IUGR (IUGR group) and (b) 25 women with normal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and no risk factors for IUGR (AGA group) between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation. Values obtained from each gestation were compared using unpaired t test. Gestational age at delivery, birthweight and total quantified volume flow (mL/min) per gestation in IUGR and AGA pregnancies. Twenty of the 32 women recruited into the IUGR group and 18 of the 25 controls fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. The mean birthweight [SD] and gestational age [SD] at delivery in the IUGR and AGA groups were 2634 [277] versus 3429 [349] g and 39.5 [1.2] and 41.1 [2.3] weeks, respectively. The diameter of the proximal uterine artery just after it crosses the external iliac artery was smaller in the IUGR group from as early as 20 weeks of gestation but this difference only became statistically significant from 24 weeks of gestation and widened as pregnancy advanced. The quantified volume flow in the IUGR group was significantly less than that in the AGA throughout the study period (287 [117] versus 328 [159] mL/min at 20 weeks (P < 0.05), 334 [169] versus 538 [181] mL/min at 24 weeks [P < 0.004] and 534 [332] versus 830 [284] mL/min at 38 weeks of gestation [P < 0.002]). Volume flow in the IUGR group was 12.5% and 36.7% less than that in the AGA group at 20 and 28 weeks of gestation, respectively. Proximal uterine artery diameter and quantified volume flow change with gestation and show significant differences between AGA pregnancies and those complicated by IUGR. These changes occur early and become more marked as pregnancy advances. Early use of these measurements may identify pregnancies at risk of complications.

Longitudinal quantification of uterine artery blood volume flow changes during gestation in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction

Objective To quantify and compare longitudinal uterine artery volume flow changes in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies and those complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Design Serial longitudinal study. Setting Large UK Teaching Hospital Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department and Institute of Anatomy, RWTH Aachen, Germany. Population Pregnant women with accurately dated singleton pregnancies. Methods Quantified uterine volume flow was prospectively measured by colour power angiography in (a) 32 women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry at 20 and 24 weeks of gestation and with risk factors for IUGR (IUGR group) and (b) 25 women with normal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and no risk factors for IUGR (AGA group) between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation. Values obtained from each gestation were compared using unpaired t test. Main outcome measures Gestational age at delivery, birthweight and total quantified volume flow (mL/min) per gestation in IUGR and AGA pregnancies. Results Twenty of the 32 women recruited into the IUGR group and 18 of the 25 controls fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. The mean birthweight [SD] and gestational age [SD] at delivery in the IUGR and AGA groups were 2634 [277] versus 3429 [349] g and 39.5 [1.2] and 41.1 [2.3] weeks, respectively. The diameter of the proximal uterine artery just after it crosses the external iliac artery was smaller in the IUGR group from as early as 20 weeks of gestation but this difference only became statistically significant from 24 weeks of gestation and widened as pregnancy advanced. The quantified volume flow in the IUGR group was significantly less than that in the AGA throughout the study period (287 [117] versus 328 [159] mL/min at 20 weeks ( P < 0.05), 334 [169] versus 538 [181] mL/min at 24 weeks [ P < 0.004] and 534 [332] versus 830 [284] mL/min at 38 weeks of gestation [ P < 0.002]). Volume flow in the IUGR group was 12.5% and 36.7% less than that in the AGA group at 20 and 28 weeks of gestation, respectively. Conclusion Proximal uterine artery diameter and quantified volume flow change with gestation and show significant differences between AGA pregnancies and those complicated by IUGR. These changes occur early and become more marked as pregnancy advances. Early use of these measurements may identify pregnancies at risk of complications.

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: Presentation by Three-Dimensional Substraction Color Power Angiography

Background Recent advances in ultrasound technology now allow the sonographer to obtain three-dimensional color power angiography (3D-CPA) vascular images and to enhance these images by rotation and subtraction. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the sonographic presentation of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) using these advanced techniques. Patient During an emergency operation to evacuate a large subdural hematoma, the surgeon noted several aneurysmal veins, suggesting the presence of an underlying AVM. Angiography showed a compact AVM arising from a posterior temporal branch of the right posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Findings Transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) revealed an AVM in the right temporal lobe with a feeder arising from the P1 segment of the right PCA. 3D-CPA images of the AVM were then developed, rotated, and subtracted. These enhanced images provided superior definition of the arterial and venous architecture and were comparable to the angiogram. Conclusion 3D-CPA provided high-resolution, accurate, noninvasive images of a cerebral AVM. The added anatomic detail allowed by this technique was complementary to the hemodynamic information provided by CDU.

Normative values of Doppler velocimetry of five major fetal arteries as determined by colour power angiography

(2003). Normative values of Doppler velocimetry of five major fetal arteries as determined by colour power angiography. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Vol. 23, No. sup1, pp. S36-S37.