Color Image Encryption Scheme Research Articles

A Fast and robustColor Image Encryption Scheme by Huffman Compression, 5D Chaotic Map and DNA Encoding

In the era of information technology, securing the real-time digital image is the greatest challenge especially colour image. In this paper, a colour image encryption scheme is introduced to secure the image based on compression-then-encryption concept. Theproposed method is a hybrid combination of the Chaos techniques for key generation, Huffman Encoding/compression for compression and avoiding colour decomposition, scrambling for more confusion and DNA Encoding for reducing storage size. In order to enhance security, scrambled data are converted to the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, make ADD operation and apply the complementary rules to attain the cipher image. Experimental results have been proved as robustness, accurate and high security against attacks, malicious attacks, differential attacks and statistical attacks. Furthermore, results show that the time speed is faster minimum storage space than the existing colour image encryption scheme.

Color image encryption scheme for distributed architecture with SCFP chaotic map

Image protection mechanism in distributed cloud network is an essential component of information security field. In this paper, a novel one-dimensional sine-cosine fractional power chaotic map (SCFP) is proposed. Results of various dynamical system tests illustrate that SCFP exhibits superior chaotic behavior over its infinite positive real parameter range, whose complexity and unpredictability can guarantee the strength of image cryptosystem. Furthermore, a color image encryption scheme tailored for distributed architecture is devised. Firstly, a hybrid cryptographic mechanism is designed to perform diffusion and confusion encryption for image data and ECC public key encryption for intermediate keys. Secondly, the diffusion structure elevates processing units to row-column level, and the diffusion order is dictated by a pseudo-random sequence generated by SCFP. Thirdly, the confusion structure extends the unbiased and efficient Fisher-Yates algorithm into a 2D space, and adopts a design of dual plaintext-related key. Lastly, three techniques namely QOI lossless compression, DE information embedding and threshold secret sharing are integrated to resolve issues of data volume inflation, key synchronization difficulty and poor fault tolerance. Simulation experiments conducted on multiple color images demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers significant ciphertext randomness, sufficiently large key space and strong key sensitivity, which can ensure the integrity of image data and resist various typical cryptographic attacks, and outperforms existing schemes oriented to centralized architecture in terms of security and efficiency.

Hyperchaotic color image encryption scheme based on simultaneous color channel confusion-diffusion operations

Abstract Shortcomings have been identified in current color image encryption methods. Firstly, these methods encrypt each color channel separately, resulting in a time-consuming process and independent encrypted channels, which can make hacking easier. Secondly, the use of XOR operations between image pixel values and code values during encryption can be vulnerable. To address these issues, a novel algorithm is introduced that incorporates a new XOR operation and simultaneous encryption of color channels. This approach creates interdependence between the encrypted channels, reduces encryption time, and enhances security by introducing a more complex XOR operation. The proposed method employs a substitution technique that involves XOR operations between groups of pixels and codes, inspired by the principles of the fast Walsh-Hadamard transform algorithm. The encryption process involves several key phases that enhance the security and efficiency of the system. In the initial phase, line processing involves mixing lines from different channels and application of chaotic substitution permutation operations. Subsequently, a similar operation is applied to columns, and finally, the channels are divided into overlapping squared sub-blocks, with a newly XOR proposed chaos-based confusion operation simultaneously applied to the three-channel sub-blocks. These phases are designed to ensure interdependence between color channels and reduce encryption time, resulting in a more robust encryption method. With this method, the RGB cipher channels become mutually dependent, rendering decryption of one channel impossible without the others. The approach has been evaluated using appropriate metrics and found to be robust, efficient, and resistant to various attacks, outperforming recently published methods. It is suitable for modern image encryption applications, including those related to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).

Color image encryption algorithm based on novel dynamic DNA encoding and chaotic system* *This work was supported by the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. SKLACSS–202208), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant no. KJZD-M202000501), Sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0139) and National Natural

To enhance the security of image data, prevent unauthorized access, tampering, and leakage, maintain personal privacy, protect intellectual property rights, and ensure the integrity of images during transmission and storage. This study introduces an innovative color image encryption scheme based on dynamic DNA encoding operations and chaotic systems. By simulating a quantum random walk, a random key is generated to enhance the security of the confidential system. In addition, we integrated the enhanced Josephus problem into DNA coding rules to create dynamic DNA coding rules. At the same time, we proposed a dynamic double-loop DNA XOR operation, which fully utilizes the random sequence generated by the generalized Hamiltonian chaos system to precisely control the loop direction, starting point, and number of operations. This enhances the complexity of the encryption algorithm. After sufficient experimental verification and in-depth research and analysis, our innovative design not only enhances the difficulty of cracking while ensuring image quality but also provides reliable protection for the security of image data.

A color image encryption scheme based on a 2D coupled chaotic system and diagonal scrambling algorithm

Abstract In this research, a novel color image encryption scheme is developed to enhance the security of encryption without increasing the complexity. Firstly, the plain color image is decomposed into three grayscale plain images, which are converted into the frequency domain coefficient matrices (FDCM) with discrete cosine transform (DCT) operation. After that, a 2D coupled chaotic system (2DCS) is developed and used to generate one group of embedded matrices and another group of encryption matrices, respectively. The embedded matrices are integrated with the FDCM to fulfill the frequency domain encryption, and then the inverse DCT processing is implemented to recover the spatial domain signal. Eventually, under the function of the Encryption matrices and the proposed diagonal scrambling algorithm, the final color ciphertext is obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed method can not only ensure efficient encryption but also satisfy various sizes of image encryption. Besides, it has better performance than other similar techniques in statistical feature analysis, such as key space, key sensitivity, anti-differential attack, information entropy, noise attack, etc.

A two-parameter extended logistic chaotic map for modern image cryptosystems

In this paper, a novel Extended Logistic Chaotic Map (ELCM) with two control parameters is proposed. Overcoming the major drawback of the standard Logistic and other existing chaotic maps, the ELCM not only has infinite chaotic range as well as good ergodicity, but also has a simple structure just like the Logistic map, which greatly facilitates its practical implementation and becomes very suitable for today's real-time applications. Moreover, a new color image encryption scheme based on chaos concept, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) encoding and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is also presented. To perform a chaotic scrambling, the ELCM is however used at different stages of the encryption process. In addition, a pre-trained AlexNet CNN is used to generate a public key. After XORing with the secret key, the latter is used, on the one hand, to generate the initials values and the control parameters of the ELCM. On the other hand, it will be split into two keys in order to generate a random grayscale image, which will then be XORed with the three components (i.e., R, G and B) of the color plaintext image. Afterward, a permutation operation, DNA encoding, diffusion operation as well as bit reversion operation are then applied to the R, G and B components. The performance evaluation demonstrates that the ELCM not only has an infinite chaotic parameter range, but also exhibits a high chaotic complexity. Besides, experimental results as well as security analysis confirm that with NPCR of 99.6287%, the designed color image encryption scheme achieves an average entropy of 7.9975 and a near zero correlation (-0.0027). Furthermore, the proposed encryption scheme is in fact of higher security level in comparison to other schemes recently presented in the literature, thus making it highly suitable for today's real-time applications.

Color image encryption algorithm based on Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system and quantum random walk

To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of image data and prevent unauthorized data tampering and privacy leaks. This study proposes a new color image encryption scheme based on the Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system and quantum random walk. This approach fully leverages the unpredictability of quantum random walks to generate random values. It combines the differences in Hamming distance between the three RGB channels of color images to create a highly complex and random key. The overall image and the three independent RGB channels are arranged in ascending order using Logistic-tent chaotic mapping and the Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system to obfuscate the image data. The deformed fractional-order Lorenz chaotic system is introduced, integrated with DNA encoding and decoding technology, and XOR operations are performed to achieve encryption at the spatial and pixel levels, thereby increasing the complexity of decryption. Through extensive experimental research, this solution has demonstrated excellent results in tests such as adjacent pixel correlation, information entropy, and key sensitivity. It has an excellent ability to protect the privacy of images and provides a reliable guarantee for the security of image data.

Color image encryption algorithm based on quantum random walk and multiple reset scrambling* *This work was supported by the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. SKLACSS–202208), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant no. KJZD-M202000501) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61772295).

In order to address the issues of privacy breaches, data tampering, and security threats in the realm of image encryption and information security, it is essential to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and reliability of image data. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid color image encryption scheme that increases the complexity of the key space and provides better data integrity protection by combining the quantum random walk and SHA-256 algorithm. At the same time, three chaotic systems were combined, and multiple XOR operations were introduced to effectively scramble the spatial and pixel levels of the color image. Through numerous simulation experiments and security analyses, the results demonstrate that the solution exhibits efficient encryption performance, excellent resistance to attacks, and outstanding privacy protection capabilities.

A color image encryption scheme based on cellular neural networks and linear feedback shift registers

In this paper, a cellular neural network (CNN) chaotic system is constructed and the multiple stability of the system and its rich chaotic properties are confirmed by studying the effect of parameters on the system, coexisting attractors, and offset boosting behavior. As linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) can be applied to cryptography, this paper applies LFSR to generate encrypted key matrices to enhance the randomness of encryption algorithms. Based on CNN and LFSR, a new color image encryption algorithm is designed by combining DNA coding and bit-plane decomposition with high bit-plane Zigzag dislocation changes. Experimental results and security tests show that the algorithm is highly secure and resistant to a variety of common attacks, such as differential attacks, cropping attacks, and noise attacks.

Color image encryption based on discrete memristor logistic map and DNA encoding

This paper proposes a color image encryption scheme with new features based on two-dimensional discrete memristor logistic map (2D-MLM), Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encoding and multi-wing hyperchaotic systems. Firstly, the discrete memristor map and four-wing hyperchaotic system are used to generate various pseudo-random sequences. Secondly, the original image is processed in blocks, and DNA encoding and operation are performed on the sub-block image using multiple pseudo-random sequences. Finally, combining the pseudo-random sequence to diffuse the sub-block image and DNA decoding, we can get the encrypted image. The scheme generates a one-time key for each image, and uses multiple different sub-keys to increase the key space. The use of diverse pseudo-random sequences for image scrambling effectively avoids the security risks associated with using a single chaotic sequence. The key space of this algorithm reaches 2425, the information entropy of the ciphertext image is 7.9993, the number of pixels change rate (NPCR) and the uniformed average change intensity (UACI) reach 99.6095 % and 33.5089 %, and the inter-pixel correlation is close to zero. The simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm has good security against many potential attacks.

Robust Color Image Encryption Scheme Based on RSA via DCT by Using an Advanced Logic Design Approach

Information security in data storage and transmission is increasingly important. On the other hand, images are used in many procedures. Therefore, preventing unauthorized access to image data is crucial by encrypting images to protect sensitive data or privacy. The methods and algorithms for masking or encoding images vary from simple spatial-domain methods to frequency-domain methods, which are the most complex and reliable. In this paper, a new cryptographic system based on the random key generator hybridization methodology by taking advantage of the properties of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to generate an indefinite set of random keys and taking advantage of the low-frequency region coefficients after the DCT stage to pass them to a subsystem consisting of an Reversible Logic Gate (RLG) group to obtain the secret keys that are passed to Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) to finish encrypting the image. The results indicate that the proposed method has the ability to generate a very large set of highly complex and secure secret keys that can be used later in the encryption stage. Moreover, the number and complexity of those keys will change each time the image is changed, and this represents the contribution of the proposed method. They experienced no time loss throughout the encryption and decryption processes when using RLG, which indicates that the proposed system did a good job in making different keys from the same image. And it differs in the strength of the key from one image to another, depending on the nature of the color imge.

A color image encryption scheme based on chaotic mapping, chaotic system, and DNA coding

A color image encryption scheme based on chaotic mapping, chaotic system, and DNA coding

A novel color image encryption scheme using elliptic curve cryptography and hyperchaotic system

This paper develops an asymmetric color image encryption algorithm based on elliptic curve cryptography(ECC), five dimensions(5D) hyperchaotic system, and DNA dynamic coding. To embed the characteristics of original image in the image encryption algorithm, this algorithm builds a mathematical model to strengthen the connection between the original image, elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman(ECDH) algorithm and hyperchaotic system. The red, green and blue(RGB) channels of encrypted image is reshaped into a three dimensions(3D) matrix. Grouping and scrambling of 3D matrix is accomplished at pixel level, bit level and DNA level based on a 5D hyperchaotic system, which effectively enhances the cross-layer variation of images. Then, improved ECC is performed on the scrambled image where multiple elliptic curves and dynamic shared private keys can guarantee the forward secrecy of the image encryption algorithm. At last, the image is performed diffusion to obtain the final encrypted image. Simulation results and security analysis both indicate the image encryption algorithm has better performances in terms of key space, Shannon entropy, clipping attack resistance, etc.

A physical memristor-based chaotic system and its application in colour image encryption scheme

This work proposes a physical memristor (TaOx) based new 4D chaotic system with 3D multi-scroll, no equilibrium point, spiking behaviour, coexistence bursting oscillation and multistability. Using this physical memristor-based chaotic system, a novel and efficient colour image encryption algorithm has been developed using a unique box scrambling method and bit-wise XOR operations. Many interesting and new dynamics of a material-based memristive chaotic system are reported here, like 3D multi-scroll chaotic attractors, bursting characteristics, multistability, a neuronal system like spiking behaviours etc using Lyapunov spectrum and bifurcation plots. It is observed that the number of scrolls is changed with the total simulation time. This novel memristive chaotic system has limit cycles with controllable spikes and bursting oscillation. In addition, the system shows chaotic bursting oscillation under a different set of parameters and initial conditions. The coexistence of the bursting phenomena is studied here. The bursting and spiking characteristic is important for material-based memristors in neuromorphic applications. 3D Chaotic multi-scroll and multistability properties make the image encryption method more efficient and secure. Such characteristics are rare in physical memristor-based chaotic systems and using this, the image encryption algorithm is also rare in recent findings. Therefore, a new secure image encryption algorithm for colour images is proposed here, based on the unique box scrambling method, bitwise XOR operation and pseudo-random number generation using the proposed memristive chaotic system. Various tests like NPCR, UACI, histogram analysis, correlation study, information entropy analysis, robustness against external noise, etc have been performed to check the algorithm’s robustness and efficiency and test the capability to resist statistical and differential attacks.

Star Memristive Neural Network: Dynamics Analysis, Circuit Implementation, and Application in a Color Cryptosystem.

At present, memristive neural networks with various topological structures have been widely studied. However, the memristive neural network with a star structure has not been investigated yet. In order to investigate the dynamic characteristics of neural networks with a star structure, a star memristive neural network (SMNN) model is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an SMNN model is proposed based on a Hopfield neural network and a flux-controlled memristor. Then, its chaotic dynamics are analyzed by using numerical analysis methods including bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, phase plots, Poincaré maps, and basins of attraction. The results show that the SMNN can generate complex dynamical behaviors such as chaos, multi-scroll attractors, and initial boosting behavior. The number of multi-scroll attractors can be changed by adjusting the memristor's control parameters. And the position of the coexisting chaotic attractors can be changed by switching the memristor's initial values. Meanwhile, the analog circuit of the SMNN is designed and implemented. The theoretical and numerical results are verified through MULTISIM simulation results. Finally, a color image encryption scheme is designed based on the SMNN. Security performance analysis shows that the designed cryptosystem has good security.

Securing Medical Information Transmission Between IoT Devices: An Innovative Hybrid Encryption Scheme Based on Quantum Walk, DNA Encoding, and Chaos

The healthcare industry has undergone a transformation due to the widespread use of advanced communication technologies and wireless sensor networks such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Health Information Exchange Technology (HIET), Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) and Health IoT (HIoT). These technologies have led to an increase in the transmission of medical data, particularly medical imaging data, over various wireless communication channels. However, transmitting high-quality color medical images over insecure internet channels like the Internet and communication networks like 5G presents significant security risks that could threaten patients’ data privacy. Furthermore, this process can also burden the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, leading to delayed data transmission. To address security concerns in healthcare data, researchers have focused a lot of attention on medical image encryption as a means of protecting patient data. This paper presents a color image encryption scheme that integrates multiple encryption techniques, including alternate quantum random walks, controlled Rubik’s Cube transformations, and the integration of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC). The proposed scheme divides various plaintext images by creating a regular cube by layering planes of a fixed size. Each plane is rotated in an anticlockwise direction, followed by row, column and face swapping, and then DNA encoding is performed. The image cube encoded with DNA is combined with the chaotic cube through DNA addition, and a couple of random DNA sequences are chosen for DNA mutation. After undergoing DNA mutation, the encoded cube is then decoded using DNA. The proposed method has the theoretical capability of encrypting 2D images of unlimited size and number by utilizing an infinitely large cube. The proposed image encryption scheme has been rigorously tested through various experimental simulations and cyberattack analysis, which shows the efficiency and reliability of the proposed encryption scheme.

Color image encryption scheme based on quantum random walk and chaotic mapping system

In this study, the quantum random walk is used to generate the initial conditions and control parameters of the chaotic mapping system. The R, G, and B channels of the color image are sorted according to the chaotic sequence generated by the Arcsin–Rrccos–Tent chaotic mapping. At the same time, the chaotic sequence generated by the improved logistic chaotic mapping is used to match it with the rules of DNA encoding and decoding. The chaotic sequence generated by the improved Henon chaotic mapping is used to determine the DNA rules and the number of cycles when the image is encrypted and decrypted. The XOR operation is performed by each pixel of the color image and the DNA complementary rule, and the cyclic iterative processing is performed. Extensive experimental results and analysis show that the scheme performs well in protecting image privacy and resisting attacks.

A new encryption scheme for RGB color images by coupling 4D chaotic laser systems and the Heisenberg group

A new encryption scheme for RGB color images by coupling 4D chaotic laser systems and the Heisenberg group

A Novel Conservative Chaotic System Involved in Hyperbolic Functions and Its Application to Design an Efficient Colour Image Encryption Scheme

It is well known that, compared to low-dimension chaotic systems, three-dimensional chaotic systems have a wider parameter range, more complicated behaviour, and better unpredictability. This fact motivated us to introduce a novel image encryption method that employs a three-dimensional chaotic system. We proposed a novel three-dimensional conservative system that can exhibit chaotic behaviour involving hyperbolic functions. The dynamical behaviours of the proposed system are discovered by calculating Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams. Thereafter, we designed an image encryption method based on the proposed system and a 4×4 self-invertible matrix. A modified Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol was utilised to generate the self-invertible key matrix Km employed in the diffusion stage. Our approach has three main stages. In the first stage, the proposed three-dimensional system utilises the original image to create three sequences, two of which are chosen for confusion and diffusion processes. The next stage involves confusing the image’s pixels by changing the positions of pixels using these sequences. In the third stage, the confused image is split into sub-blocks of size 4×4, and each block is encrypted by multiplying it with Km. Simulation findings demonstrated that the proposed image scheme has a high level of security and is resistant to statistical analysis, noise, and other attacks.

Dynamic RNA Coding Color Image Cipher Based on Chain Feedback Structure

This paper proposes a dynamic RNA-encoded color image encryption scheme based on a chain feedback structure. Firstly, the color pure image is decomposed into red, green, and blue components, and then a chaotic sequence based on plaintext association is introduced to encrypt the red component. Secondly, the intermediate ciphertext is obtained by diffusion after encryption by bit-level permutation, RNA dynamic encoding, RNA dynamic operation rules, and RNA dynamic decoding. Finally, to enhance the security of the image cryptosystem, the green and blue components of the image are repeatedly encrypted using the chain encryption mechanism associated with the intermediate ciphertext to obtain the color cryptographic image. In this paper, a 2D-SFHM chaotic system is used to provide pseudo-random chaotic sequences, and its initial key is calculated by combining the hash function and external parameters of the image, and the one-time ciphertext encryption strategy causes the proposed encryption to effectively resist cryptographic attacks. Experimental results and security analysis show that our encryption algorithm has excellent encryption effects and security performance against various typical attacks.