Color Film Research Articles

Red cabbage and eggshell powder as active agent on cassava starch-based edible films: its physicochemical properties and application

Purpose This study aims to investigate the application of red cabbage extract in biodegradable composite-based edible film and evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and ability to be used in steamed chicken packaging. Design/methodology/approach Cassava starch, gelatin and glycerol were used as basic materials for edible film. Red cabbage extract was infused, and eggshell powder was also incorporated. The smart edible film formulation consists of six treatments which are C (control: cassava starch + gelatin + glycerol), CE (control + 0.1% eggshell powder), CRA (control + red cabbage A ratio), CERA (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage A ratio), CERB (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage B ratio) and CERC (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage C ratio). Findings The different ratios of red cabbage extract in the formulation of the edible film affected its physicochemical properties (p < 0.05). The range of anthocyanin content were 0.39–11.53 mg cy-3-glu-eq/100 g and phenolic content were 19.87–369.68 mg GAE/100 g. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was 12.35%–51.09%. The tensile strength in all treatments was lower than control and adding red cabbage extract decreased the tensile strength. On the other hand, the elongation increased. The water vapor transmission rate was ranged from 158.09 to 191.19 g/m2/24 h. Morphological changes can be observed from scanning electron microscopy and optical data. Furthermore, using steamed chicken as a model, the edible film can show a response through the changes in edible film color, as confirmed by the pH value, total plate count and sensory quality of the stored steamed chicken. Originality/value There is no report available on the infusion of red cabbage extract on the bio composite edible film materials. The result shows a promising packaging material that can be used as an alternative to plastic packaging.

Mechanical Motion and Color Change of Humidity-Responsive Cellulose Nanocrystal Films from Sunflower Pith.

Nanocellulose has prompted extensive exploration of its applications in advanced functional materials, especially humidity-responsive materials. However, the sunflower pith (SP), a unique agricultural by-product with high cellulose and pectin content, is always ignored and wasted. This work applied sulfuric acid hydrolysis and sonication to sunflower pith to obtain nanocellulose and construct film materials with humidity-responsive properties. The SP nanoparticle (SP-NP) suspension could form a transparent film with stacked layers of laminated structure. Due to the tightly layered structure and expansion confinement effect, when humidity increases, the SP-NP film responds rapidly in just 0.5 s and completes a full flipping cycle in 4 s, demonstrating its excellent humidity-responsive capability. After removing hemicellulose and lignin, the SP cellulose nanocrystals (SPC-NC) could self-assemble into a chiral nematic structure in the film, displaying various structural colors based on different sonication times. The color of the SPC-NC film dynamically adjusted with changes in ambient humidity, exhibiting both functionality and aesthetics. This research provides a new perspective on the high-value utilization of sunflower pith while establishing a practical foundation for developing novel responsive cellulose-based materials.

Flexible Inverse Opal Structural Color Films with High Strength and Harsh Environment Stability.

Flexible photonic crystals (PCs) constructed by PCs and special polymers are very promising to achieve a combination of vivid structural colors, mechanical robustness, and environment stability. However, PCs that incorporate polymer binders are still susceptible to destruction and subsequent loss of structural color when subjected to significant external forces or harsh environments. Besides, because most of these polymers are highly flammable, crucial fire safety is difficult to be guaranteed in the application of these materials. In this study, we report a poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) inverse opal (PMIA IO) structural color film through a SiO2 PC template sacrificing method. Benefiting from the high rigid PMIA molecular structural configuration, the PMIA IO films are able to maintain their structural colors even in harsh conditions, such as large tensile stress, high and low temperatures, potent acids and bases, and ultraviolet radiation. More attractively, the PMIA IO films demonstrate excellent flame retardancy, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and flame retardant rating reaching 28 vol % and V0, respectively. We believe that the flexible structural color films with high strength, harsh environment stability, and flame retardancy, which are difficult for other structural color materials to possess simultaneously, have great potential for special applications in fire protection, national defense, aviation, marine, and aerospace fields.

Hydrogen bonding induced ultra-highly thermal stability of azo dyes for color films

Hydrogen bonding induced ultra-highly thermal stability of azo dyes for color films

Arrays of Bowl-Shaped Janus Particle Film with Structured Colors.

Structural colors generated via total internal reflection (TIR) using nanostructure-free micro-concave shapes have garnered increasing attention. However, the application of large micro-concave structures for structural coloration remains limited. Herein, a flexibly tunable structural color film fabricated by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on an array of large poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) bowl-shaped particles is reported. The resultant film exhibits tunable red to green structural colors with changing observation angles. Moreover, the color can be further tailored by altering the shape of the film itself. The incorporation of the PDMS layer not only facilitates a shift in the locus of TIR from the bottom surface to the top concave surface of the particles, thereby enabling the generation of structural color, but also confers enhanced flexibility to the film. Further decoration with silver nanoparticles imparts antimicrobial properties, yielding a novel antimicrobial coating material with structural colors. The simple and cost-effective strategy for the production of structural color films provides potential applications in antimicrobial coatings, enabling accessible and customizable structural coloration using big-size micro-concave particles.

Visual Communication Method of Multi-Frame Film and Television Special Effects Images Based on Deep Learning

In the view of art form change, there is a perspective problem in the detail part of multi-frame film and television special effects (TSEs) images in the special effects rendering module, which leads to the greater ambiguity of multi-frame film and TSEs images. In order to advance the talent of identifying the detail structures and characteristics of multi-frame film and TSEs images, a visual communication technology of multi-frame film and TSEs images in the view of art form change grounded on deep learning is suggested. The transmission relation model of detail characteristics of multi-frame film and TSEs images in the field of artistic form change is constructed, and the attenuation treatment of detail action special effects of multi-frame film and TSEs images in the field of artistic form change is carried out with the assistance of deep learning approaches. The detailed information and color of multi-frame film and TSEs images are obtained by using prior map knowledge instead of rendering basic color. Over the technique of filtering and preserving, the multi-frame film and TSEs images are directed to screen the detailed feature quantity of the input film and TSEs images in the field of artistic form change. In addition, the Sobel operator is practiced to perceive the scrawny edge information of multi-frame film and TSEs images, and block fitting interpolation and depth filtering analysis are used in the edge area to realize the visual communication and color feature parameter identification and amplification of multi-frame film and TSEs images in the field of artistic form change, so as to improve the fuzzy enhancement of multi-frame film and TSEs images. The test results and results indicate that the average Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the proposed method is about 37.7166[Formula: see text]dB, which is 49.08% and 52.08% higher than the PSNRs of the Harris method and SUFR method, respectively. It has been confirmed that this scheme can successfully solve the edge blurring and distortion problems of multi-frame movies and image images in the field of art form change.

Exploring the combined impact of color and editing on emotional perception in authentic films: Insights from behavioral and neuroimaging experiments

Film color and editing are crucial elements in filmmaking, posing significant questions about their effective use in eliciting emotional responses from viewers. While prior research has explored the impacts of color and editing independently, their combined effect remains largely unexplored, leaving the open question of how these elements together affect emotional perception. This study investigates the combined impact of film color and editing on emotion perception, utilizing both subjective behavioral scales and objective functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. It employs two experiments with a two-factor design to assess the interactions between film color (colored and black-and-white) and film editing (fearful, neutral, and happy levels) on emotional perceptions. Under the direction of a professional filmmaker, a series of film sequences was created for six experimental conditions. In Experiment 1, 117 participants watched the film sequences and subjectively rated the emotional valence of the neutral face in the sequence, uncovering a significant interaction effect between film color and editing on the valence rating of the neutral face. In Experiment 2, 67 participants watched similar film sequences in an MRI scanner to analyze their brain activation patterns. Distinct activations were identified in regions including the insula, anterior cingulate cortices (ACC), and middle frontal gyrus, where a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the left ACC revealed an interaction effect on neural responses. These results underscore the integral role of color and editing in influencing viewers’ emotion perception using two types of measurements. This research provides novel insights into the behavioral and neural responses to filmmaking elements that underpin film reception and offers practical implications for filmmakers, encouraging a more holistic approach to considering color and editing to further enrich the audience’s emotional experiences at the pre-production stage of filmmaking.

Synthesis of manganese oxide thin films deposited on different substrates via atmospheric pressure-CVD

In this study, we report the synthesis of manganese oxide (MnxOy) thin films on stainless steel, silicon, and borosilicate glass substrates via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD) using Mn(thd)3 and O3 as precursor and reactive gas, respectively. Deposition was achieved at a low temperature of 300 °C under atmospheric pressure, offering a cost-effective and scalable alternative to traditional high-vacuum CVD methods. The films displayed excellent adhesion and reproducibility, with substrate-dependent variations in film coloration, crystal phases, and morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Mn3O4 and Mn2O3 phases, with Mn3O4 predominating on stainless steel and silicon, while Mn2O3 was more prominent on glass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed granular structures with uniform grain sizes, particularly on stainless steel substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed Mn2+ and Mn3+ oxidation states, consistent with the phase distribution observed by XRD and Raman analysis. This work demonstrates the potential of AP-CVD for scalable manganese oxide thin-film synthesis, particularly for energy storage applications, where Mn3O4 and Mn2O3 can serve as precursors to δ-MnO2 in supercapacitors. The method's simplicity, combined with the high-quality films produced, makes it a promising approach for future research and industrial-scale applications.

식품 신선도 모니터링을 위한 천연 염료와 고분자 기반의 색변환 가스 인디케이터

In this study, we developed colorimetric gas indicators that respond to exposure to ammonia gas, which may occur due to food spoilage. We prepared bio-compatible and eco-friendly anthocyanin dye and cellulose acetate (CA) polymer to fabricate the gas indicators. The color of anthocyanin-doped CA films changed depending on the time of exposure to ammonia gas or the concentration of the gas, which can be quantitatively analyzed by measuring the light absorption spectrum of the indicators. As the color of the indicator changed from purple to blue when exposed to ammonia gas, the absorption peak wavelength red-shifted from 535 nm to 615 nm. By enclosing the colorimetric films in fresh food packaging, we could monitor food spoilage in real-time. Additionally, we fabricated gas indicators in the form of electrospun nanofibrous membranes, which are highly porous and suitable for immediate gas detection. The nanofibrous gas indicators clearly distinguished ammonia gas concentrations ranging from 150 to 10,000 ppm.

Heat dissipation enhancement of PiGF converter with vapor chamber radiator for high-brightness laser lighting

Laser illumination is widely believed to have great development potential in high-brightness lighting and display. In order to realize high-power laser illumination, an efficient heat dissipation method was proposed for phosphor-in-glass film (PiGF) color converter. The heat dissipation of PiGF converter was enhanced by the vapor chamber radiator (VC). The VC-PiGF converter demonstrates great optical-thermal performances due to its excellent heat dissipation capability. The maximum luminous flux of VC-PiGF converter (3699.3 lm) is 38.2 % higher than that of traditional fin-PiGF converter (2677.1 lm). The VC-PiGF converter has higher laser power saturation threshold (maximum 34.51 W) than the fin-PiGF converter (maximum 29.12 W). As the laser power is 24.82 W, the operating temperature of VC-PiGF converter (128 °C) is 41.8 % lower than that of fin-PiGF (220 °C). In addition, the VC-PiGF converter exhibits stable optical performances and a low surface temperature with the continuous excitation of 15.78 W for 60 min. The VC-PiGF converter packaged in a lighting module has an excellent outdoor test result. The efficient heat dissipation method with high reliability has great application prospects in high-brightness laser lighting.

Superhydrophobic Paper Strips with Embedded Agarose-Anthocyanin Mini-Discs for Point-of-Need Quantitative pH Measurements.

Commercial pH paper is a quick and simple tool for measuring a solution's acidity/basicity, but it only provides qualitative or semi-quantitative results, and the synthetic indicator dyes within can be toxic or carcinogenic. Although pH meters enable more accurate and quantitative analysis, they are less convenient to operate and are tedious to calibrate. This presents a need for an alternative pH testing method for applications where it is not easy or possible to use a pH meter, yet quantitative results are desired. We report herein the fabrication of a pH test strip made from superhydrophobic paper and agarose-anthocyanin film discs. In the proposed method, test strips are dipped into samples and then imaged with a portable scanner (or a smartphone). The color of the film is extracted with ImageJ software (or a mobile app), using the RGB color system. By generating a calibration curve relating the film color to the sample pH using standard buffer solutions, we are able to quantify the pH of beverages and other liquids with an accuracy and precision comparable to that of a pH meter. The test strips offer the same convenience as conventional pH paper, with the added capabilities of quantitation and multiplexed testing, which presents a practical tool for point-of-need pH analysis.

The Correlations between Microstructures and Color Properties of Nanocrystalline Cellulose: A Concise Review.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a green resource which can produce photonic crystal films with structural colors in evaporation-induced self-assembly; CNC photonic crystal films present unique structural colors that cannot be matched by other colored materials. Recently, the mechanisms of CNC photonic crystal films with a unique liquid crystal structure were investigated to obtain homogenous, stable, and even flexible films at a large scale. To clarify the mechanism of colorful CNC photonic crystal films, we briefly summarize the recent advances from the correlations among the preparation methods, microstructures, and color properties. We first discuss the preparation process of CNCs, aiming to realize the green application of resources. Then, the behavior of CNCs in the formation of liquid crystal phases is studied, considering the influence of the CNCs' size and shape, surface properties, and the types and concentrations of solvents. Finally, the film formation process of CNCs and the control of structural colors during the film formation are summarized, as well as the mechanisms of CNC photonic crystal films with full color. In summary, considering the above factors, obtaining reliable commercial CNC photonic crystal films requires a comprehensive consideration of the subsequent preparation processes starting from the preparation of CNCs.

The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Structural Properties and Color Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films by the Sol-Gel Method

Tin oxide thin films were produced by the (sol-gel) method, coated on glass substrates using the spin coating process, and plasticized at (200℃, 300℃, 400 ℃, 500 ℃). The required analyses, including UV-visible spectroscopy, AFM, and XRD, were carried out. In order to research the produced films' optical, structural, and color characteristics. All of the produced films possessed a tetrahedral crystalline structure, according to X-ray diffraction data. Studies using AFM technology showed that when the annealing temperature rises, transmittance falls and the rate of surface roughness increases. In this study, the CIE 1931 method was used to examine the color coordinates of tin oxide films. Three parameters related to color were measured: brightness, dominating wavelength, and purity.

Multifunctional performance of chitosan/soy protein isolation-based films impregnated carbon dots/anthocyanin derived from purple hull pistachio for tracking and extending the shelf life of fish

The present study aimed to develop a sustainable biopolymer film that exhibits active and intelligent properties. The chitosan/soy protein isolation (Cs/SPI) based film was prepared by blending purple hull pistachio anthocyanin (PHPA) with carbon dots (CDs), which were synthesized using a by-product from purple hull pistachio (PHP) extraction. PHPA and CDs were shown to be compatible with the Cs/SPI biopolymer films. The resulting matrix was a homogeneous film with improved physico-mechanical properties. The biopolymer films were characterized by their various desirable properties, including 100% UV protection, potent antibacterial activity against S.aureus and E. coli strains with inhibition zonoe about 22.1 ± 36±0.24 mm and 20.36 ± 0.21 mm, respectively, and strong antioxidant properties (DPPH; 82.3 ± 0.1 % and ABTS; 90.6 ± 0.1 %). The film was also found to exhibit distinguishable colorimetric responses to pH 2–12 buffers and volatile ammonia. The packaging test of CS/SPI/PHPA/PHP-CDs film in scenario one (intelligent assay) for evaluation through fish freshness monitoring showed that the film's color changed from light pink (fresh fish) to yellow/brownish (spoilage fish) during storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Also, scenario two (active assay) at 4 °C showed the ability to increase the shelf life of fish up to 12 days. The study demonstrated that the biopolymer films have exhibited exceptional adaptability, making it a highly promising option for prompt and effective on-site detection of food quality. Furthermore, the film's capacity to prolong the shelf life of fish and reduce the rate of quality degradation during storage positions it as an outstanding contender for multifunctional film applications in the food industry.

Preparation and optical characterization of 3D-TiO2 thin films with brilliant colors

In this paper, three-dimensional titanium dioxide (3D-TiO2) thin films with periodic structure were obtained by periodic pulse anodization of high-purity titanium wafers under specific alternating voltage (AV) using asymmetric sawtooth waveforms. The effect of voltage amplitude and electrolyte concentration on the structural color of the 3D-TiO2 thin films were investigated. It is shown that the nanotubes grown by asymmetric sawtooth wave at a specific AV have a “bamboo” shape, and the cycle length, as well as the inner and outer tube diameters of the nanotubes are closely related to the AV. The structural color of the samples was different at varying voltages and electrolyte concentrations for the same oxidation cycle time. The structural color of films grown under low voltage is analyzed to be related to the scattering and absorption of light on their surfaces. The thickness of the film grown under high voltage satisfies the conditions for light interference. The maximum reflected wavelength is red-shifted and then blue-shifted as the electrolyte concentration decreases. The study shows that the microstructure is the main influence on the color change of 3D-TiO2 thin films.

Highly Flexible and Reversible Stimuli-Responsive Photonic Crystal Film in Anti-Counterfeit, Detector, and Coating.

Various fascinating optical characteristics in organisms encourage scientists to develop biomimetic synthesis strategies and mimic their unique microstructure. Inspired by the Chameleon's skin with tunable color and superior flexibility, this work designs the evaporated-induced self-assembly technique to synthesize the chiral photonic crystal film. Ultrasonic-intensified and additive-assisted techniques synergistically optimize the film properties, on the aspects of optic and mechanic. The film shows considerable rigidity and superior flexibility, which can undergo multiple mechanical deformations. Without destroying the chiral nematic structure, the ultimate strain approaches 50%, which exceeds most cellulose-derived film materials. It also integrates excellent optical performance. The film color can cover the total visible region by tuning the photonic bandgap and has angle-dependent properties. It can make the response to humidity and solvents, and chromaticity variation reflects the degree of stimulation. Importantly, this structural-dependent color change is reversible. Lastly, the photonic crystal materials with excellent mechanics and unique optics have been applied in the security. The anti-counterfeiting material design contains photonic crystal ink, repeatable writing paper, information-hiding film, and color-changing labels, with the features of environmentally friendly, economical, non-destructive, and convenient for authentication.

Reexamining the Kuleshov effect: Behavioral and neural evidence from authentic film experiments.

Film cognition explores the influence of cinematic elements, such as editing and film color, on viewers' perception. The Kuleshov effect, a famous example of how editing influences viewers' emotional perception, was initially proposed to support montage theory through the Kuleshov experiment. This effect, which has since been recognized as a manifestation of point-of-view (POV) editing practices, posits that the emotional interpretation of neutral facial expressions is influenced by the accompanying emotional scene in a face-scene-face sequence. However, concerns persist regarding the validity of previous studies, often employing inauthentic film materials like static images, leaving the question of its existence in authentic films unanswered. This study addresses these concerns by utilizing authentic films in two experiments. In Experiment 1, multiple film clips were captured under the guidance of a professional film director and seamlessly integrated into authentic film sequences. 59 participants viewed these face-scene-face film sequences and were tasked with rating the valence and emotional intensity of neutral faces. The findings revealed that the accompanying fearful or happy scenes significantly influence the interpretation of emotion on neutral faces, eliciting perceptions of negative or positive emotions from the neutral face. These results affirm the existence of the Kuleshov effect within authentic films. In Experiment 2, 31 participants rated the valence and arousal of neutral faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral results confirm the Kuleshov effect in the MRI scanner, while the neural data identify neural correlates that support its existence at the neural level. These correlates include the cuneus, precuneus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, post cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and insula. These findings also underscore the contextual framing inherent in the Kuleshov effect. Overall, the study integrates film theory and cognitive neuroscience experiments, providing robust evidence supporting the existence of the Kuleshov effect through both subjective ratings and objective neuroimaging measurements. This research also contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of film editing on viewers' emotional perception from the contemporary POV editing practices and neurocinematic perspective, advancing the knowledge of film cognition.

Achieving Image Encryption Quantum Dot-Functionalized Encryption Camera with Designed Films.

The risk of information leaks increases as images become a crucial medium for information sharing. There is a great need to further develop the versatility of image encryption technology to protect confidential and sensitive information. Herein, using high spatial redundancy (strong correlation of neighboring pixels) of the image and the in situ encryption function of a quantum dot functionalized encryption camera, in situ image encryption is achieved by designing quantum dot films (size, color, and full width at half maximum) to modify the correlation and reduce spatial redundancy of the captured image during encryption processing. The correlation coefficients of simulated encrypted image closely apporach to 0. High-quality decrypted images are achieved with a PSNR of more than 35dB by a convolutional neural network-based algorithm that meets the resolution requirements of human visual perception. Compared with the traditional image encryption algorithms, chaotic image encryption algorithms and neural network-based encryption algorithms described previously, it provides a universal, efficient and effective in situ image encryption method.

Spectroscopic analysis of color origins in titanium-based thin films deposited by cathodic arc deposition

The distinctive colors observed in titanium-based (Ti-based) decorative coatings fabricated by cathodic arc deposition originate from the unique electronic, morphological, and chemical properties of these films. Most Ti-based film colors arise from their surface band gaps, as measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy, with the exception of the lowest brightness (TLB) and green hues. The green color in titanium dioxide films typically results from interference between light reflected from the film and substrate interfaces. In contrast, the black color in Ti-based coatings stems from the chemical structure, specifically the presence of Ti-C and C=C(sp2) bonds within the film. Moreover, the large band gap of the TLB film surface is attributed to surface oxidation, as detected by soft X-ray spectroscopy. Significantly, the film thickness and surface roughness are characterized by field emission secondary electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively.

PH-triggered bilayer film based on carboxymethyl cellulose/zein/Eudragit L100 with purple cabbage anthocyanin for monitoring pork freshness

A novel pH-triggered bilayer film was composed of zein (Z), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Eudragit L100 (L100), and purple cabbage anthocyanin (PCA), followed by casting for monitoring pork freshness during storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. This bilayer film was employed to encapsulate anthocyanins, preventing anthocyanins oxidation and photodegradation. Additionally, under pH 6, this film ruptures and releases anthocyanins, inducing a sudden color change in the indicator film, significantly reducing errors in freshness indications. Notably, the ZCLP8% film had excellent stability and pH response properties. The performance of the ZCLP8% film in monitoring pork freshness was evaluated. When the concentration of pork TVB-N reached 15.59 mg/100 g (pH = 6.35), the bilayer film was ruptured, and the release rate of PCA was 85.52 %, which was a significant change in the color of the bilayer film compared with that at pH = 5. Therefore, this work addresses the limitation that anthocyanin-based intelligent films are subject to judgment errors when applied, opening new possibilities for food freshness differentiation monitoring.