Colony Metaphor Research Articles

What Is There to Do If You Find an Old Indian Canoe? Anti-Colonialism in Maritime Archaeology

Following Max Liboiron’s claim that pollution is colonialism, the anti-colonial maritime archaeologist’s role in the Anthropocene might be to reframe research questions, so that focus is directed toward interactions between marine and maritime, and that the colonial ‘resurrectionist’ approach that has dominated nautical archaeology ought to be reconsidered altogether. This normative statement is put to the test with a 4000-year-old waterlogged dugout canoe that was illegally excavated from the Cooper River in South Carolina, USA. Upon retrieval, the affected tribal entities were brought into consultation with archaeologists and conservators to help decide how to proceed with the canoe’s remains. Tribal representatives reached a consensus to preserve the canoe with PEG and display it in a public museum. This procedure follows the resurrectionist model typical of maritime archaeology in the West, now the dominant protocol globally, where the scholar acts as savior by lifting entire wrecks from watery graves and promising to grant them immortality in utopian museum spaces. However, this immortalizing procedure is at odds with some Indigenous values, voiced by tribal representatives, which embrace life cycles and distributed agency. In the end, the desire to preserve the canoe as a perpetual symbol of intertribal unity dominated concerns surrounding the canoe’s own life, spirit, and autonomy, and that plasticizing it would permanently alter its substance and essence. We argue that the object of the canoe has become subservient to its postcolonial symbolism of Indigenous unity, resilience, and resistance. Further, by subscribing to the resurrectionist model of maritime archaeology, the immortalized canoe now bears the irony of colonial metaphor, as an unintended consequence of its preservation. We echo Audre Lorde’s famous sentiment by wondering if an anticolonial maritime archaeology can ever hope to dismantle the master’s boat using the master’s tools. The conclusions reached here have implications for other maritime and museum contexts too, including the highly publicized case of the wrecked 1859–1860 slave ship, Clotilda.

Founding Violence in the Future: A Mnemonic Reading of Ridley Scott’s Alien

Founding Violence in the Future: A Mnemonic Reading of Ridley Scott’s Alien Travis Hay I believe that the representation of alien existence, that is to say, of the imagination of radical otherness, can be seen to have passed through several distinct stages on its way to the contemporary period (where the alien and the other has once again reverted to magic and to dragons). —Fredric Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future (140) In this article, I offer a settler colonial reading of Sir Ridley Scott’s Alien films: Alien (1979), Prometheus (2012), and Alien: Covenant (2017). My purpose is to underscore the historical dimensions within Alien’s depiction of the future and to demonstrate that the film series is far more exercised with historicity than with futurity. Specifically, I argue that Scott’s metaphors, themes, and plots were intentionally evocative of the horrors of British imperial expansion within North America and function as a kind of mnemonic device that remember the violence of the settler colonial past. More broadly, I offer this analysis because, like many other scholars, I view the science fiction and horror genres, between which we can locate Alien, as remarkably provocative and productive. Such non-realist depictions of monsters, zombies, ghosts, alien invasions, or the human colonization of outer space contain archives of historical feeling that can be accessed through what Chickasaw scholar Jodi Byrd called a “mnemonic reading” praxis. In The Transit of Empire, Byrd explains that a mnemonic reading seeks to “connect the violences and genocides of colonization to cultural productions […] in order to disrupt the elisions of multicultural liberal democracy that seek to rationalize the originary historical traumas that birthed settler colonialism through inclusion” (xii-xiii). In reading Scott’s film series mnemonically as a larger story invested with settler colonial genocide and preoccupied with foreclosures of human futurity, I add to a considerable body of scholarly literature on Alien that has [End Page 188] shaped my reading of the series as well as my approach to the horror and science fiction genres as cathected with coloniality. For readers unfamiliar with Alien, it will suffice to describe it here as a popular series of films, graphic novels, comic books, video games, and other cultural productions that stage violent and horrific conflicts between human beings and a particular species of “Alien” that wreaks havoc upon the crews of spaceships attempting to explore, settle, or mine a futuristic galactic frontier. The titular “Alien,” whose fully-developed form is called the Xenomorph, is monstrous and has acidic blood. It also has a second set of jaws that protrude from a tongue-like appendage extending from the monster’s mouth, though this is not its most grotesque or defining feature. The Xenomorph is able to use human bodies for its own sexual reproduction cycle and attacks its hosts with a gestational implant that later bursts from the chest of the victim in what has become a signature body horror sequence in any Alien cultural production. In addition to the fact that Alien films have women as protagonists, this recurring body horror motif wherein human beings are fatally impregnated by the Xenomorph has made the series particularly interesting to feminist scholars, who (at least in my view) have generated the most productive conversations on the franchise since the first film debuted in 1979 (Bell-Mettreau; Creed; Jeffords; Rushing; Torry; Vaughn). In many such readings, Alien is a science fiction and horror fusion that contained several complex themes associated with motherhood as well as many gendered horror movie tropes, such as “the final girl,” which Carol J. Cleaver theorized in Men, Women, and Chainsaws as the heroine who survives the violent ordeal and is able to kill the villain of a horror film; some examples include Jamie Lee Curtis’s character in Halloween or Betsy Palmer’s character in Friday the 13th. In my reading, Alien’s body horror and staging of reproductive violence on the galactic frontier remains remarkably gendered; however, I read Alien mnemonically to demonstrate that this gendered dimension intersects with what is, after all, a fundamentally colonial metaphor wherein the futuristic galactic frontier is haunted by the horror of what was done to Indigenous peoples...

Colonial Metaphor, Colonial Metaphysics: On the Poetic Pairing of Blackness and Indianness

This essay performs an anticolonial and poetic methodology of combining Black and Native feminists' deconstruction of metaphor and metaphysics in order to argue for the centrality of colonial metaphor to colonial metaphysics. I combine their analyses of the separate gendered metaphors of Blackness and Indianness and the centrality of these metaphors to the development of a global metaphysics as well as the transference of the terms of metaphysics to whiteness. I then apply this method of combined terms and readings to white colonial writing that compares Black and Native America, which transforms both communities not only into individually potent, gendered metaphors but into an essential poetic pairing, a poetic couplet. Drawing on the work of Black and Native feminists, I further argue that when we take this paired model to evaluate the political concerns of Black and Native America, we come to a more complete and global understanding and refutation of whiteness. The creation, connection, and comparison of the gendered metaphors and archetypical figures of the "African Slave" and "Indian Savage" are important to each other and to the creation of a Western conception of the globe. Colonialism uses gender to compound metaphor's ability to create, by combining metaphors of gender with metaphors of race and colonialism to develop new symbolic amalgamations. This gestalt of metaphors comes together in order to create a fictive European metaphysics used to ameliorate white fears of the diversity of life on planet Earth and to satisfy white desires to control it. In this coupled metaphoric form, Blackness and Indianness are not connected by analogy but by the open-ended cut, the caesura, of poetry and the violence of slavery and conquest. I offer this anticolonial and poetic pairing as a model for political imagining between Black and Native theory.

Unearthing the Subtext of Slavery in Zola’s Germinal

Abstract On the surface, Zola’s Germinal (1885) has little to say about France’s non-European ‘others’, despite the facts that the coal industry and late-nineteenth-century imperial expansion were linked and the rise of the beet-sugar industry in Europe led to the eventual call for labourers of colour in France. Nonetheless, the subtexts of colonialism and slavery surface in the text via the tropes of colonial metaphor and metonymy. When Zola suggests the material oppression of his miners is ‘like’ the suffering of enslaved and colonized peoples, he is participating in a nineteenth-century rhetorical tradition shared by both the realist novel and French socialist discourse: one that frequently analogized the subjugation of France’s wage labourers to the abject suffering of its colonial subjects. The presence in the novel of colonial products and exotic goods points synecdochically to France’s colonies and their systems of exploitative labour even as those objects circulate within metropolitan milieus. This essay excavates the colonial referents of Germinal, examining how the novel represents domestic and colonial servitude within a single novelistic ‘economy’.

Guards Hussar and Sleeping Beauty: to the History of a Colonial Metaphor in Russia around 1900

Guards Hussar and Sleeping Beauty: to the History of a Colonial Metaphor in Russia around 1900

Sex and the Devil: Homosexuality, Satanism, and Moral Panic in Late Apartheid South Africa

This article discusses the discursive and narrative intersections between two moral panics that appeared in the white South African press in the last years of apartheid: the first around the claimed danger posed by white male homosexuals, the second around the alleged incursion of a criminal cult of white Satanists. This connection was sometimes implicit, when the rhetoric attached to one was repeated with reference to the other, and sometimes explicit, when journalists and moral entrepreneurs conflated the two in public dialogue. Both Satanists and gay white men were characterized as indulging in abnormal practices that were dangerous to the health of the nation, using a long-standing colonial metaphor of sanitation and hygiene. I argue that fears of homosexuality and beliefs in Satanism operated as social control measures for disciplining potentially unruly groups whose sexual or personal practices were not admissible within apartheid’s injunctions on homogenous conformity among whites. The connection between homosexuality and Satanism, like the connection between homosexuality and communism, served to pathologize whites whose disobedient bodies and beliefs were considered treacherous.

Response to Alexandra Kertz-Welzel, “Daring to Question: A Philosophical Critique of Community Music”

Response to Alexandra Kertz-Welzel, “Daring to Question: A Philosophical Critique of Community Music” Antía González Ben “Daring to Question” raises a number of relevant and timely questions regarding community music. It is a pleasure for me to review Kertz-Welzel’s piece. This task gave me the opportunity to reflect unhurriedly on her arguments and to elaborate some of my thoughts on them. The prescribed length of PMER’s “In Dialogue” prevents any attempts at conducting comprehensive article reviews so I will focus here on just three of Kertz-Welzel’s arguments, trying to keep up with her piece’s “daring” spirit. First, I will interrogate her approach to conceptual ambiguity. Next, I will explore the theory-practice dichotomy laid out in her article. Lastly, I will reflect on community music’s link to the notions of human betterment and social progress.1 Kertz-Welzel frames community music’s definitional ambivalence as a critical epistemological deficiency, linking it to anti-intellectualism. In counterpoint, I argue that definitional ambivalence does not necessarily have to equal a refusal to engage in intellectual activity and I also call attention to the power dynamics attached to the act of naming. Under this light, rejecting definitions might be seen as an act of political resistance. [End Page 220] For Kertz-Welzel, “this [conceptual] ambiguity of community music is a well-known problem.” Certainly, she does not believe fixed definitions to be completely unproblematic. Contrarily, she acknowledges some of the dangers that come with definitions. She points out: “They [definitions] are imperfect and incomplete,” and also, “There are general epistemological problems with definitions and have always been.” However, she also postulates that explicit definitions are indispensable for both communication in general and for scholarly activity in particular. She writes: “The beginning of all kinds of communication, logical thinking, and scholarly reflections are definitions because we need to know what we talk about.” A corollary of the previous argument is, for Kertz-Welzel, that an individual or a community who resists self-definition or being defined by others, embodies anti-intellectualism. In her words: “Refusing to define basic terms means refusing to be part of the world of thinking, intellectual discourse, and academia.” Likewise, she adds: “[I]t surprises that for the sake of community music, community musicians would voluntarily give up the value of cognition and perception in general.” I do not pretend to argue that definitions are useless or inherently evil. Indeed, I agree with Kertz-Welzel in that “we use them [definitions] because they help us to understand the world.” Definitions have tactical productivity. They have real effects in regards to how people think, feel, and act in the world. However, it might be a logical fallacy to infer that refusing to espouse stable and shared definitions necessarily leads to anti-intellectualism.2 Derrida’s critique of “the metaphysics of presence,” commonly known as deconstructionism, and his erudite exposition of the notion of différance, stand as counter-examples to Kertz-Welzel’s argument for the need of clear definitions to carry out serious intellectual work.3 In addition, it is important to acknowledge that naming and defining are acts of power. Who gets to define a given reality is important. Given the prestige historically attributed to scholarly investigations as opposed to concrete social interventions, it is thus understandable that, “In the community music movement, a fear of scholarly investigation is not uncommon.” The colonial metaphor that Kertz-Welzel brings up in her article acquires a new meaning in light of this. Besides potentially indicating “strong feelings against the ‘establishment’ which would like to ‘rob’ community music of the good things it has,” as Kertz-Welzel suggests, the colonial metaphor also sheds light on the problematic attached to having scholars define community music, despite community musicians explicitly voicing an objection to defining themselves or to being defined. Advancing a scholarly definition of community music might indeed be seen as an act of symbolic violence. Equally dangerous is to assume that theoretical definitions are somehow superior to operational definitions, which are the partial and provisional [End Page 221] ones community musicians tend to use in their concrete daily practices. Besides being read...

Making sense of service dynamics: the honeybee metaphor

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the honeybee colony metaphor as a tool to make sense of the dynamics of service systems surrounding a service relationship.Design/methodology/approach– Based on qualitative case research, this study develops and applies the metaphor of honeybee colonies as a tool to analytically and discursively draw parallels between different aspects of honeybees and service systems surrounding a service relationship, focusing on the dynamic nature of both.Findings– The honeybee colony metaphor can serve as an analytical tool, helping managers to make sense of the dynamics of service interactions and, as a discursive tool, giving sense to the strategic implications of service providers’ everyday activities.Research limitations/implications– Few metaphors, no matter how complex, can wholly capture reality. The honeybee colony metaphor describes the dynamics surrounding a service relationship at a comprehensive level. Further research can focus on the metaphor’s particular aspects (the changing role of honeybees in the system, for example) or distortions (e.g. parasitic relationships).Practical implications– The honeybee colony metaphor illustrates the strategic importance of part-time marketers; they “pollinate” and “fertilize” the customers and properly assessed information that they report represents a basis for strategic decisions.Originality/value– The introduction of the honeybee colony metaphor in this paper provides a new lens for capturing the dynamic aspects of service systems surrounding a service relationship and the strategic implications derived from adopting a systemic outlook on service.

A new ant colony optimization-based algorithm for range query answering problem in relational schema-based P2P database systems

Nowadays, peer-to-peer database systems (P2PDBSs) aiming at data sharing in the Web have become very popular. Due to the absence of global knowledge about data placement in unstructured P2P networks, query processing and answering is a challenging problem in such systems. This process is provided by query routing and is an optimization problem whose goal is to find the maximum results with spending a predetermined cost. With the aim of improving the efficiency of range query answering algorithm in relational schema-based P2PDBSs, the present study, for the first time, adapts the ant colony metaphor with range query answering problem in relational schema-based P2P systems and proposes a new algorithm using the ant colony optimization approach in which the researchers use histogram data structure and apply both positive and negative feedbacks, dynamic learning rate, and local heuristic mechanisms and show that the proposed algorithm gives better results than the comparative greedy-based method. The experimental tests indicate that in the best case, the average number of traveled links for finding one answer (i.e., cost-to-answers ratio) is decreased almost by half in contrast to that of greedy-based algorithm. Furthermore, the achieved results indicate that the proposed algorithm is completely flexible with the users' requests, i.e., more query answers or less query response time, and the algorithm parameters can be properly set to meet the users' requests.

CodeRAnts: A recommendation method based on collaborative searching and ant colonies, applied to reusing of open source code

This paper presents CodeRAnts, a new recommendation method based on a collaborative searching technique and inspired on the ant colony metaphor. This method aims to fill the gap in the current state of the matter regarding recommender systems for software reuse, for which prior works present two problems. The first is that, recommender systems based on these works cannot learn from the collaboration of programmers and second, outcomes of assessments carried out on these systems present low precision measures and recall and in some of these systems, these metrics have not been evaluated. The work presented in this paper contributes a recommendation method, which solves these problems.

Stigmergic agent-based adaptive content sequencing in an e-learning environment

Stigmergic agents SA gather their strength from the ant colony metaphor and multi-agent systems MAS. Ant-based systems provide a means of picking up information through indirect communication by exhibiting stigmergic ant behaviour and MAS lends the benefits of direct interaction among the agents. This paper presents a stigmergic agent framework for adaptive content sequencing ACS in e-learning using SA ACSeLSA. Each learner enrolled in the designed e-course has a personalised stigmergic agent PSA that employs an ant-based adaptive content sequencing algorithm, ACSeLAnt, to generate customised content sequence for him/her. By implementing ACSeLAnt, each PSA: 1 exhibits stigmergic behaviour of producing its own pheromone trails and sensing those of other learners to generate the content sequence; 2 elicits recommendations of other similar learners through direct communication with their PSAs and incorporates them into the content sequencing process. The merger is beneficial for knowledge sharing in e-learning systems where there is a dearth of active dialogue among learners.

Adapting an Ant Colony Metaphor for Multi-Robot Chemical Plume Tracing

We consider chemical plume tracing (CPT) in time-varying airflow environments using multiple mobile robots. The purpose of CPT is to approach a gas source with a previously unknown location in a given area. Therefore, the CPT could be considered as a dynamic optimization problem in continuous domains. The traditional ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm has been successfully used for combinatorial optimization problems in discrete domains. To adapt the ant colony metaphor to the multi-robot CPT problem, the two-dimension continuous search area is discretized into grids and the virtual pheromone is updated according to both the gas concentration and wind information. To prevent the adapted ACO algorithm from being prematurely trapped in a local optimum, the upwind surge behavior is adopted by the robots with relatively higher gas concentration in order to explore more areas. The spiral surge (SS) algorithm is also examined for comparison. Experimental results using multiple real robots in two indoor natural ventilated airflow environments show that the proposed CPT method performs better than the SS algorithm. The simulation results for large-scale advection-diffusion plume environments show that the proposed method could also work in outdoor meandering plume environments.

Boundary Search for Constrained Numerical Optimization Problems With an Algorithm Inspired by the Ant Colony Metaphor

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents a novel boundary approach that is included as a constraint-handling technique in an algorithm inspired by the ant colony metaphor. The necessity of approaching the boundary between the feasible and infeasible search space for many constrained optimization problems is a paramount challenge for every constraint-handling technique. Our proposed technique precisely focuses the search on the boundary region and can be either used alone or in combination with other constraint-handling techniques depending on the type and number of problem constraints. For validation purposes, an algorithm inspired by the ant colony metaphor is adopted as our search engine that works following one of the principles of the ant colony approach, i.e., a population of agents iteratively, cooperatively, and independently search for a solution. Each ant in the distributed algorithm applies a simple mutation-like operator, which explores the neighborhood region of a particular point in the search space (<emphasis emphasistype="bold"><emphasis emphasistype="italic">individual search level</emphasis></emphasis>). The operator is designed for exploring the boundary between the feasible and infeasible search space. In addition, each ant obtains global information from the colony in order to exploit the most promising regions of the search space (<emphasis emphasistype="bold"><emphasis emphasistype="italic">cooperation level</emphasis></emphasis>). We compare our proposed approach with respect to a well-known constraint-handling technique that is representative of the state-of-the-art in the area, using a set of standard test functions. </para>

Imaging Humanitarianism: NGO Identity and the Iconography of Childhood

Abstract: This paper asks how images of children are used by prominent signatories to NGO codes of conduct. The answer is that images of childhood and shared codes of conduct are both means through which development and relief NGOs produce themselves as rights‐based organisations. The iconography of childhood expresses institutional ideals and the key humanitarian values of humanity, neutrality and impartiality, and solidarity. Images of children are useful for NGOs in reinforcing the legitimacy of their ‘emergency’ interventions as well as the very idea of development itself. But the dominant iconography is also inherently paradoxical, as the child image can be read as both a colonial metaphor for the majority world and as a signifier of humanitarian identity. The question then for NGOs using this image in social justice campaigns is whether overtly political accompanying texts can nullify the contradictory subliminal messages that emanate from the iconography of childhood.

Ant Colony Metaphor Applied in User Interface Recommendation

In this paper web–based system user interface hybrid recommendation method based on the ant colony metaphor is presented. We apply the ontology–based user and user interface modeling. The user model is represented as a tuple and user interface model is represented by a set of connected nodes, what enables suitable user interface design, an interface personalization and recommendation. The recommendation is performed using ant colony metaphor for selection the most optimal path in the user interface graph that specifies the user interface parameters for the specified user.

A biologically inspired multimedia content repurposing system in heterogeneous environments

The application of biologically inspired algorithms to multimedia repurposing systems in heterogeneous network environments is gaining importance due to its ability to adapt and customize multimedia content to frequently changing network environments. This paper presents a biologically inspired proxy-based multimedia content adaptation system, which is used to repurpose multimedia content dynamically for the transmission over heterogeneous networks and end devices. We use a series of repurposing proxies' services in a chain fashion between the sender and multiple end devices. In order to find the appropriate chain of repurposing services that satisfy the Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements, the proposed service selection algorithm uses the ant colony metaphor. During the communication session, the algorithm uses biological foraging behavior inspired from ant agents to find optimal service paths between the media sender and the destination. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides significant performance gain over traditional, state of the art selection algorithms and saves the average delay.

Pro‐War and Prothalamion: Queen, Colony, and Somatic Metaphor Among Spenser's “Knights of the Maidenhead”

AbstractThis essay charts the points of contact ‐ or more precisely the “overlay” ‐ between Spenser's gender ethics, his experience of the Irish landscape, and his singular reception of the Petrarchan literary heritage. Spenser portrays the Queen as Petrarchan lover against the background of a male‐driven conquest of the feminized landscape, a juxtaposition in which the love‐frowardness of the Petrarchan lady is translated into the frowardness of a queen hesitant to take the expensive and potentially devastating steps necessary for the expansion of her empire. Spenser uses the traditional metaphor of the land as female body to link colonial approaches to land with staunchly Protestant conceptions of marriage, working a double sense of “husbandry” to criticize the Queen for her restraint in supporting the Irish project. In an act of colonial poetic production unmatched in its era, the Faerie Queene presents a system of similitudes centering on the female body, the land, and literary history in which each t...

Claims: A postcolonial geographical critique of ‘partnership’ in Britain’s development discourse

This paper uses postcolonial theory to establish a critique of the concept of ‘partnership’ in the British Labour government’s 1997 White Paper on International Development, which is routed through the colonial metaphor of the British Commonwealth ‘family of nations’ to reproduce racialized hierarchies and deny mutuality in the contemporary development of Britain and its former colonies. In the course of this critique, the paper urges British geography to acknowledge its own postcoloniality, which will lead to a mainstreaming of concerns about global justice and provide intellectual resources to reimagine the geographies of postcolonial Britain.

Subdomain generation using emergent ant colony optimization

Finite elements mesh decomposition is a well known optimization problem and is used to split a computationally expensive finite elements mesh into smaller subdomains for parallel finite elements analysis. The ant colony optimization is a type of algorithm that seeks to model the emergent behaviour observed in ant colonies and utilize this behaviour to solve combinatorial problems. This technique has been applied to several problems, most of which are graph related because the ant colony metaphor can be most easily applied to such types of problems. This paper examines the application of ant colony optimization algorithm to the partitioning of unstructured adaptive meshes for parallel explicit time-stepping finite elements analysis. The concept of ant colony optimization technique in addition to the notion of swarm intelligence for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems is described. This algorithm combines the features of the classical ant colony optimization technique with swarm intelligence to form a model which is an artificial system designed to perform a certain task. The application of the ant colony optimization for partitioning finite elements meshes based on triangular elements using the swarm intelligence concept is described. A recursive greedy algorithm optimization method is also presented as a local optimization technique to improve the quality of the solutions given by the ant colony optimization algorithm. The partitioning is based on the recursive bisection approach. The mesh partitioning is carried out using normal and predictive modes for which the predictive mode uses a trained multi-layered feedforward neural network that estimates the number of triangular elements that will be generated after finite elements mesh generation is carried out. The performance of the proposed hybrid approach for the recursive bisection of finite elements meshes is examined by decomposing two mesh examples and comparing them with a well known finite elements domain decomposer.

On connectivity of reconfigurable impact networks in ageless aerospace vehicles

The research results presented in this paper were obtained as part of the joint CSIRO-NASA Ageless Aerospace Vehicle (AAV) project. We describe the underlying principles, methodology, and preliminary results of modelling and simulating a multi-cellular sensor and communication network in a dynamic decentralised setting, motivated by a self-monitoring, self-repairing AAV. Such networks are expected to detect and react to multiple impacts and damage over a wide range of impact energies. In particular, we address the problem of forming a reconfigurable network (a minimum spanning tree) connecting cells that detected non-critical impacts, in presence of connectivity disruptions caused by critical impacts. The presented algorithm is based on the ant colony metaphor and may be complemented by gradient-based techniques. In addition, we measure the robustness of impact networks and present quantitative metrics that clearly identify phase transitions in network connectivity, separating chaotic dynamics from ordered and robust patterns.