England Colonies Research Articles

‘천사적 결합(Angelical Conjunction)’: 17세기 뉴잉글랜드 식민지 사역자-의사(ministerphysicians) 의 의료 활동에 대한 고찰, 1620-1720

Many ministers in early colonial America served concurrently as physicians. Drawing primarily on surviving medical literature, this study examines the medical theories and practices upon which minister–physicians in the New England colonies relied. While the vast majority of minister–physicians were “unauthorized” and had not undergone “orthodox” or “regular” medical training, their “angelical conjunction” as minister– physicians played a significant social role and filled a health care void in the colony. In seventeenth-century New England, both Galenic and Paracelsian medical theories and treatments coexisted and converged, competing with one another and influencing both physicians and the general public. These two philosophies not only provided a theoretical background for understanding disease and medical practices but also encompassed religious discourse. New England colonists regarded disease as manifestations of God’s “divine judgment” and, as such, believed that caring for the soul as well as the body was the key to preventing and remedying physical ailments. In addition to scripture, minister–physicians relied on supernatural practices such as astrology, witchcraft, and magic to determine pathological causes and select appropriate medical treatments. They also tended to practice herbal medicine rather than surgery for healing. During the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), medicine served as an alternative income for some unsettled British ministers whose lives had been rocked by religious and political strife. Medical practitioners were in short supply in the New England colonies; therefore, it did not matter whether physicians had undergone formal or “orthodox/regular” medical training. At the patient’s bedside, neither medical expertise nor religious sincerity was more important than the ardent social desire to alleviate both spiritual and physical suffering.

Christie'nin Ölümle Randevu ve Ölüm Adası Eserlerinde Doğulu Odaklanılanın Karşılaştırmalı Anlatıbilimsel Analizi

The implications of Agatha Christie’s works are multifarious; however, her texts are understudied when compared to those of her contemporaries. Much has been written about the generic qualities of her detective fiction, and the representation of women and class hierarchies in her works. However, her texts are rarely subjected to narratological analysis. Her works of detective fiction Appointment with Death (1938) and A Caribbean Mystery (1964) are set in former colonies of Britain, and through Western narrators and focal characters, Christie presents an Orientalist perspective. While the onlookers and the tellers are Westerners in these novels, the objects of their narration are oriental landscapes and people. As the image of the objects of focalization presented to readers in a literary text is constructed by the focalizers, the narrative abounds with their subjective views. By closely reading a text, a reader can gain insight into the focalizer and its relationship to the focalized. In these novels, the hegemony of the West over the East, and the Westerners’ biased perceptions are made apparent. Through a comparative narratological analysis of the focalized objects in these novels, this study aims to shed new light on how Christie’s novels lay bare the biased attitudes of Westerners towards the Oriental focalized.

Oil or geopolitical issues? : Quantitative rethinking of political instability in the Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa are one of the most conflict-prone regions. Due to its geopolitical position and oil production, the Middle East has always been the trump card in the game, both before World War II and during the Cold War, still today. Why do wars persist in the Middle East? Why has the situation in the Middle East deteriorated to this extent? Is rentier economics always a vital variable explaining political instability in the Middle East? After empirically analyzing the causes of political instability in the Middle East using various data, the study suggests that the experience of being a colony of Britain, France, and Italy hurt society and that the critical geographic location between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War suffered various harmful effects. On the other hand, the result also shows that manufacturing weakness due to the oil economy, high unemployment rates, and lack of democracy are all critical explanatory variables for political instability. Since the 2000s, the United States has increased its energy self-sufficiency rate through the shale oil and gas revolution. The Middle East is an option for the United States to buy oil. On the other hand, the Middle East is essential for the United States to export weapons. The Middle East has faced a geopolitical crisis in recent years due to these factors.

Unnamed, not unskilled: Toward a new labor history of pharmacy.

By recovering the dependent, often enslaved, laborers who helped to make European medicines commercially available in the New England colonies, this article offers a new history of early American pharmaceutical knowledge and production. It does so by considering the life and labor of an unnamed, enslaved assistant who was said to make tinctures, elixirs, and other common remedies in a 1758 letter between two business partners, Silvester Gardiner, a successful surgeon and apothecary in Boston, Massachusetts, and William Jepson, his former apprentice, in Hartford, Connecticut. Using strategies from slavery and critical archive studies, as well as from social history and the history of medicine, this article emphasizes the materiality and embodiment of pharmaceutical production and follows fragmentary evidence beyond the business archive to reverse the systemic erasure of enslaved and indentured laborers from the records of eighteenth-century manufacturers of medicines. The medicine trades of men like Gardiner and Jepson appear more reliant upon dependent laborers - named and unnamed - who not only performed rote tasks but brought their experience and judgment to their labors as well. Their contributions could be obviously medical (preparing remedies) or more ambiguous (stoking fires, shipping goods), but these actions together constituted early modern pharmacy, enabled the expansion of the transatlantic medicine trade, and laid the foundations for the more self-sufficient and industrialized pharmacy that developed in the nineteenth century. Centering the skill and knowledge among subordinated laborers in one facet of an emergent transatlantic care economy affirms the entanglement of slavery and science and underscores the necessity of asking new questions of old sources.

Ancient, veteran and other listed trees as nest sites for wild-living honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies

Wild-living honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies naturally nest in old cavity-bearing trees throughout their range, but this important nesting habitat is in global decline. Here we determine the use of ancient, veteran and other listed trees as nest sites by wild-living honey bee colonies in Britain and investigate the effect of tree size, genus and management on occupancy. Over 1,000 trees of special interest (TSIs) were surveyed in southeast England using the Ancient Tree Inventory (ATI) of the Woodland Trust, a charity that protects and promotes trees in Britain. 2% of all TSIs and 4.4% of TSIs with cavities were occupied by wild-living honey bee colonies (n = 21). Occupancy positively correlated with tree diameter, which is surprising given that the overall sample already had a large mean diameter of 1.3 m. Wild-living colonies occupied sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) more frequently than expected (7% versus 2% overall), probably due to their large mean diameter (1.6 m) and proportion of trees with cavities (73%). Heights of occupied tree cavities (including non-ATI trees) ranged from 0 to 18.2 m with a median of 6.8 m, entrance size ranged from 2.2 to 322 cm2 with a median of 33.8 cm2 and entrance orientation was not significantly different from random.

Русские песни в путевом дневнике И.А. Гончарова «Фрегат “Паллада”»

In the travel diary “Frigate “Pallada”, in the chapter “On the Cape of Good Hope” I.A. Goncharov mentions many Russian songs: author’s and folk songs, romances of various artistic merit, and even an opera aria. Together with the owners of guest houses — the British — travelers sing Scottish and English romances and ballads, once they witness an African “ball”, but still it is the Russian song that accompanies Goncharov and his companions on a trip to South Africa. The article provides the texts of Russian songs that are missing in the narrative (they are only named), and their function is established. During the trip and writing the diary “Frigate “Pallada” Goncharov worked on the novel “Oblomov”, at the same time the Crimean War, tragic for Russia, was going on — these facts helped to make some interesting observations on the functionality of Russian songs. The repertoire of songs that sound during a journey through the Cape Colony of England is thoughtful, and it not only reflects the mood of travelers at one time or another, but also represents the image of Russia, responds to the military situation in the Crimea.

TRANSLATING TAYEB SALIH’S PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AS REPRESENTED IN HIS NOVEL SEASON OF MIGRATION TO THE NORTH: A SEARCH FOR BELONGINGNESS

Tayeb Salih, a prominent British author of Arabic language and origin is regarded as a pioneer who carved an identity of African-Arab literature globally. Salih acclaimed in one of his interviews in the Arabic press that he attempted to reshape the East and West relationship conceived by the world. He stated that the West romanticizes the idea of the East-West interaction merely as an emotion whereas it is an unresolved conflict that leads a trauma related to loss of identity, belongingness, and existentialism (Salih, 1929). Denys Johnson-Davies, an accredited translator, credited with making Arabic literature accessible to readers of the English language, who also translated Salih’s Season of Migration to the North (1966) regards the author and this literary piece as an intelligent work on East-West conflict produced by any Western or non-Western author. Season of Migration to the North provides a tapestry of events, multi-layered interpretations, traumatic outbreaks, struggles to identify with the world and finally succumbing to the pain. It is not a simple story of physical migration and the life of an African on the European land. It is an embodiment of an emotional, spiritual, religious, and mental search for belongingness. This present research is an attempt to capture the journey of the protagonist Mustafa Saeed and his life from his birth as a slave in the then colony of Britain, Sudan to his migration to Britain as a free individual. The rollercoaster of events that shape him and his destiny. Did he manage to break the clutches of his birth and slavery? Did he attain freedom from his belongingness to a British colony? Did he get peace to fly away from his roots is what makes this novel an extremely viable research material. The authors attempt to explore the psychological trauma and translate the author’s search for belongingness and understand the East-West relationship from his perspective.

Post-racial politics and the mandate to desire: interracial love as liberation in Bridgerton

ABSTRACT Shonda Rhimes’ latest televisual sensation updates her post-racial and post-feminist fantasies for a post-Trump world. Discarding her trademark colorblind casting, Bridgerton confronts racial tensions and gender disparities within a fanciful reimagining of the aristocracy of colonial Britain. Yet, in a move familiar to longtime viewers of Shondaland, the means of resistance to such injustice is gratuitous displays of interracial relationships. Bridgerton constructs a historical fantasy that centers authentic love and desire as the exclusive mechanism for constructing a post-racial and post-feminist society. Through love, the English aristocracy is transformed into a permissive, racially inclusive matriarchy wherein one’s duty is to live and love authentically. While previous scholarship has contextualized Rhimes’ work within neoliberalism, I argue that the racial and gendered politics of Bridgerton are more adeptly understood through Fisher’s theory of capitalist realism, which describes contemporary capitalism’s investment in mystifying authority and equating authentic consumption with identity construction.

The Issue of Aqaba in 1906 Through Archive Documents and Ottoman Sources

This study deals with an essential historical topic represented in the issue of Aqaba in 1906, about the border dispute between the Ottoman Empire, colonial Britain, and Khedive Egypt.This issue was also known in historical sources as the Taba incident or the border dispute over the Sinai Peninsula, and it was also known as the Egyptian border dispute.Although this issue is mainly due to the lack of clarity of the borders between the Ottoman states of Hejaz and Khedive Egypt, the Egyptian side was not as influential in it as the influence of the Ottoman Empire and colonial Britain.
 

The British Stance on the Arab Emirates in the North of the Arabian Peninsula during the First World War 1914-1918

This study deals with a significant historical subject, focusing on the British stance towards the Arab Emirates in the north of the Arabian Peninsula during the First World War, particularly in relation to the British Conflict with the Ottoman Empire. The primary goal for Britain was to end the Ottoman presence in the region and counter the influence of local forces in the north of the Arabian Peninsula. To achieve this objective, Britain employed a combination of both cooperative and coercive methods. Furthermore, the study explores the support from the people of the north of the Arabian Peninsula for the Great Arab Revolt, a movement aimed at liberating and elevating the status of the Arabs. The revolution had the potential to succeed in its aims if not for Britain's failure to honor its promises to the Arabs. This study aims to understand the nature of the British position on the Arab Emirates in the north of the Arabian Peninsula during the First World War and assess the consequences of this stance on the region and the Arabian Peninsula as a whole. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the British plan to assert control over the entire Arab East and understand the circumstances and conditions surrounding the north of the Arabian Peninsula during the First World War. It also examines the reaction of the local forces towards the British intervention. The significance of this research lies in its examination of British policies towards the local forces in the north of the Arabian Peninsula during the First World War and the responses of these forces. It fills a gap in the existing literature, as most writings have primarily focused on the Najd and Makkah regions, paying little attention to the northern Arabian Peninsula. Keywords: ottoman Empire, Colonial Britain, Emirate of hail.

Colonialism, Community, and Heritage in Native New England by Siobhan M. Hart (University Press of Florida, 2019)

Museum AnthropologyEarly View Book Review Colonialism, Community, and Heritage in Native New England by Siobhan M. Hart (University Press of Florida, 2019) Diana DiPaolo Loren, Corresponding Author Diana DiPaolo Loren dloren@fas.harvard.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-1021 Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USASearch for more papers by this author Diana DiPaolo Loren, Corresponding Author Diana DiPaolo Loren dloren@fas.harvard.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-1021 Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/muan.12264Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

The ionosphere: Undermining Britain's imperial power: Wireless and its impact on geopolitics and naval operations (1919–1927)

The transition of sea power from the battleship-dominated Royal Navy of the First World War to the carrier-dominated United States Navy of the Second is a much discussed topic in current historiography. This article investigates a small but important part of that transition, elements of which have been previously researched but where important connections have not been made and where, in current British historiography, the full picture has perhaps been hidden behind the achievements of one man – Guglielmo Marconi. The contribution of wireless to the transition of sea power had its roots in the immediate aftermath of the First World War. This research reveals that it involved a somewhat clandestine effort by the United States Navy to undermine British dominance in global communications, at that time based on submarine cables. It reveals how Britain's imperial obligations and a post-war need for greater control over their communications by Britain's colonies also contributed to undermining the Royal Navy position. By a thorough review and new interpretations of existing historiography, plus some additional archive material, this work identifies connections between geography, economics, technology and political will that were key in the United States Navy attaining a superior post-war position in wireless technology. It shows how these connections enabled the United States Navy to benefit from Marconi's discovery of the practical use of short-wave radio.

Administrative and Democratic Development in Africa: A comparative analysis of Cameroon and Ghana

This paper examines the nature of public administration characterizing Sub- Saharan Africa to reveal some of the lasting impacts it has had in the regions and probe into the constitutional architecture. It showcases the major and often ignored constitutional differences between the former colonies of Britain and France that have unavoidably led to the widening gap between these countries. This paper digs deep into these country’s constitutions to expose the reservations behind semi-presidentialism, which was emulated by these countries, but over the years, has produced very unsimilar results. It then concludes that the complexities surrounding the various problems facing these countries are not far-fetched, but consecrated into the very foundations of these states in the form of patron-client relationships and rent-seeking attitudes.

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Colonial Britain's Convict Labour Policies and the Cape Colony, 1806-1899

This article evaluates how convict labour alleviated labour shortages experienced in the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1899. It explores and evaluates Britain's significant impact on labour policies followed in the Cape Colony and focuses on the imperial government's role in developing legislation and procedures regarding management and transportation of convicts. It also considers the influence of nineteenth century policies of convict control in Britain, and the application of these policies and labour regimes in the Cape Colony. The article describes convict transportation, anti-convict agitation by Cape colonists and the economic significance of convict labour and public works projects. Finally, the convict lease system - the practice of hiring convicts to mines and to farmers - and Cape labour legislation's role in increasing the convict labour force through criminal sanctions will be examined.

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

In the Name of Freedom

The ubiquitous image of the sprawling 19th century Southern plantation has meant that much of the research on US slave names has focused on regions below the mid-Atlantic (Desrochers 2002). The resulting lack of attention that has been given to other times and spaces has necessarily limited our collective understanding of slave naming patterns. The purpose of the current investigation is to help address this geo-temporal oversight. With that goal in mind, the present empirical study explores the naming patterns of fugitive slaves as advertised in newspapers published in New York and New Jersey between 1730 and 1790. Using the techniques of corpus linguistics, this investigation analyzed 147 runaway slave advertisements featuring 150 slave names. These onomastic exemplars comprised four name-types: first names, surnames, nicknames, and aliases. Onomastic patterns were identified using descriptive statistics as well chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Special attention was paid to exploring the relationship between the runaways’ names and their reported age, gender, and racial classification. After a brief introduction to slavery in the New England colonies, this study presents the empirical results and compares them with previous findings on US slave names. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations and argues for more corpus-based research into slave names.

Genetic diversity of honeybee colonies predicts gut bacterial diversity of individual colony members.

The gut microbiota of social bees is relatively simple and dominated by a set of core taxa found consistently in individuals around the world. Yet, variation remains and can affect host health. We characterized individual- and regional-scale variation in honeybee (Apis mellifera) gut microbiota from 64 colonies in North-West England by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and asked whether microbiota were influenced by host genotype and landscape composition. We also characterized the genotypes of individual bees and the land cover surrounding each colony. The literature-defined core taxa dominated across the region despite the varied environments. However, there was variation in the relative abundance of core taxa, and colony membership explained much of this variation. Individuals from more genetically diverse colonies had more diverse microbiotas, but individual genetic diversity did not influence gut microbial diversity. There were weak trends for colonies in more similar landscapes to have more similar microbiota, and for bees from more urban landscapes to have less diverse microbiota. To our knowledge, this is the first report for any species that the gut bacterial communities of individuals are influenced by the genotypes of others in the population.

“When things are equal all over the world the symbols can be the same”: Isotype in West Africa

This is a study of work undertaken by the Isotype Institute in British colonial West Africa in the 1950s. It begins by reviewing the idea of "international", as set out by Otto Neurath, the inventor of Isotype. The discussion extends to initiatives whose aims included bringing Isotype work into contact with Africa and Africans, a possibility that greatly interested Neurath, but which he never realised. Projects later completed in West Africa by the Isotype Institute under its director, Marie Neurath, illustrate how Isotype’s international method, approach, and symbols were adapted in response to local conditions. An addendum situates the work of the Isotype Institute within a broader context of development in Britain's West African colonies after the Second World War.

Poetry at the Priory: George Eliot and "Benevolent" Imperialism

Poetry at the Priory:George Eliot and "Benevolent" Imperialism Kathleen Mccormack (bio) As George Eliot was nearing the age of fifty, she conceived a daring ambition. She wanted to become one of the superior poets of her time and place, as beloved and respected as Browning and Tennyson.1 Having finished Felix Holt in 1866, for three years she wrote line after line of lyrics, sonnets, rhymed couplets, and blank verse and did not begin seriously on Middlemarch until 1869. With The Spanish Gypsy finally in print in 1868, she continued to publish poetry during the early years of the next decade, including poetry which, like many of the long poems by her contemporaries, engages topics directly or indirectly relevant to British imperialism.2 Several circumstances and events shared by George Eliot and George Henry Lewes during the 1870s helped nourish her poetic ambitions. After buying their country home near Tennyson's Aldworth in 1876, their friendship with the laureate flourished just as he too was trying out a new genre: five-act historical dramas written for the stage. Meanwhile, the Leweses continued to host their Sunday salons, occasions that attracted sometimes overlapping groups including Lewes's fellow proto-psychologists; educators involved in women's colleges at Oxford and Cambridge; George Eliot's often younger women friends; visual artists (Edward Burne-Jones, Frederic Burton, Barbara Bodichon, Helen Allingham, George du Maurier); dozens of periodical editors and contributors; people usually identified as Pre-Raphaelites; singers sometimes invited to perform—and poets of lasting or temporary fame who turned out lyrics, sonnets, and ballads, as well as dramas and narratives many thousands of lines long. While music eventually became more frequent and guests with political similarities and differences still mingled, the poets helped keep Sunday at the Priory primarily a literary salon. Finally, the Leweses were at this time sustaining their friendship with the world's most prominent human symbol of the Victorian empire, the queen's viceroy in India, Lord Robert Lytton, who also wrote long poems, notably King Poppy. After several years of epistolary discussions with Lewes about Lytton's [End Page 115] writing and strategies for publication (1865–1876), Lewes switched to delivering epistolary advice regarding two of Lytton's worst challenges as viceroy and governor general of India: famine and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Concerning these disasters, during the last two years of his life, Lewes came close to turning eminence grise to the viceroy who was representing the newly named Empress of India. Discussions of the kind and degree of imperialist ideology lurking in the late writing of Eliot have most often concerned the ending to Daniel Deronda, in which Daniel and Mirah depart for "the East" with unspecified intentions that may or may not include colonization of a land already occupied by non-Jewish groups.3 Although Eliot leaves the future of Daniel and Mirah undescribed, she delivers the couple to the only setting where they might fulfill Mordecai's hopes for founding a Jewish homeland that will thrive under Daniel's leadership. Meanwhile, during the years she was writing Deronda, she also created Deronda-esque characters in her poetry. Additional versions of such characters and their plots recur in long poems by friends and Priory visitors, as exemplified by William Allingham's Lawrence Bloomfield, Tennyson's Harold, and Lytton's own King Poppy. Nancy Henry's definitive study of George Eliot and the British Empire not only details the Deronda debate but also cautions that Eliot's biography supplies additional connections between Eliot and Britain's colonies (p. 3). Henry specifies heavy investments in particular in railway stocks in India and argues that Lewes's sons' emigration to Africa (unhappily ending in the deaths of both Thornie and Bertie) nevertheless demonstrates a willingness to draw on the colonies as resources for placing younger sons. Only Thornie's failure at the required civil service exam redirected him from India to Natal. Eliot's poetic ambitions and her late-1870s friendships create additional biographical connections between Eliot and India, many of them fortified by interactions at her Sunday salons. Writers of long poetry who might visit at the Priory during the 1870s included Browning and Tennyson...