Colonial Area Research Articles

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN PATHS IN THE COLONIAL HISTORICAL AREA OF KOTA LAMA CIREBON

Pedestrian path conditions are one of the factors that affect willingness to walk and play an important role in supporting historical tourism activities. This study analyzes the performance of pedestrian paths expressed by Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) in the colonial historical area of Kota Lama Cirebon. The method used in this study was to conduct a geometric survey of pedestrian paths, pedestrian flow surveys, and pedestrian travel time surveys in 10 segments scattered throughout the study area. The survey results were analyzed regarding the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) and PLOS values generated based on available walking space. The study shows that in terms of walking space availability, most of the segments in the study area have a PLOS A score, which means they are performing well. In comparison, some segments have poor PLOS, such as Merdeka Street, Yos Sudarso Street, TJ Street, and Kebumen Street, due to the unavailability of sufficient walking paths to serve pedestrians or the presence of side obstacles that reduce the effective width of the pedestrian path. To overcome these problems, several things need to be done, such as: 1) issue a policy prohibiting selling on pedestrian paths to reduce side obstacles so that the effective width of the pedestrian path can increase; 2) widen the pedestrian path at least according to the applicable standards; and 3) provide pedestrian paths on segments that do not yet have pedestrian paths.

The Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asian Colonial Primate Cities: Their Role and Relationships with the Ruler of Manila (Philippines) during 1571–1640s

Urbanization in Southeast Asia has seen a tremedous growth since the early-modern period. In this context, the Chinese, who had a long history with Southeast Asian ancient trading ports demonstrated their role and capacity to adapt to these new model cities followed the Western urban planning. Based on the geographical and historical conditions, Southeast Asian colonial cities were quickly associated with the phenomenon of a strong Chinese diaspora [hua-kew]. In the case of the Philippine islands, thousands of Chinese started to reside there since the beginning of the colonial period, especially when the Spanish bring their own silver from Latin America to Asia. However, their relationship with the government always was complicated due to their significant position in commercial activities and interactions with the indigenous community. In contrast to the indigenous people, the Chinese gradually migrated from concentrated settelements into the colonial metropolitan area and assumed a significant economic role in term of domestic and international trade of the whole islands. During this time, they built for themselves strategic and basic “position" inside the one and only colony of Spanish in Asia. This study argues that there was a change in colonial policy that targeted the Chinese immigrants and their responses to the fluctuations in the city’s economic growth. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the successes and failures of the colonial administration’s attempts to maintain their power of the government in the central cities under the influence of Chinese communities living inside and outside the city of Manila by focusing on Southeast Asia colonial urban history through a soccio-economic dimension. As a significant characteristic of of Southeast Asian cities througout history and into the present, this “strange relationship” has helped shape a new model for urban space.

The Usage of Public Open Spaces in Candi Baru, Semarang

Public open space has a role in making settlements more comfortable and liveable. However, they were generally found deserted, unmaintained, and dull. Candi Baru (New Candi) was a residential area in Semarang located in the southern area, which is a highland. The residential area was designed by Thomas Karsten, a Dutch architect and urban planner during the colonial administration. The concept design of Candi Baru implemented by Thomas Karsten was similar to Garden City’s concept. From the previous discussions about the Candi Baru area, there was a gap in the use of public open spaces based on the spatial justice aspect. So, this paper aims to identify the use of public open spaces based on spatial justice for three parks in Candi Baru: the Sudirman, Merapi, and Diponegoro parks. For the identification, a qualitative method was implemented to describe spatial justice in the current usage of the three public open spaces. Therefore, the result of the paper will equip the understanding of the existence of public open spaces in the colonial urban area, which was inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

The Gymnesic Islands at the crossroads: Livestock body size as marker of social interactions during the first millennium BC

This study presents an analysis of 7575 individual sheep, goat, cattle and pig measurements from 22 sites from Mallorca and Menorca dating to different phases throughout the 1st millennium BC. Two main episodes of size change have been identified, although some variations in the speed and timing by species are noted. The earliest evidence for size change in cattle and sheep occurs between the 6–5th century BC and may be connected to the increase of trade exchanges and social interactions between Gymnesic Islands and the colonial area of influence of the Punics. This process of livestock size increasing probably occurred as a combined consequence of agricultural innovations, the increasing commercialisation of animal farming, and as the meat demands required by the expanding population. Subsequent size increases in livestock occurred as the process of integration continued to develop, reaching its peak at the end of the millennium with the Roman colonisation of the islands.

First titanosaur dinosaur nesting site from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil

Titanosaurs were successful herbivorous dinosaurs widely distributed in all continents during the Cretaceous, with the major diversity in South America. The success of titanosaurs was probably due to several physiological and ecological factors, in addition to a series of morphological traits they achieved during their evolutionary history. However, the generalist nesting behaviour using different palaeoenvironments and strategies was key to accomplish that success. Titanosaur nesting sites have been found extensively around the world, with notable records in Spain, France, Romania, India, and, especially, Argentina. Here, we describe the first titanosaur nesting site from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil that represents the most boreal nesting site for South America. Several egg-clutches, partially preserved, isolated eggs and many eggshell fragments were discovered in an Inceptisol palaeosol profile of the mining Lafarge Quarry, at the Ponte Alta District (Uberaba Municipality, Minas Gerais State), corresponding to the Serra da Galga Formation (Bauru Group, Bauru Basin). Although classical mechanical preparation and CT scans have not revealed embryonic remains in ovo, the eggs and eggshell features match those eggs containing titanosaurian embryos found worldwide. The morphology of the egg-clutches and observations of the sedimentary characteristics bolster the hypothesis that these sauropods were burrow-nester dinosaurs, as was already suggested for the group based on other nesting sites. The egg-clutches distributed in two levels along the Lafarge outcrops, together with the geopalaeontological data collected, provide clear evidence for the first colonial nesting and breeding area of titanosaur dinosaurs in Brazil.

Factors Shaping Exports of Cultural Goods from Pakistan

In the era of economic globalization, cultural goods trade has assumed a vital role in overall bilateral trade. It has become an emerging and transformative force behind socio-cultural-economic development and an important source of inclusive growth. Once virtually unlocked, trade in cultural goods is now fast growing with world-wide market openings. Trade liberalisation in cultural goods thus needs to be treated as a priority policy issue in multilateral and regional trade negotiations. Despite large potential of exports in cultural goods, Pakistan has been unsuccessful in realizing it. This is mainly because of lack of due attention given to it by the policymakers. In this regard, this paper makes a beginning to investigate the determinants of cultural goods exports from Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with its 157 trading partner countries. The Gravity model is used to identify factors that determine exports of cultural goods. Six major categories of cultural goods are used for the purpose of estimation. Results indicate that size of Pakistan and its trading partner countries’ markets as well as distance among them are important determinants of exports in cultural goods. Specifically, cultural goods exports are strongly and positively influenced by the growth of the GDP in Pakistan, while the trading partner countries’ GDP growth negatively influence cultural goods’ exports. Distance, representing transaction costs and trade barriers, negatively affect exports of cultural goods; while colonial ties, common language, common border and land area of the trading partners positively influence the export of cultural goods. Exports of cultural goods to landlocked countries are lower than other trading partner countries.

Construction of Normal with the Demarcation of Area: Colonial Period and Area Studies

Construction of Normal with the Demarcation of Area: Colonial Period and Area Studies

Detection of Terrain Deformations Using InSAR Techniques in Relation to Results on Terrain Subsidence (Ciudad de Zaruma, Ecuador)

In Zaruma city, located in the El Oro province, Ecuador, gold mines have been exploited since before the colonial period. According to the chroniclers of that time, 2700 tons of gold were sent to Spain. This exploitation continued in the colonial, republican, and current periods. The legalized mining operation, with foreign companies such as South Development Company (SADCO) and national companies such as the Associated Industrial Mining Company (CIMA), exploited the mines legally until they dissolved and gave rise to small associations, artisanal mining, and, with them, illegal mining. Illegal underground mining is generated without order and technical direction, and cuts mineralized veins in andesitic rocks, volcanic breccia, tuffs and dacitic porphyry that have been intensely weatherized from surface to more than 80 meters depth. These rocks have become totally altered soils and saprolites, which have caused the destabilization of the mining galleries and the superficial collapse of the topographic relief. The illegal miners, called "Sableros", after a period of exploitation at one site, when the gold grade decreased, abandon these illegal mines to begin other mining work at other sites near mineralized veins or near legalized mining galleries in operation. Due to this anthropic activity of illegal exploitation through the mining galleries and “piques” that remain under the colonial center of the city, sinkings have occurred in various sectors detected and reported in various technical reports since 1995. The Ecuadorian Government has been unable to control these illegal mining activities. The indicators of initial subsidence of the terrain are small movements that accumulate over a time and that can be detected with InSAR technology in large areas, improving the traditional detection performed with geodetic instrumentation such as total stations and geodetic marks. Recent subsidence at Fe y Alegría-La Immaculada School, the city’s hospital and Gonzalo Pizarro Street, indicates that there is active subsidence in these and other sectors of the city. The dynamic triggers that have possibly accelerated the rate of subsidence and landslides on the slopes are earthquakes (5 to 6 Mw) and heavy rains in deforested areas. Although several sinks and active subsidence caused by underground mining were detected in these sectors and in other sectors in previous decades, which were detailed in various reports of geological hazards prepared by specialized institutions, underground mining has continued under the colonial city center. In view of the existing risk, this article presents a forecasting methodology for the constant monitoring of long-term soil subsidence, especially in the center of the colonial city, which is a national cultural heritage and candidate for the cultural heritage of humanity. This is a proposal for the use of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) for the subsidence analysis of topographic relief in the colonial area of the city of Zaruma by illegal mining galleries.

The Study of Indisch Architecture Development as an Effort in Preserving the Heritage of Colonial History in Medan

The development of this nation's history does not separate from the development of colonial architecture. It is necessary for fundamental knowledge so that the understanding of the development of architecture can be part of the nation's history that is important to be studied. One of the important things from architectural development in Indonesia is the coming of Dutch influence. The term of Indisch is used to refer to the developing architecture in the colonial area. The development of this architecture extends mainly at major cities in Indonesia including Medan City. This paper describes the development of Indisch architecture in Medan City and the efforts to maintain and preserve it. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach in order to describe the facts that exist in the field and to study it by the theory used. The result shows that the development of architecture does not separate from the development of the city in the colonial period. By growing of city development during the colonial era, so the building is an important element in it. The conservation effort is an attempt to maintain the existing history and memory.

DARI MONOPOLI HINGGA PELABUHAN BEBAS: AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN DI KARESIDENAN TERNATE 1854-1930

This paper discusses trading practices conducted in the Ternate Residency after the Dutch turned the port in the residence as a free port in 1854. In line with this policy, several major export and import materials supported the growth of the port meanwhile clove commodities did not become superior goods due to Hongotochten and extirpate policies in the VOC period. This fact shows that the policy of turning into the free port in 1854 was not only apart of the intention to control the economic resources within Ternate Area, but also to create Ternate as a colonial area under the Dutch’s control. This, in fact, opened a new chapter for trading activities in the region. The purpose of this policy is to attract and concentrate the commercial activities of the indigenous population to the free port under the supervision of the Dutch colonial for they hoped to prevent an indigenous merchant from establishing trade relations with other European nations. This study found that in 1854 the Dutch government made Ternate a free port is the implementation of a free port as the first step to protect economic interests, besides it is intended to place the Dutch in maintaining trade control in the territory of the colony.

Transcultural journeys: The disembedding and re-embedding of Sepik art

Artefacts have always been part of inter- and transcultural journeys in the Sepik. People and artefacts had been continuously moving throughout the area in pre-colonial New Guinea due to migrations, exchange and plundering. However, the scope and the quality of these journeys changed fundamentally when the process of disembedding of artefacts started with the collecting activities of explorers in the colonial area. Against the backdrop of the transmaritime journeys of textiles from India to the Southeast Asian archipelago in pre-colonial times, this article highlights the special features of the Sepik case. The dislocation of predominantly old and “authentic” Sepik artefacts to places in the western world resulted in their transformation and re-embedding in new settings. A proliferation of transformations and reinterpretations of Sepik art began with the transcultural journeys of artefacts to multiple destinations since the intensification of globalisation, resulting in stories about the artefacts with conflicting interpretations and consequences.

White Trash: The 400 Year Untold History of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg

Reviewed by: White Trash: The 400 Year Untold History of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg Tina Irvine (bio) White Trash: The 400 Year Untold History of Class in America. By Nancy Isenberg. (New York: Viking Press, 2016. Pp. xi, 480. $21.00 cloth; $12.00 paper) As the title of her book suggests, Nancy Isenberg's White Trash seeks to ambitiously re-frame 400 years of American history—from the colonial period to the present—through the lens of class. The premise of her book is straightforward: America has a class system and always has. She argues that "white trash" people are a "central, if disturbing, thread in our national narrative," and are essential to American national identity (p. 321). Poor whites have been known by many names across time and place, but, like class hierarchies, "they do not disappear" (p. 320). Isenberg uses the neologism "waste people" to describe the "unwanted and salvageable" lower-class white people of American history (p. 2). This term is the greatest contribution of the book, and she uses it frequently. Although Isenberg's premise and phrase is at times repetitive, this reader ultimately found "waste people" to be a useful term in thinking about power and the process by which class is made and re-made. White Trash begins in the colonial area, where Isenberg is at her best. Part one, "To Begin the World Anew," explains how the waste people of England—those individuals who were not profitably engaged in labor of some kind—were imported to America as indentured servants and contracted laborers. The British system of class imprinted itself on American soil from the beginning, and poor white laborers had little chance for social mobility. Indeed, those people who came to America as British waste people simply transformed into American waste persons: lowly whites who lived and died with constrained social and economic circumstances. [End Page 509] Americans re-constructed class distinction many times over the course of the colonial period and the mid-nineteenth century. During those years, both rhetoric and culture helped to further demarcate the divide between worthwhile and worthless whites. Part two, "The Degeneration of the American Breed," discusses this process and explains how Americans came to view lower class whites as genetically damaged people with "bad blood" and defective genes. These chapters cover a lot of historical territory, ranging from westward expansion in the early 1800s, the Civil War, the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and finally the attempts at rural white uplift in President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty of the 1960s. Although this section seems at times like a review of a high school history textbook's greatest hits, Isenberg's message is clear: pivotal moments in American history further entrenched poor whites' class and reputation. In every instance, Americans have despised poor whites—yet they have been unable to look away. Indeed, it appears that America is more fascinated than ever with its white waste people. Isenberg considers this phenomenon in the third and final section of her book, "The White Trash Makeover." This is the shortest and weakest section of White Trash, and does little to further a productive narrative on poor white Americans. Isenberg's summary of white trash culture's flash points in modern American culture is scattered, jumping from a description of the 1972 film Deliverance, to America's response to "redneck" politicians like Bill Clinton and Sarah Palin, and back again to reality television shows unapologetically celebrating white trash culture, as in Here Comes Honey Boo Boo. Isenberg's book is based almost entirely on secondary sources and, as a result, is suitable for a general audience. At times, the author sacrifices nuanced discussion for the sake of maintaining the narrative arc of class in America. Most laypeople will not be troubled by this elision, but scholars of gender and race will be frustrated by White Trash's rather flat treatment of class, and its infrequent consideration of those categories in unison. Isenberg also sometimes overstates the [End Page 510] importance of class conflict in American history and declares that the Civil War was a "clash of...

Fotografi di Hindia Belanda

This research analyses photography in the Netherlands Indies since the mid-19th century and its development until the early 20th century. The rise of photography in the Netherlands Indies as part of its modernization, is not merely the development of the arts, but photography was also used to explore the colonial territory of the colonial government. European photographers were sent to document archeological artefacts in various expeditions in several places in the archipelago.Photography also began to be commercialized. European, Chinese and even indigenous photographers arose with their photo studios. They have produced a natural and anthropological landscape of the Netherlands Indies, from Europeans and indigenous people living there. The commercialization of photography expanded with a variety of photo subjects, sold to other parts of the world in the form of albums, souvenirs or postcards. This answered the curiosity of the outside world on the Netherlands Indies as a colonial area.

Urban Biodiversity and Green Spaces in Delhi: A Case Study of New Settlement and Lutyens’ Delhi

AbstractThe paper presents a comparative scenario of green space planning in Lutyens’ Delhi, an old colonial area, with the Dwarka sub-city of Delhi. A mixed methods approach using field based surv...

Elements of Political Philosophy in the Colonial Area of Upper Peru. A Provisional Approach

espanolDurante la era colonial espanola en el Alto Peru (1537-1825) no surgieron obras teoricas que pudiesen ser calificadas como aportes especificos a la filosofia politica. Pero en el ambito universitario y en la administracion de justicia se formo una amalgama de alto valor teorico compuesta por ideas de la Escuela de Salamanca y del Derecho Indiano. El nucleo de estas doctrinas proclamaba la igualdad de todos los seres humanos ante Dios y su participacion en derechos similares, por un lado, y la legitimidad de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo de parte de los espanoles, por otro. En la praxis estas creaciones teoricas no tuvieron efecto sobre el terrible trabajo forzado impuesto a los indigenas. EnglishDuring the Spanish colonial age in Upper Peru (1537-1825) no works of specifically political philosophy could be detected. But in the universitary space and in the justice administration a combination of ideas coming from the Salamanca School and the Indian Laws reached a high theoretical value. The core of these doctrines claimed the equality of all human beings before God and their equal participation in similar rights, on the one side, and the legimity of the Spanish conquest of the New World, on the other side. In practical everdyday's life these theoretical products had no consequences on the terrible forced labour imposed on Indians.

In vitro sensitivity of antagonistic Trichoderma atroviride to herbicides

Trichoderma atroviride was tested in vitro for its sensitivity to different herbicides. The dosages tested were recommended dosage (RD), half dosage (½RD), and double dosage (2RD). Germination, colony-forming units (CFU), radial growth, and spore production were evaluated. Carfentrazone-ethyl and sulfentrazone inhibited the germination at RD and 2RD. A reduction in the CFU was observed for glufosinate-ammonium, atrazine, carfentrazone-ethyl, diuron + paraquat dichloride, imazapyr, oxyfluorfen, and sulfentrazone at each of the tested dosages. Radial growth was influenced by ametryn, atrazine, carfentrazone-ethyl, oxyfluorfen, and sulfentrazone herbicides, with an 80% reduction of the colonial area. Spore production was affected by carfentrazone-ethyl, oxyfluorfen, and sulfentrazone with colonial area reductions of over 70%. It was concluded that 2,4 D, clomazone, and imazapyr herbicides showed the least toxicity to T. atroviride and should be used in the crops where the fungus has been applied for phytopathogen control.

Buoyancy Regulation in Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel Colonies

Buoyancy of Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel (Prymnesiophyceae) colonies was investigated by measuring the vertical distribution of colonies in quiescent water where convection had been removed. Over 60% of the colonies exhibited negative buoyancy regardless of light condition or growth phase. Positively and neutrally buoyant colonies lost their buoyancy in the dark, but regained buoyancy upon return to the light. Colonies with closer cell packing; i.e., more cells per unit colonial surface area, had greater capability to remain buoyant. Our results suggest that colony buoyancy was not uniform within a P. globosa population, and that biological regulation of colony buoyancy required light energy.

White Brothers–Black Strangers: Dutch Calvinist Churches and Apartheid in South-Africa

AbstractAfter apartheid was abolished in 1994, fierce discussions within the Dutch churches on the theme of apartheid were quickly forgotten. However, we could still learn from this important chapter of church history. Erica Meijers argues that the debates during the 1970s and 1980s have their roots in the changes which the churches underwent in the 1950s and 1960s. Apartheid confronted protestant churches with their own images of black and white, their role in the colonial area and their view of the role of the church in society. All this led to a decreasing solidarity with the Afrikaners and a growing focus on black reality in South Africa. White brothers became strangers and black strangers became allies. This is in essence the transformation of attitude which both the Netherlands Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands underwent between 1948 and 1972.

On-Street Non Movement Activities and Street-Trees in Monsoon Asia

Every city's artificial setting including infrastructures must reflect its surrounding climatologic conditions and people's lifestyles. Authors focus on people's various on-street activities, particularly non-movement activities (NMA), as well as the function of street-trees which seem to be heavily influenced by climate. The city of Hanoi, having a 36-street area (traditional area) and a French quarter (colonial area) for comparison, was taken as a sample city of monsoon Asia for primary and intensive surveys. It was found that NMA, which plays an important role on people's life in cities, is significantly dense and varied and highly depends on street-side land-use and species of trees. Street-trees, especially their human-scale functions, were then observed to be quite important for NMA under monsoon Asia's climate. Consequently, GDI (Green Dome Index) is proposed for evaluating people's preference of trees for NMA.

How to Read a Bomb: Scenes from Bombay's Black Friday

n March 12, 1993, ten bombs exploded across the city of Bombay within a period of about two hours. The timed explosions were caused by large quantities of an explosive known as RDX, a black soap – like substance, which was loaded onto several four- and two-wheelers. Planted strategically in and around important city buildings, crowded marketplaces, and hotels, each vehicle exploded within fifteen or thirty minutes of the previous one. Their itiner-ary not only was timed serially but also, perhaps accidentally, followed a north-south geographic trajectory, beginning with a dramatic explosion in the basement of the Bombay Stock Exchange in the city’s historic, colonial Fort area and ending with a series of unexploded grenades hurled onto the runways of the airport in the northwest suburb of Santacruz. These explosions followed nearly three months of tension and murderous riots in Bombay between Hindus and Muslims after the destruction of the Babri Masjid, a sixteenth-century mosque in northern India by a mob of Hindu nation-alist youths. While the riots took place immediately after the mosque’s destruc-tion on December 6, 1992, followed by a second round a month later, in January