Processing Of Collocations Research Articles

Impact of time window on estimating representativeness error in sea surface salinity data

ABSTRACT Validating satellite data using buoys presents a significant challenge due to the differing spatial and temporal representativeness of these data sources. This discrepancy introduces two critical issues in satellite data validation: the selection of the matchup window during the collocation process and the estimation of representativeness error. While numerous studies have addressed these issues independently, research on their interaction remains limited. Utilizing quadruple Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) matchup datasets, this study investigates the impact of the time window on the estimation of SSS representativeness error between two satellite observations: SMOS and SMAP. Our results reveal a clear dependence of representativeness error on the selected time windows. In the global ocean, the variance of representativeness errors within a small time window is 0.040 psu2, which is substantially greater than that of the entire dataset (0.016 psu2). In contrast, the representativeness errors within larger time windows are systematically lower than those within smaller time windows. This research also finds that this dependency is not influenced by the randomness of the matchup data, climatological Sea Surface Salinity, or geographic locations. Instead, our findings suggest that the impact of the time window on representativeness error may reflect the characteristics of satellite data across different time intervals. Satellites are more likely to capture SSS signals within smaller time windows, resulting in larger representativeness errors when comparing satellite SSS with buoy measurements. Conversely, larger time windows lead to significant mismatches between satellite observations and hinder the ability of satellites to detect SSS signals, which can result in smaller or even reversed representativeness errors.

The Influence of the L1 on L2 Collocation Processing in Tamil-English Bilingual Children

This study examines the influence of Tamil (L1) on the processing of English (L2) collocations during reading for Tamil-English bilingual children. Building on existing research in formulaic language, we used an online processing tool to investigate whether cross-linguistic transfer can be extended beyond single lexical items to collocations in bilingual children, a population that is underrepresented in this research area. Fifty-eight children aged 9–10 years from a school in Chennai, India, took part. Using self-paced reading, children’s reading times were measured for both congruent (with equivalent in L2) and incongruent (without equivalent in L2) English collocations embedded in short passages. There were two reading modes (single and chunk), which allowed reading times for the whole collocations and the individual words of the collocations to be examined. Results showed that children read congruent collocations more quickly than incongruent collocations in both modes. For congruent collocations, children read the second word more quickly than the first word, but the reverse was true for incongruent collocations. These results suggest that the L1 (Tamil) is activated during the processing stage of reading English collocations for Tamil-English bilingual children in this context.

Corrigendum to “Does the processing advantage of formulaic language persist in its nonadjacent forms? Evidence from Chinese collocation processing in children”

Corrigendum to “Does the processing advantage of formulaic language persist in its nonadjacent forms? Evidence from Chinese collocation processing in children”

Collocation in the Mind: Investigating Collocational Priming in Second Language Speakers of Italian

AbstractCollocational priming is a priming effect induced by collocationally related words; it has been taken to explain the cognitive reality of collocation. Collocational priming has largely been observed in first language (L1) speakers, whereas work on the representation of collocation in a second language (L2) is still limited. In the present study, we sought to investigate this phenomenon in L1 and L2 speakers of Italian. We used a lexical decision task to explore collocational priming in verb–noun and noun–adjective collocations differing in frequency and collocational strength. Both L1 and L2 speakers were found sensitive to the frequency of collocations. Importantly, exposure to L2 Italian was found to play a role. The results suggest that collocational priming occurs both in L1 and L2 speakers, and that the mechanisms associated with collocation processing and representation in L1 and L2 speakers may be comparable.

Jacobi polynomials and the numerical solution of ray tracing through the crystalline lens

The human eye is a fascinating optical system, with the crystalline lens playing a significant role in focusing light onto the retina of the eye. The ray tracing through the crystalline lens problem is a challenging problem in optics. In this paper, the case of a non-homogeneous optical medium is investigated, and the ray equation is numerically solved to get the ray paths. The governing equation is an ODE with a fractional derivative given in the Caputo sense. A novel numerical scheme is based on the Jacobi polynomial collocation technique to tackle this problem. A fast and accurate Broyden’s Quasi-Newton algorithm is applied to solve the nonlinear system of equations obtained from the collocation process. Numerical results are stated in detail to show the efficiency of our technique and are compared with other analytical and numerical methods using tables and illustrated figures, which will be useful to corroborate the clinical and physical data. Ray tracing through the crystalline lens is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also has practical implications across various domains, and the proposed scheme is considered a promising and practically reliable method to address such types of applications.

What contributes to fluent L2 speech? Examining cognitive and utterance fluency link with underlying L2 collocational processing speed and accuracy

AbstractSecond language (L2) fluency research has suggested that a range of linguistic knowledge and processing speed serve as cognitive fluency (CF) underlying L2 utterance fluency (UF). Building on prior CF-UF link studies, this study explored L2 collocational processing speed and accuracy as underlying CF measures. This study also explored the phrasal frequency effect on the relationship between collocational processing speed and UF to test whether the processing speed of higher-frequency collocations is more strongly related to UF. A total of 108 Japanese university students completed a phrasal acceptability judgment task with adjective–noun collocations pooled from the Academic Collocation List. Speech was elicited in an argumentative speech task, and UF measures were computed based on speed, breakdown, and repair fluency. The results revealed that the collocational processing speed was weakly tied to articulation rate and mid-clause and end-clause silent pause ratio (rho = |.271–.322|), while the collocational processing accuracy was weakly to moderately tied to most UF measures except filled pause ratio (rho = |.281–.368|). The collocation frequency moderated the relationship between the processing speed and UF, suggesting that high-frequency collocations served as a proxy for automaticity in speech production. Implications for CF-UF link research are discussed.

Assessing the Roles of L1 and Meaning Knowledge in Processing and Production of English Collocations among Chinese EFL Learners

Assessing the Roles of L1 and Meaning Knowledge in Processing and Production of English Collocations among Chinese EFL Learners

Kontrastif Kolokasi dalam Penerjemahan Arab-Indonesia

The comparative study conducted in this research is to see the differences and similarities between Arabic and Indonesian collocations and to see how the collocation process is translated. The comparative study was conducted using a comparative descriptive methodological approach. This research is a type of library research, which describes research conducted solely based on facts or phenomena contained in the data. The data processing process is carried out using three steps of contrastive analysis, the first is a description, the second is an overview and the third is a comparison as well as describes the collocation process in translation. Through these several stages, lexical and grammatical collocation data can be obtained both in Arabic and Indonesian as follows: words that are side by side or side by side between prepositions and verbs where the prepositions used are the prepositions (fî), ??(ilâ)??? (alâ), (an), ?(li) and (bi), resulting in the form or category of verb + preposition. Meanwhile, lexical collocations in Arabic use noun + noun, adjective + noun, verb + noun, preposition + noun and Indonesian lexical and grammatical collocations take the form of subject + predicate, noun + adjective, noun + noun, noun + adjective, noun + noun, verb + noun, adjective + noun. Furthermore, in the translation process, the lexical and grammatical collocation forms from the two languages cannot be translated literally or word for word (as is) but must be translated according to the context of the sentence and the culture used in the language.

An Eye-Tracking Study on the Processing of L2 Collocations: The Effect of Congruency, Proficiency, and Transparency.

The availability of a first language translation equivalent (i.e., congruency) has repeatedly been shown to influence second-language collocation processing in decontextualized tasks. However, no study to date has examined how L2 speakers process congruent/incongruent collocations on-line in a real-world context. The present study aimed to fill this gap by examining the eye-movement behavior of 31 Arabic-English speakers and 30 native English speakers as they read 20 congruent and 20 incongruent collocations (in addition to 40 control phrases) in short contexts. The study also examined possible modulating effects of proficiency level and transparency on congruency effects. Results showed that non-natives (similar to native speakers) showed a processing advantage for collocations over control phrases. However, there was no effect of congruency (i.e., no difference between congruent and incongruent collocations) for either group, and no modulating effect of proficiency or transparency on congruency. We discuss implications of the findings for theories of L2 lexical processing.

Numerical solution of fractional PDEs through wavelet approach

To solve fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) under various physical conditions, this study developed a novel method known as the Hermite wavelet method employing the functional integration matrix. The method that has been suggested is based on the Hermite wavelet collocation process. To determine the solution of the fractional differential equations, the Caputo fractional derivative operator of order α∈(0,1]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha \\in (0,1]$$\\end{document} is used. With the use of appropriate grid points, this method converts FPDEs into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. We achieve a solution by solving these nonlinear algebraic equations by the Newton–Raphson method. Tables and graphs show that the suggested method produces superior results. We provide various illustrative examples to establish the effectiveness of the suggested concept, and the outcomes support the applicability of the suggested strategy. Obtained results are numerically expressed in terms of absolute errors. Finally, convergence analyses are discussed as some theorem with proof.

Maximizing the Volume of Collocated Data from Two Coordinated Suborbital Platforms

Abstract Suborbital (e.g., airborne) campaigns that carry advanced remote sensing and in situ payloads provide detailed observations of atmospheric processes, but can be challenging to use when it is necessary to geographically collocate data from multiple platforms that make repeated observations of a given geographic location at different altitudes. This study reports on a data collocation algorithm that maximizes the volume of collocated data from two coordinated suborbital platforms and demonstrates its value using data from the NASA Aerosol Cloud Meteorology Interactions Over the western Atlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) suborbital mission. A robust data collocation algorithm is critical for the success of the ACTIVATE mission goal to develop new and improved remote sensing algorithms, and quantify their performance. We demonstrate the value of these collocated data to quantify the performance of a recently developed vertically resolved lidar + polarimeter–derived aerosol particle number concentration (Na) product, resulting in a range-normalized mean absolute deviation (NMAD) of 9% compared to in situ measurements. We also show that this collocation algorithm increases the volume of collocated ACTIVATE data by 21% compared to using only nearest-neighbor finding algorithms alone. Additional to the benefits demonstrated within this study, the data files and routines produced by this algorithm have solved both the critical collocation and the collocation application steps for researchers who require collocated data for their own studies. This freely available and open-source collocation algorithm can be applied to future suborbital campaigns that, like ACTIVATE, use multiple platforms to conduct coordinated observations, e.g., a remote sensing aircraft together with in situ data collected from suborbital platforms. Significance Statement This study describes a data collocation (i.e., selection) process that aims to maximize the volume of data identified to be simultaneously collected in time and space from two coordinated measurement platforms. The functional utility of the resultant dataset is also demonstrated by extending the validation of aerosol particle number concentration derived from standard lidar and polarimeter data products from a suborbital mission that used two aircraft platforms.

From Textual Data to Theoretical Insights: Introducing and Applying the Word-Text-Topic Extraction Approach

Text analysis, particularly custom dictionaries and topic modeling, has helped advance management and organization theory. Custom dictionaries involve creating word lists to quantify patterns and infer constructs, while topic modeling extracts themes from textual documents to help understand a theoretical domain. Building on these two approaches, we propose another text analysis approach called word-text-topic extraction (WTT), which enhances the efficiency and relevance of text analysis for the sake of theoretical advancement. Specifically, we first identify relevant words for a researcher's theoretical area of interest using word-embedding algorithms. That step is followed by extracting text segments from the textual corpus using a collocation process. Finally, topic modeling is applied to capture themes relevant to the specific theoretical area of interest. To illustrate the WTT approach, we explored one research area needing further theory development—innovation. Using 841 CEOs’ letters to shareholders, we found that our WTT approach provides nuanced features of innovation that differ across industry contexts. We guide researchers on decisions and considerations related to the WTT approach in order to facilitate its use in future studies.

Supplemental Material for Individual Word and Phrase Frequency Effects in Collocational Processing: Evidence From Typologically Different Languages, English and Turkish

Supplemental Material for Individual Word and Phrase Frequency Effects in Collocational Processing: Evidence From Typologically Different Languages, English and Turkish

Individual word and phrase frequency effects in collocational processing: Evidence from typologically different languages, English and Turkish.

Collocations are understood to be integral building blocks of language processing, alongside individual words, but thus far evidence for the psychological reality of collocations has tended to be confined to English. In contrast to English, Turkish is an agglutinating language, utilizing productive morphology to convey complex meanings using a single word. Given this, we expected Turkish speakers to be less sensitive to phrasal frequencies than English speakers. In Study 1, we conducted a corpus analysis of translation-equivalent adjective-noun collocations (e.g., front door) and found differences between the two languages in frequency counts. In Study 2, we conducted a reaction time experiment to determine the sensitivity of native speakers of English and Turkish to the frequency of adjectives, nouns, and whole collocations. Turkish speakers were less sensitive to whole-phrase frequencies, as predicted, indicating that collocations are processed less holistically in Turkish than English. Both groups demonstrated that processing collocations involves combining information about individual words and phrases. Taken together, we show that speakers are sensitive to frequency information at multiple grain sizes that are attuned to the typology of different languages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The effects of cross-language overlap and semantic transparency on the processing of L2 collocations.

Although extensive research has been carried out on collocation processing, it is still unclear how cross-language overlap and transparency influence the processing of collocations by L2 learners. In the current study, a phrase judgment task was used to investigate the processing of congruent (i.e., exist in both English and Arabic) and incongruent collocations (i.e., exist only in English) by Arabic non-native speakers of English. The semantic transparency of the items was controlled for. Results demonstrated the effect of congruency on processing: congruent items yielded more correct responses and faster response times than incongruent items. The effect of congruency was modulated by proficiency, with congruency having a stronger effect on lower-proficiency learners than higher-proficiency learners. Transparency had no effect, with no differences in response times and accuracy between transparent and opaque collocations. The findings have implications for the learning and teaching of L2 collocations.

Insights into Phraseological Processing through Stimuli Modification: An Exploratory Eye-Tracking Study on Native Speakers and Learners of Italian

Collocations are one of the most studied types of word combinations. Their intricate nature, based on varying degrees of restriction, begs the question as to how modifications in their typical form influence the way they are processed by native speakers and learners. In this study, an eye-tracking experiment was carried out. We compared native speakers and learners of Italian when processing typical (i.e., common) and atypical (i.e., uncommon) collocations of Italian. Atypical collocations were developed by manipulating the grammatical and lexical components of a set of typical collocations. We also investigated how the online processing was affected by the different modifications (i.e., lexical and grammatical) performed and proficiency levels included. Both kinds of modifications disrupt collocation processing, with lexical modification being generally more salient than grammatical modification in terms of processing costs. Further, proficiency level influences phraseological processing, with varying effects related to the different kinds of modifications. The findings of our study are largely in line with previous research, while providing new insights into how lexis and grammar affect phraseological processing. They contribute to the evidence on languages other than English, a still under-researched domain in second language acquisition as a whole.

Improving Numerical Accuracy of the Localized Oscillatory Radial Basis Functions Collocation Method for Solving Elliptic Partial Differential Equations in 2D

Recently, the localized oscillatory radial basis functions collocation method (L-ORBFs) has been introduced to solve elliptic partial differential equations in 2D with a large number of computational nodes. The research clearly shows that the L-ORBFs is very convenient and useful for solving large-scale problems, but this method is numerically less accurate. In this paper, we propose a numerical scheme to improve the accuracy of the L-ORBFs by adding low-degree polynomials in the localized collocation process. The numerical results validate that the proposed numerical scheme is highly accurate and clearly outperforms the results of the L-ORBFs.

Effects of Pre‐Reading Study and Reading Exposure on the Learning and Processing of Collocations

AbstractLittle is known about the effect of pre‐reading exposure on collocational learning. This study used eye‐tracking and offline measures (form recall and recognition) to explore the effectiveness of pre‐reading study and reading exposure on the processing and learning of novel collocations. Three learning conditions were evaluated: reading‐only (target items were simply embedded in sentences), study‐only (explicit learning of target items), and pre‐reading study plus reading (explicit learning of target items followed by reading). Pre‐reading study plus reading was the most effective learning condition, while reading‐only was more effective than study‐only. More specifically, studying collocations before reading led to increased attention when encountering the same collocation in subsequent reading. Furthermore, greater attention, in the pre‐reading study phase, as indicated by fixations, was associated with larger collocational gains.

Does the processing advantage of formulaic language persist in its nonadjacent forms? Evidence from Chinese collocation processing in children

Recent studies have accumulated to suggest that children, akin to adults, exhibit a processing advantage for formulaic language (e.g. save energy) over novel language (e.g. sell energy), as well as sensitivity to phrase frequencies. The majority of these studies are based on formulaic sequences in their canonical form. In natural language use, however, many formulaic sequences, collocations in particular, can be modified with words intervening in between the individual constituents (e.g. save energy → save all forms of energy). For some collocations, their nonadjacent forms are equally, and even more frequently used than their adjacent form. Despite this, it remains almost unknown whether the processing advantage and sensitivity to phrase frequencies persist in nonadjacent collocations in children. Based on reading times in a self-paced reading experiment, the current study found that two age groups – third and sixth graders – exhibited a processing advantage for Chinese collocations and sensitivity to phrase frequencies, with two and even four Chinese characters inserted in the middle. The persistence of processing advantage and sensitivity was affected by insertion length as well as age. These results are in line with a usage-based theoretical approach to language learning, processing and use.

Rendering natural collocations in a translation task: The effect of direction, congruency, semantic transparency, and proficiency

AbstractSecond language (L2) research has extensively examined various factors that might influence the processing and learning of collocations, including congruency, semantic transparency, L2 proficiency, and (to a limited extent) directionality. However, research examining the effect of these factors on the natural rendering of collocations by translation trainees is scarce. The present study aims to apply the factors identified in L2 research in a natural translation context. The aim is to examine whether such factors may influence rendering collocations naturally from the source language to the target language. Ninety‐two Arabic–English translator trainees took part in the study. They translated short equivalent passages containing 40 collocations in both directions (Arabic—English and English—Arabic). A mixed‐effects model was fit to examine factors that may predict the production of a natural collocation: translation direction, L1 congruency, semantic transparency, and proficiency. Results showed no differences between the production of natural collocations to and from the native language. However, there was a significant effect of congruency and semantic transparency; congruent collocations and collocations that had a transparent meaning were more likely to be rendered naturally. Moreover, estimated proficiency level in English modulated congruency effects in that the difference between congruent and incongruent items declined as estimated proficiency increased. Results of the present study suggest that second language models and translation models should incorporate semantic transparency of collocations. Moreover, the results imply that collocations and their properties should be explicitly taught in translation classrooms.