Collision Research Articles

Unified Spatial Clustering of Territory Risk to Uncover Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Major Coverages of Auto Insurance

This research delves into the fusion of spatial clustering and predictive modeling within auto insurance data analytics. The primary focus of this research is on addressing challenges stemming from the dynamic nature of spatial patterns in multiple accident year claim data, by using spatially constrained clustering. The spatially constrained clustering is implemented under hierarchical clustering with a soft contiguity constraint. It is highly desirable for insurance companies and insurance regulators to be able to make meaningful comparisons of loss patterns obtained from multiple reporting years that summarize multiple accident year loss metrics. By integrating spatial clustering techniques, the study not only improves the credibility of predictive models but also introduces a strategic dimension reduction method that concurrently enhances the interpretability of predictive models used. The evolving nature of spatial patterns over time poses a significant barrier to a better understanding of complex insurance systems as these patterns transform due to various factors. While spatial clustering effectively identifies regions with similar loss data characteristics, maintaining up-to-date clusters is an ongoing challenge. This research underscores the importance of studying spatial patterns of auto insurance claim data across major insurance coverage types, including Accident Benefits (AB), Collision (CL), and Third-Party Liability (TPL). The research offers regulators valuable insights into distinct risk profiles associated with different coverage categories and territories. By leveraging spatial loss data from pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, this study also aims to uncover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on auto insurance claims of major coverage types. From this perspective, we observe a statistically significant increase in insurance premiums for CL coverage after the pandemic. The proposed unified spatial clustering method incorporates a relabeling strategy to standardize comparisons across different accident years, contributing to a more robust understanding of the pandemic effects on auto insurance claims. This innovative approach has the potential to significantly influence data visualization and pattern recognition, thereby improving the reliability and interpretability of clustering methods.

Recovery of the Ratio of Closure Time during Blink Time in Lacrimal Passage Intubation.

(1) Background: We aim to find a novel blink parameter in nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NDO) patients and analyze parameters that could reflect subjective symptoms and objective indicators at the same time through a blink dynamic analysis. (2) Methods A retrospective study was conducted with 34 patients (48 eyes) who underwent lacrimal passage intubation (LPI) and 24 control groups (48 eyes). All patients' blink patterns were measured using an ocular surface interferometer before and after LPI, including total blink (TB) and partial blink (PB) and the blink indices blink time (BT), lid closing time (LCT), closure time (CT), lid opening time (LOT), interblink time (IBT), closing speed (CS) and opening speed (OS). The tear meniscus height (TMH) was measured, and the questionnaire "Epiphora Patient's Quality of Life (E-QOL)," which includes daily activity restriction as well as static and dynamic activities, was completed. (3) Results: Compared to CT and the ratio of CT during BT (CT/BT) in control (89.4 ± 20.0 msec, 13.16%), those in NDOs were longer (140.3 ± 92.0 msec, 20.20%) and were also related to TMH. After LPI, CT and CT/BT were recovered to 85.4 ± 22.07 msec, 13.29% (p < 0.001). CT and CT/BT showed a positive correlation with the E-QOL questionnaire score, particularly with dynamic activities. (4) Conclusions: CT and CT/BT, which are objective indicators associated with subjective symptoms of patients, are considered new blink indices for the evaluation of NDO patients with Munk's score.

Modified blink dynamic index predicts activity and severity in patient with facial nerve palsy.

We analyzed the dynamics of blink and defined the blink index in facial nerve palsy (FNP) patients using an ocular surface interferometer associated with clinical characteristics and clinical progress. In total, 49 patients were enrolled this study. All patients were tested using an ocular surface interferometer which is used to measure blink patterns (total blink (TB), partial blink rate (PBR)) and blink dynamics (blink time (BT), lid closing time (LCT), closure time (CT), lid opening time (LOT), interblink time (IBT), closing speed (CS), and opening speed (OS)) using 600 frames recorded over 20 s. The distance of lagophthalmos and modified interpalpebral fissure (IPF), which was defined as the actual moving distance of the upper eyelid, subtracting the distance of lagophthalmos from IPF, was measured using the ImageJ program. The types of FNP were "idiopathic" (Bell's palsy) and "surgical" (following the neurosurgery). Patients were classified into "acute" and "chronic" based on the duration of 6 months from the onset time of FNP. The clinical characteristics were classified into mild or severe according to the severe degree of exposure keratopathy-as "severe" if treatment such as tarsorrhaphy and gold plate insertion was required. Reduced MRD1, brow height, and modified IPF and increased lagophthalmos were noted in the palsy side. LCT was longer and CS, modified CS, and modified OS were shorter in the palsy side. The LCT was longer and the modified CS was shorter in idiopathic patients with acute onset and with clinically severe. IBT was increased in idiopathic patients with clinically severe. Analyzing the blink patterns and blink dynamics, this study suggests meaningful indicators among blink profiles and dynamics, LCT, and modified CS based on modified IPF. It was more associated in the idiopathic type than in the surgical type of FNP patients. The modified CS can be a useful tool for evaluating the activity and severity indicator of FNP.

Machine Learning in Ratemaking, an Application in Commercial Auto Insurance

This paper explores the tuning and results of two-part models on rich datasets provided through the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS). These datasets include bodily injury (BI), property damage (PD) and collision (COLL) coverage, each documenting policy characteristics and claims across a four-year period. The datasets are explored, including summaries of all variables, then the methods for modeling are set forth. Models are tuned and the tuning results are displayed, after which we train the final models and seek to explain select predictions. Data were provided by a private insurance carrier to the CAS after anonymizing the dataset. These data are available to actuarial researchers for well-defined research projects that have universal benefit to the insurance industry and the public. Our hope is that the methods demonstrated here can be a good foundation for future ratemaking models to be developed and tested more efficiently.

Eye Movements Detect Differential Change after Participation in Male Collegiate Collision versus Non-Collision Sports.

Although neuroimaging studies of collision (COLL) sport athletes demonstrate alterations in brain structure and function from pre- to post-season, reliable tools to detect behavioral/cognitive change relevant to functional networks associated with participation in collision sports are lacking. This study evaluated the use of eye-movement testing to detect change in cognitive and sensorimotor processing among male club collegiate athletes after one season of participation in collision sports of variable exposure. We predicted that COLL (High Dose [hockey], n = 8; Low Dose [rugby], n = 9) would demonstrate longer reaction times (antisaccade and memory-guided saccade [MGS] latencies), increased inhibitory errors (antisaccade error rate), and poorer spatial working memory (MGS spatial accuracy) at post-season, relative to pre-season, whereas non-collision collegiate athletes (NON-COLL; n = 17) would remain stable. We also predicted that whereas eye-movement performance would detect pre- to post-season change, ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test) performance would remain stable. Our data showed that NON-COLL had shorter (improved performance) post- versus pre-season antisaccade and MGS latencies, whereas COLL groups showed stable, longer, or attenuated reduction in latency (ps ≤ 0.001). Groups did not differ in antisaccade error rate. On the MGS task, NON-COLL demonstrated improved spatial accuracy over time, whereas COLL groups showed reduced spatial accuracy (p < 0.05, uncorrected). No differential change was observed on ImPACT. This study provides preliminary evidence for eye-movement testing as a sensitive marker of subtle changes in attentional control and working memory resulting from participation in sports with varying levels of subconcussive exposure.

Boundary-RRT* Algorithm for Drone Collision Avoidance and Interleaved Path Re-planning

Boundary-RRT* Algorithm for Drone Collision Avoidance and Interleaved Path Re-planning

An Introduction to Hebrew Lit: Congruency, Clash, and Collision

An Introduction to Hebrew Lit: Congruency, Clash, and Collision

As Study on Optimum Maintenance Technology for Rear-End Collision

As Study on Optimum Maintenance Technology for Rear-End Collision

A Study on Structural Analysis at Front Collision According to the Shape of Electric Kick Board

A Study on Structural Analysis at Front Collision According to the Shape of Electric Kick Board

Collision of Exceptionalisms under International Liberal Order with Chinese Characteristics

Collision of Exceptionalisms under International Liberal Order with Chinese Characteristics

Active disturbance rejection based formation tracking and collision avoidance control for second-order multi-agent system

Active disturbance rejection based formation tracking and collision avoidance control for second-order multi-agent system

A Study on the Seaborne Collision Avoidance System Using the Airborne CAS

Mankind has been using ships for more than 5,000 years and has developed a range of related technologies. However, despite such a long history, compared to aircraft with a history of approximately one century, the pace of progress has been markedly slow. Even though technological progress of ships or the installation of various navigation equipment have been achieved, seaborne collisions have occurred quite frequently. This study analyzed the TCAS( Traffic Collision Avoidance System) that has contributed to the prevention of collisions with other transport methods including aircraft to suggest a collision avoidance system that can be deployed for ships. To apply the technologies applied to aircraft that move in 3D to ships that move in 2D, the difference in the operational environment between the two modes was analyzed to identify elements that need to be applied to ships. The suggested display of data on the collision prevention system is one that manipulates the augmented reality display device used in automobiles that over the past few years has undergone rapid development. Based on the presentation of technological elements that need to be considered when adopting the SCAS or the Seaborne Collision Avoidance System as suggested in this study, the authors hope to contribute to the prevention of collisions.

Adrenal collision tumor: a case report of the coexistence of myelolipoma and ganglioneuroma

肾上腺碰撞瘤(ACT)指不同病理类型的肿瘤共存于同一肾上腺组织内，但并不相互掺混，此类病例报道较少。本例患者为40岁男性，体检时发现右肾上腺肿瘤，术前实验室检查提示肿瘤无功能；MRI显示右肾上腺区域混杂信号，碰撞瘤可能。遂在全麻下行腹腔镜下右肾上腺肿瘤切除术；术后病理提示肾上腺髓脂肪瘤和节细胞神经瘤的碰撞组合，现对该患者随访一年，病情平稳，无复发及转移。此类ACT发生率低，诊疗方法同一般肾上腺肿瘤，两种病理类型均为良性者，预后良好；发生机制可能与局部激素环境有关；相关研究有待进一步深入。

Treatment strategy of traumatic posterior dislocation of shoulder joint with concomitant reverse Hill-Sachs lesion of the humeral head

Objective To explore the treatment strategy for traumatic posterior dislocation of shoulder joint with concomitant reverse Hill-Sachs lesion on the humeral head. Methods Data of 8 consecutive traumatic posterior shoulder dislocations with concomitant compression on anteromedial portion of the affected humeral heads (reverse Hill-Sachs lesion), which resulted from the collision between the posterior rim of the glenoid and anterior portion of the humeral head, who had undergone treatment in our department since July 2015 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Seven males and 1 female have been included in the case series, with the age between 30-70 years (mean 44.5±12.3 years), 6 on the right shoulder and 2 on the left. 7 were acute injuries and 1 chronic. One patient received closed reduction under brachial plexus block anesthesia, and the rest cases underwent open surgeries. Modified Judet approach was performed in one case due to the concomitant fracture on the postero-inferior glenoid. The other 6 patients received modified delto-pectoral approach. 4 concomitant rotator cuffswere found during the procedures, including1 full thickness tears 3 partial. One patient received McLaughlin surgery, allograft and anchor suture fixation. 2 underwent cannulated screw fixation. Allograft and PHILOS fixation was placed on 4 cases. All 8 patients were required maintaining in mild abduction and external rotation the affected arms, with the protection of the casts. All patients were followed up for 20.6±8.4 months (range, 9-36 months). Constant-Murley scores and visual analogue score (VAS) were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes at the latest follow-up. Results Infection occurred in 1 case, the humeral head has been resected subsequently and antibiotic cement spacer was inserted for further arthroplasty. Necrosis of the humeral head has been observed in one CT follow up 9 months after surgery, with no limitation of the range of motion of the shoulder. Stage 1 wound closure and bony union were witnessed on the rest 6 patients. No neuromuscular injures or re-dislocations on the affected shoulders was found. The range of motion of the affected shoulder has been recorded at the latest follow-up: 123.8°±30.1° (90°-180°) in flexion, 124.4°±34.2° (80°-180°) in abduction, 36.9°±20.9° (0°-70°) in external (neutral position), 58.8°±10.9° (50°-80°) in internal rotation (neutral position) and 83.5±12.1 (70-95) in Constant-Murley score. Among the 8 patients, 7 patients were at the rank of VAS 0-3, and 1 of 4-6. Conclusion Optimal treatment options should be chosen based on the humeral head defect status, in case of traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation with concomitant reverse Hill-Sachs lesion. Closed reduction can be tried on < 20% humeral head defect with the help of anesthesia, and surgical option is the optimal one for the defect between 20%-40%. Key words: Shoulder joint; Shoulder dislocation; Wounds and injuries

A Study on the Development of the Collision Prevention System for Aids to Navigation by Early Identification of the Tug Boat

Aid to navigation is a navigational aid facility that informs a sailing vessel of its location and direction as well as a location of a specific obstacle by means of a light, shape, color, sound, radio wave, etc. It can be valuable in improving the safety of day and night vessel navigation at sea. For the safety of the tug boat, the minimum equipment requirements for each type of tug boat are arranged. Despite these preparations, the collision accidents between tug boats, barges, and light buoys can occur when the tug boat turns due to the length of the tow-line, tidal current, and the barge’s momentum etc. The purpose of this study was to propose the basic system that analyzes the physical relationship between two vessels regarding the tug boat-barge-light buoy dynamics and propagate the corresponding data through the aid to navigation management & operation systems in use at each regional oceans and fisheries.

New collision detection method for simulating virtual plant populations

Detecting and resolving the collision of organs between different plants or the collision of different organs of a single plant are key issues in the realistic construction of a virtual plant population. A suitable collision detection scheme is necessary to prevent a reduction in realism caused by organ penetration. A mixed bounding volume tree construction scheme based on the growth characteristics of tomato plants is proposed in this paper, and the construction mode of the bounding at all levels is simplified by using a digital tomato model. Using a parallel GPU approach, we designed a tomato plant population collision detection program with CUDA acceleration. The proposed method reduces the total collision detection time by 92%-96%. Keywords: plant simulation, collision detection, bounding volume, GPU processing DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.4888 Citation: Ding W L, Wan Z X, Xu Y, Max N. New collision detection method for simulating virtual plant populations. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 156–151.

Quantemol Electron Collisions (QEC): An Enhanced Expert System for Performing Electron Molecule Collision Calculations Using the R-Matrix Method

Collisions of low energy electrons with molecules are important for understanding many aspects of the environment and technologies. Understanding the processes that occur in these types of collisions can give insights into plasma etching processes, edge effects in fusion plasmas, radiation damage to biological tissues and more. A radical update of the previous expert system for computing observables relevant to these processes, Quantemol-N, is presented. The new Quantemol Electron Collision (QEC) expert system simplifyies the user experience, improving reliability and implements new features. The QEC graphical user interface (GUI) interfaces the Molpro quantum chemistry package for molecular target setups, and the sophisticated UKRmol+ codes to generate accurate and reliable cross-sections. These include elastic cross-sections, super elastic cross-sections between excited states, electron impact dissociation, scattering reaction rates, dissociative electron attachment, differential cross-sections, momentum transfer cross-sections, ionization cross sections, and high energy electron scattering cross-sections. With this new interface we will be implementing dissociative recombination estimations, vibrational excitations for neutrals and ions, and effective core potentials in the near future.

Application effect of logistics robot in the distribution management of consumables and materials in Operating Room

Objective To analyze the application effect of logistics robot in the distribution management of consumables and materials in Operating Room and to explore its application value. Methods From December 1st to 11th in 2018, the intraoperative distribution of consumables and materials in Operating Room of Sun Yat-sen Unviersity Cancer Hospital was divided into the robot distribution group (logistic robot was used in distribution) and manual distribution group (manual power was used in distribution) based on rooms. The service time, number of service of the logistic robots and manual delivery were recorded and the incidence of logistic robots' collision was counted. Every delivery time, the error rate of the delivered goods, number and time of operation suspension for waiting for the goods in both of the two groups were counted separately and the differences between the two groups in delivery time, delivery error rate, number of times and time of operation suspension for goods waiting were compared, and the satisfaction of medical staff to the distribution of the two groups were compared. Results Robot distribution group delivered 1 295 trips in total, with an average of 3.8 rooms per trip, and no collisions happened. In the robot distribution group, time required for each delivery (72.62±7.8) s, the error rate of delivery (0.13%) , number of waiting during operation (93 times) and waiting time during operation (25.58±3.8) s were all lower than those in the manual distribution group[ (160.50±20.2) s, 0.76%, 157 times, (43.75±6.8) s], with statistically significant differences (P<0.01) . The satisfaction of medical staff in the robot distribution group was higher than that in the manual distribution group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=7.103, P=0.029) . Conclusions The application of logistic robots to distribute consumables and materials in the Operating Room can partly reduce the workload of the scout nurses, reduce the waiting time in the operation, achieve swiftness and accuracy, realize intelligent management of high-value consumables, and improve the working efficiency and management quality in the Operation Room. Key words: Operating Room; Logistics robot; Consumables management; Intellectualization; Informationization

New Semi-Free-Start Collision Attack Framework for Reduced RIPEMD-160

RIPEMD-160 is a hash function published in 1996, which shares similarities with other hash functions designed in this time-period like MD4, MD5 and SHA-1. However, for RIPEMD-160, no (semi-free-start) collision attacks on the full number of steps are known. Hence, it is still used, e.g., to generate Bitcoin addresses together with SHA-256, and is an ISO/IEC standard. Due to its dual-stream structure, even semifree- start collision attacks starting from the first step only reach 36 steps, which were firstly shown by Mendel et al. at Asiacrypt 2013 and later improved by Liu, Mendel and Wang at Asiacrypt 2017. Both of the attacks are based on a similar freedom degree utilization technique as proposed by Landelle and Peyrin at Eurocrypt 2013. However, the best known semi-free-start collision attack on 36 steps of RIPEMD-160 presented at Asiacrypt 2017 still requires 255.1 time and 232 memory. Consequently, a practical semi-free-start collision attack for the first 36 steps of RIPEMD-160 still requires a significant amount of resources. Considering the structure of these previous semi-free-start collision attacks for 36 steps of RIPEMD-160, it seems hard to extend it to more steps. Thus, we develop a different semi-free-start collision attack framework for reduced RIPEMD-160 by carefully investigating the message expansion of RIPEMD-160. Our new framework has several advantages. First of all, it allows to extend the attacks to more steps. Second, the memory complexity of the attacks is negligible. Hence, we were able to mount semi-free-start collision attacks on 36 and 37 steps of RIPEMD-160 with practical time complexity 241 and 249 respectively. Additionally, we describe semi-free-start collision attacks on 38 and 40 (out of 80) steps of RIPEMD-160 with time complexity 252 and 274.6, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the best semi-free-start collision attacks for RIPEMD-160 starting from the first step with respect to the number of steps, including the first practical colliding message pairs for 36 and 37 steps of RIPEMD-160.

Collision and attachment behavior between rising bubble and plastic plate in pure water

Collision and attachment behavior between rising bubble and plastic plate in pure water