Collegiate Students Research Articles

Upper Extremities Flexibility Comparisons of Collegiate “Soft” Martial Art Practitioners with Other Athletes

The aim of this study was to compare the flexibility of the upper extremities in collegiate students involved in Aikido (a kind of soft martial art attracting youth) training with those involved in other sports. Fifty freshmen with a similar frequency of exercise were divided into the Aikido group (n = 18), the upper-body sports group (n = 17), and the lower-body sports group (n = 15) according to the sports that they participated in. Eight classes of range of motion in upper extremities were taken for all subjects by the same clinicians. The Aikido group had significantly better flexibility than the upper-body sports group except for range of motion in shoulder flexion (p = 0.22), shoulder lateral rotation (p > 0.99), and wrist extension (p > 0.99). The Aikido group also had significantly better flexibility than the lower-body sports group (p < 0.01) and the sedentary group (p < 0.01) in all classes of range of motion. The upper-body sports group was significantly more flexible in five classes of range of motion and significantly tighter in range of motion of wrist flexion (p < 0.01) compared to the lower-body sports group. It was concluded that the youths participating in soft martial arts had good upper extremities flexibility that might not result from regular exercise alone.

장기간의 태권도 훈련이 신체구성과 골밀도에 미치는 영향

장기간의 태권도 훈련이 신체구성과 골밀도에 미치는 영향

IMPACT OF AN URBAN SERVICE LEARNING EXPERIENCE ON AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

As society becomes more diverse, it is critical that educators provide multiple levels and types of experiences for our students to engage and interact in a multicultural environment. Due to institutional, geographic, and/or departmental demographics, many collegiate students can complete their baccalaureate degree program with limited interaction with individuals from different cultures or ethnic groups. This study utilized a service learning activity as a bridge between a minority-based collegiate organization and an adolescent leadership development class. Participants provided input and reflection on their participation in this event. Four themes: fear of the unknown, moving out of your comfort zone, group activity, and personal impact, emerged from this study that will be used to shape and direct future multicultural service learning activities. Findings support the use of service learning as a positive vehicle to expose students to individuals from different cultures and as a model for future multicultural learning activities with youth based organizations.

Training for 5days with the Hypoxic Gas Inhalation Decreases Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Submaximal Exercise Load

PURPOSE: To clarify the influence of short term training with hypoxic gas (fraction of inspiratory oxygen = 16.4%) inhalation on respiratory responses to submaximal exercise load. METHODS: Twelve healthy and active collegiate students underwent a cycle ergometer training of consecutive 5days, 40minutes/day. The subjects were assigned at random to hypoxic gas inhalation training group [HG; n=6, age=21±1yrs, VO max=55.5±2.3ml·kg−1·min−1 (mean ± SD)] or a sea level training group [SLG; n=6, age=22±2yrs, VO2max=59.6±1.3ml·kg−1·min−1 (mean± SD)]. Training intensity was monitored and maintained by measurements of blood lactate concentration, and it was set at 4–5mmol/l. Before and after training incremental exercise test was performed at sea-level and hypoxic gas inhalation. Respiratory metabolism, heart rate and blood lactate concentration during incremental exercise test at maximal and submaximal exercise load was measured. Performance was determined by work capacity. RESULTS: Between before and after training, the work capacity was significantly increased. However VO max did not change. The heart rate and blood lactate concentration in the submaximal exercise load significantly decreased in both groups. However respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in submaximal exercise load did not change in both groups. Therefore there were no influences of the hypoxic gas inhalation in work capacity, VO max, submaximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration and RER. On the other hand, VE and VO2 in the submaximal exercise load were significantly reduced in HG between before and after training [VE98.6±14.1 L/minvs. 84.6±12.1 L/min, P <0.05 (270watts); 128.0±15.0 L/minvs. 106.9±19.1 L/min, P <0.05 (300watts): VO2 2.62±0.38 L/min vs. 2.53±0.37 L/min, P <0.05 (240watts); 3.14±0.47 L/min vs. 2.87±0.40 L/min, P <0.05 (270 watts); 3.56±0.35 L/min vs. 3.29±0.45 L/min, P <0.05 (300 watts)]. There were significantly correlations between the changes in VE and VO2 at 270wats (r=0.890; P <0.05) and 300watts (r=0.955; P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Training with hypoxic gas inhalation reduces VE in submaximal exercise load. And the reductions in VE bring the decrease in VO2 in the same submaximal exercise load.

Effects of Hot-Pack Treatment on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Following Maximum Calf-Raise Exercise

Creatine Kinase (CK) and muscle soreness are indirect markers of muscle damage. The peaked CK between at 72hr and 96 hr after exercise is induced more slowly as compared with the peaked muscle soreness between at 24 and 48. In general, the hot-pack treatment enlarges the size of blood vessels, increases the circulations of the blood and decreases the pain. PURPOSE: To determine effects of the 20 minutes of hot-pack treatment on DOMS following maximum calf-raise exercises in three consecutive days. METHODS: This study consisted of 3 days of the exercise period (EX-period) and 7 days of the recovery period (RE-period). Fourteen female collegiate students (age: 20 to 22yr) had performed in some moderate exercise regularly. Seven subjects (T-group) received hot-pack (40°C) treatment with the elastic bandage for 20minutes on both calf muscles immediately after the maximum exercise at one movement per 3 seconds until the subjects could not maintain the speed of movement. Other seven subjects (C-group) exercised maximally without any treatments. This study examined CK, maximum dorsiflexion (D-flex), maximum circumference of calf muscle(CIR), isometric muscle strength (IMS), one-leg long jumping (JUMP) and perceived pain (PAIN) before (pre-EX.), immediately after exercise (post-EX.) and 24 hours interval for 7 days after exercise periods. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between T-group and C-group regarding the calf-raise exercise steps and the daily walking steps after exercise. The CK values of T-group, increased significantly on Day 3 in EX-period to Day 5 in RE-period (p < 0.05), were higher than C-group. The peaked CK values of T-group and C-group were on Day2 in RE-period which was 96 hours after the initial exercise. The IMS values and D-flex values of T-group on Day 2 of pre-EX were significantly lower than those of C-group (p < 0.05%). In 3 days of the EX-period, all PAIN values in T-group significantly decreased after hot-pack treatment (p < 0.05%). The peaked PAIN values of T-group and C-group were on Day3 in Ex-period and the PAIN values both groups recovered on Day4 in RE-period. The JUMP values of T-group in EX-period decreased significantly after the initial exercise (p < 0.001–0.05%) and did not return to the initial values during RE-period. CONCLUSION: The result of this investigation suggests that hot-pack treatment for 20 minutes did not minimize DOMS following the maximum calf-raise exercise. The times of the peaked CK values of T-groups were not affected by hot-pack treatment immediately after exercise.

Initial effects of the ankle dorsiflexion mobilization with movement on ankle range of motion and limb coordination in young healthy subjects

Background and purpose: Clinically, ankle dorsiflexion mobilization with movements (MWM) is a manual therapy technique widely used to increase joint range of motion, reduce pain, and improve functions. It has been reported in a single case study to have initial effects of improved functional outcomes and pain relief on acute ankle sprains. However, no study has examined the immediate effects of this technique on gait patterns in the ankle joint of healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 60 healthy collegiate students (40 females and 20 males, age 21±1.8 years; BMI 21.02±2.4) participated in three consecutive days. Spatial and temporal parameters of gait during level walking using a pressure sensor walkway and weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range using ankle lunge test were analyzed before and immediately after a single session of ankle dorsiflexion MWM intervention. Tests were repeated at day two and three after the intervention. Results: Significant improvements of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion on the dominant side were found between pre-and post-intervention (p＜0.0001), at day two (p＜0.0001) and at day three (p＜0.0001). Significant changes in spatial (step length, stride length, and base of support) during slow walking and in temporal (gait cycle time and step time) variables on both sides were also observed during self-paced walking at day two (p＜0.004) and day three (p＜0.004) compared with pre-intervention. Conclusion: The results suggest that immediate and sustained spatio-temporal effects occur following ankle MWM. Changes during level walking indicate possible effects of alterations in motor strategies during functional tasks following ankle MWM.

A Comparison of Recreational Sports and Leisure Time Participation of College/University Students in China, Japan, Korea, Iran, the United States, and Canada—with Students in the Republic of China (Taiwan)

University students play a major role in improving the quality of society and the productivity of a nation in terms of their physical fitness level and recreational activity (Cheng, 1998). This article examines the status, the generally recognized importance and perceived benefits of recreational and sport participation (leisure time activities) for college students. Additionally, a comparison, by means of a survey instrument, is made between university students' recreational sport participation in six different countries—China, Japan, Korea, Iran, the United States, and Canada—with the recreational sport participation of university students within the Republic of China (Taiwan). The survey reveals the type of recreational participation of collegiate students in these countries, as well as factors that affected the students' choice of recreational and leisure time pursuits at their colleges and universities, with implications for future planning of recreational and sport activities for students at colleges and universities.

The Science of Sports: Combining Quantitative Analysis and Sports Applications in an Undergraduate Course

I present the development of a one-semester undergraduate course devoted to operations research (O.R.) and statistical methodologies in sports, specifically targeted for first-year collegiate students. In particular, this class explores decision analysis and linear regression using sports as the sole basis of application. Term projects and oral presentations permit student groups the opportunity to investigate specific quantitative applications in this field. Essentially, I endeavor to couple a student's inherent interest in sports with training in basic analytical approaches.

Classroom Research: GC Studies of Linoleic and Linolenic Fatty Acids Found in French Fries

A study of fatty-acid ratios in French fries has proved to be an excellent choice for an entry-level research class. This research develops reasoning skills and involves the subject of breast cancer, a major concern of American society. Analysis of tumor samples removed from women with breast cancer revealed high ratios of linoleic to linolenic acid, suggesting a link between the accelerated growth of breast tumors and the combination of these two fatty acids. When the ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid was approximately 9 to 1, accelerated growth was observed. Since these fatty acids are found in cooking oils, Wichita Collegiate students, under the guidance of their chemistry teacher, decided that an investigation of the ratios of these two fatty acids should be conducted. A research class was structured using a gas chromatograph for the analysis. Separation of linoleic from linolenic acid was successfully accomplished. The students experienced inductive experimental research chemistry as it applies to ...

RELATION SHIP BETWEEN SEVEN DAYS OF MAXIMUM ENDURANCE STRENGTH EXERCISE AND MUSCLE DAMAGE

The purpose of this study was to determine relationship among muscle damage, recovery and adaptation following repeated bouts of daily muscle endurance exercise in 9 female collegiate students. The subjects, 21+1.3 yr(mean+SD), had performed in some moderate exercise regularly. The subjects performed maximum heel raise exercise at 1 movement per 2 seconds until the subjects could not maintain the speed of movement. This study examined creatine kinase activity (CK), muscle pain with muscle pain meter (MP), dorsiflexed ankle joint angle (DANG), muscle tightness (MT), scale of perceived pain during resting (SPrest) and walking (SPwalk), maximum circumference of calf muscle (CCmax) and ankle (CAmax), isometric muscle strength on lower leg (IMS) and one leg jumping (OLJ) before and after daily exercise for 7 days and 7 days recovery period. Our findings were that CK value was significantly increased from Day 1 through Day 13 (p < 0.05), but they did not return to their initial level during this study. The peak CK value was manifested on Day 4. All CK values before and after exercise gradually increased in measurement by Day 4, but gradually decreased after Day 5 even through the subjects exercised daily. MP (p < 0.01), MT (p < 0.01), SPrest (p < 0.01) and SPwalk (p < 0.01) were significantly elevated on Day 3 and returned to the initial level during exercise periods. DANG (p < 0.01) and CCmax were significantly increased until Day 3, but both did not recover during this study. IMS and OLJ were decreased, but there were no significantly differences. In conclusion, the results of this investigation suggest that the muscle adaptation after repeated bouts of daily exercise alleviates the indicators of muscle damage.

A Promising Prospect for Minority Retention: Students Becoming Peer Mentors

The study examined academic and interpersonal growth of peer mentors (N = 19) by analyzing comments in journals written during mentors' first quarter of tutoring and mentoring within a minority engineering program at a large land-grant university in Southeast. Although intent of program was to improve retention rates for participants, mentors experienced both academic and interpersonal growth. In addition, preliminary data regarding grades and retention status also indicate that mentors benefited academically from mentoring experience. The findings of study suggest that, although upper-class peer mentors are not target population of minority engineering program, they were positively impacted from their roles as mentors within minority engineering program. Mentoring-an intensive, one-to-one form of teaching in which wise and experienced mentor inducts aspiring protege into a particular, usually professional, of life (Parkay, 1988, p. 196). Such was definition adopted by participants of a minority engineering program which encouraged relationships between freshman pre-engineering students and upper-class division mentors at a predominantly White land-grant university in Southeast. The intent of this program, as is typical of many other programs, was to improve retention rates of minority students within a given area of study and hopefully, capitalize on benefits of program for marketing purposes and recruiting of additional minority students into a college of engineering. The program encompassed many components, from formal tutorial instruction to informal dinners and celebrations, in which peer mentors played a vital role and, as suggested by Parkay's (1988) definition, inducted their fledgling students into engineering way of life. Part of impetus for including a mentoring component into minority engineering program from program's inception was results of a qualitative study in which engineering students recommended need for networking with upper-class mentors to ease transition of freshman students into university environment (MacGuire & Halpin, 1995). In this particular minority engineering program, African American students were targeted as at risk of possibly leaving engineering program and potentially university. Gainen (1995) reported that greatest attrition collegiate students occurred between freshman and sophomore years of study with students who chose to major in science, mathematics, or engineering. In addition, among students of color, attrition is much higher (p. 5). Seymour and Hewitt (1997) asserted that African American students contend with four broad areas of difficulty when entering engineering, science, and mathematics fields: differences in ethnic cultural values and socialization; internalization of stereotypes; ethnic isolation and perceptions of racism; and inadequate program support (p. 329). These areas of difficulty, particularly internalization of stereotypes, ethnic isolation and perceptions of racism, can be exacerbated when African Americans enter predominantly White institutions as opposed to historically Black institutions. Thus, inclusion of mentors as an integral component within this program was hoped to ameliorate some of these difficulties. Peer mentoring and tutoring gained popularity as an intervention over two decades ago. Researchers (Cloward, 1976; Maxwell, 1994; Pickens & McNaughton, 1988; Strodtbeck, Ronchi, & Hansell, 1976) have concluded that tutoring process has academic and psychological benefits to tutor as well as tutee. For instance, Cloward (1976) stated that the tutor was major beneficiary of tutorial experience (p. 227) in terms of academic gains. Although research exists regarding effect of tutoring on tutor, little research has explored effect of mentoring relationship on mentor. …

Do collegiate business students show a propensity to engage in illegal business practices

This paper looks at the impact of the Business & Society Course on student's attitude towards and awareness of both ethical and illegal behavior. Business students were surveyed on the first and last day of the semesters on 11 ethical and legal scenarios. The population included three sections of the Business and Society course and three sections of other business courses as a control group. Though generalizability is limited, the courses show some potential to positively impact student's attitudes. Currently, ethics is of great concern at business schools in this country. Accreditation standards of both the AACSB and ACBSP both require an ethical component to a business curriculum as a condition of accreditation. A majority of business schools at both the undergraduate and graduate level have required or at least elective courses in ethics. But how does this concern and use of resources translate into results? Do ethics courses change student attitudes? More specifically, do such courses have and impact on not only students' attitudes towards ethics but what impact, if any, do they have on students' awareness of both ethics and legality as well as their attitude towards violating the law?

BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID (BCAA) SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES ENDURANCE CAPACITIES AND RPE 219

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BCAA supplementation on endurance capacities and RPE. Total 30 female collegiate students (20.6±0.97 yr, 161.2±3.54 cm, 54.4±4.06 kg, 20.7±5.61%fat; mean±SD) volunteered as subjects. In 30 min prior to the exercise tests, subjects were orally administered either 11 g BCAA(Amino-Vital ™: 12%Bal, 14%Iso, 17%Leu) or placebo (PLAC) in a double blinded manner. Lactate threshold (LT) and onset of blood lactate accumulation(OBLA) were determined during incremental bicycle ergometer tests. Blood lactate (HLa), blood anmonia (NH3) and RPE were determined not only during incremental exercise tests, but also during prolonged exercise tests (1 hr or till exhaustion) with three different intensities (LT, n=6; 75%OBLA, n=8; 90%OBLA, n=6). Though no differences were observed for LT, significant difference (P<0.05) was noted for OBLA between BCAA (153±14.2 watt) and PLAC (135±17.5 watt) (n=10). During all prolonged exercise tests, HLa were significantly low in BCAA as compared to PLAC (P<0.05). NH3 in all tests were consistently high in BCAA when compared to PLAC(P<0.05-0.01), which may imply an increased BCAA utilization. RPEs were significantly low in BCAA as compared to PLAC (P<0.05-0.01). These results indicate that BCAA administration may improve endurance capacities and RPE during prolonged exercise of moderate intensity (from LT to 90%OBLA), despite the accumulation of anmonia.

THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXERCISE INTENSITIES OF CRITICAL POWER, VENTILATORY THRESHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD 1172

The present study examined the differences and relationships among exercise intensities of critical power (CP), ventilatory threshold (VT) and individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). The subjects were 18 male collegiate students, age 21.60±2.20 years, height 172.80±3.10 cm and weight 69.30±5.30 kg. All subjects performed two incremental exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. The first test started from 80 watts, with a 30 watts increment every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Total exercise time, ventilation and gas exchange responses were monitored during the exercise test. Blood lactate was measured at the end of each stage, and at 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min post-exercise. Blood lactate responses were used to determine IAT. Ventilation and gas exchange responses were used to determine VT. The second test started from 30 watts, with a 25 watts increment every minute until exhaustion. Total exercise time was monitored during this exercise test. The exercise time from the two incremental exercise tests were then used to determine CP. The exercise intensities of CP, VT and IAT were 193.17 ± 44.36 watts, 183.17±25.39 watts and 157.78±29.15 watts, respectively. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between CP and VT, but CP and VT were significantly higher than IAT. The correlation coeficients of CP and VT, CP and IAT, VT and IAT were 0.626 (p<.05), 0.642 (p<.05) and 0.820 (p<.05), respectively. These results suggest that exercise intensities of CP which is derived from incremental exercise is a valid predictor for exercise intensities of VT and IAT.

What Our Collegiate Business Students Need from Secondary Schools

Not too long ago secondary school graduates could feel adequately prepared to undertake a college business curriculum after completing two years of high school algebra. However, rapidly changing requirements for students pursuing majors in collegiate business programs are placing new demands on the mathematical skill of students entering colleges of business.

The Effects of Expectancy and Previous Task Cues on Motor Performance

The effects of manipulated outcome expectancies (success/failure) and manipulated previous task cues (similar/dissimilar) on motor performance were investigated. Female collegiate students (n=60) were randomly placed into one of four treatment conditions: (a) success/similar task, (b) success/dissimilar task, (c) failure/similar task, (d) failure/dissimilartask. The manipulated information was provided after performance on a pursuit rotor task; subjects then performed on a second task (stabilometer). Data were analyzed by a 2x2x4 factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. Subjects who experienced the high-expectancy treatment performed significantly better than subjects who experienced the low-expectancy treatment as the performance pattern developed over time. Although the findings only partially supported the predictions generated by self-enhancement theory, this theory appeared to have greater explanatory power than consistency theory.

Interest Patterns of Successful and Nonsuccessful Male Collegiate Technical Students

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine whether interest test results obtained upon entering Ferris State College could differentiate between 30 successful graduating and 30 nonsuccessful students in collegiate technical programs. A “t” test of significance was used to analyze the differences between means on 46 subscales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The successful male collegiate technical students had significantly higher mean scores on the architect, dentist, mathematician, physicist, engineer, aviator, carpenter, and policeman subscales. The nonsuccessful male students had higher mean scores on the forest service, personnel director, social science teacher, social worker, musician, sales manager, real estate sales, and life Insurance sales subscales. The findings suggest that successful and nonsuccessful male collegiate technical students may be differentiated on the basis of an interest measure.

Survey of Dairy Products–Judging Contestants. I. What Vocations Do Dairy Products–Judging Contestants Follow After Graduation?: Committee on Judging Dairy Products, A.D.S.A.

Summary The present employment status of 1,401 contestants in the Collegiate Students' International Contest in the Judging of Dairy Products from 1930 to 1956, inclusive, was studied. Approximately three-fourths of the contestants are presently employed within, or allied to, the dairy industry. Nearly one-third of them are owners, managers, superintendents, foremen, buyers, auditors, or directors of dairy plants. Education, sales, farming, field quality control, laboratory, civil service, and industrial research took 14, 9, 7, 3, 2, 6, and 2%, respectively. Of the 267, or 19%, employed outside and not related to the dairy industry, the United States Armed Forces took 102, or nearly onethird of them. A wide scope of professions including ministry, dentistry, law, and banking was represented. Slightly over 7% had unknown addresses or were deceased.

Survey of Dairy Products–Judging Contestants. II. What Salaries Do Dairy Products–Judging Contestants Get After Graduation?: Committee on Judging Dairy Products, A.D.S.A.

Summary The present employment status of 1,401 contestants in the Collegiate Students’ International Contest in the Judging of Dairy Products from 1930 to 1956, inclusive, was studied. Approximately three-fourths of the contestants are presently employed within, or allied to, the dairy industry. Nearly one-third of them are owners, managers, superintendents, foremen, buyers, auditors, or directors of dairy plants. Education, sales, farming, field quality control, laboratory, civil service, and industrial research took 14, 9, 7, 3, 2, 6, and 2%, respectively. Of the 267, or 19%, employed outside and not related to the dairy industry, the United States Armed Forces took 102, or nearly onethird of them. A wide scope of professions including ministry, dentistry, law, and banking was represented. Slightly over 7% had unknown addresses or were deceased.

The Social Organization of Some Science Research Apprentices in Scientific, Recreational, and Routine-Work Activities

The activity of the Jackson Memorial Laboratory in promoting basic research includes an effort to provide an opportunity for young people to come in contact with research problems, techniques, and programs. An attempt is made to encourage and assist students of promise to explore the possibilities of research as a career by serving as apprentices to laboratory staff members who are engaged in full time research within the fields of experimental biology, psychology, or -medicine. Each year the Laboratory maintains a Summer Apprenticeship Program for collegiate students and one for precollegiate students. In the collegiate program, each accepted applicant works as a science apprentice under the direction of his staff sponsor throughout a 10-week period. At the end of the summer each apprentice presents an oral report on the results of his experimental work and files a written dissertation in the Laboratory's library. In addition to the specific apprentice training, each apprentice is exposed to a daily colloquium on research problems, theory, and methods. Also, each is exposed to most of the Laboratory's scientific conferences, evening seminars, and special demonstrations. The apprentices room and board at the Summer Student Colony, which is near the Main Laboratory building and is admirably located for a wide variety of individual and group scientific, recreational, and routinework activities. The purpose of this investigation was to study the social organization of some science students in the Summer Apprenticeship Program for collegiate students during three successive summers. This investigation was conducted as a portion of a larger study in which the science apprenticeship programs at the Laboratory are being evaluated, and in which preliminary information concerning the psychological characteristics and abilities of young potential research scientists is being collected. A description of the particular social organization believed to be conducive for effective apprentice training in the biological sciences has not been reported, so it was hoped that progress towards this long'A portion of this paper was presented at a panel on Group Structure at the Annual